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{{Era|Timeline}}{{WP-REAL}} | {{Era|Timeline}}{{WP-REAL}} | ||
{{Battle Infobox | {{Battle Infobox | ||
|prev =[[An Lushan Rebellion]] | |prev = [[An Lushan Rebellion]] | ||
|next =[[Siege of Paris (845)|Siege of Paris]] | |conc = [[Islamic Golden Age]]<br>[[Viking expansion]] | ||
|next = [[Siege of Paris (845)|Siege of Paris]] | |||
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|side2 = | |side2 = | ||
|commanders1 = Al-Ma'mun | |commanders1 = Al-Ma'mun | ||
|commanders2 = Al- | |commanders2 = Al-Amin † | ||
|forces1 = | |forces1 = | ||
|forces2 = | |forces2 = | ||
|casual1 = Al-Amin | |casual1 = Al-Amin | ||
|casual2 = | |casual2 = | ||
}} | |||
The '''Fourth Fitna''' was a civil war that resulted from the conflict between half-brothers [[al-Amin]] and [[al-Ma'mun]] for the position of [[caliph]] of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Empire]] following the death of their father [[Harun al-Rashid]] in 809.<ref name="Note">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Notes from Basim's travels]]: Trouble at the Court</ref> | The '''Fourth Fitna''' was a civil war that resulted from the conflict between half-brothers [[al-Amin]] and [[al-Ma'mun]] for the position of [[caliph]] of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Empire]] following the death of their father [[Harun al-Rashid]] in 809.<ref name="Note">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Notes from Basim's travels]]: Trouble at the Court</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Harun al-Rashid, while living, had named al-Amin as his first successor but also named al-Ma'mun as the second, granting him the region of {{Wiki| | Harun al-Rashid, while living, had named al-Amin as his first successor but also named al-Ma'mun as the second, granting him the region of {{Wiki|Khorasan}}.<ref name="Wiki">{{WP|Fourth Fitna}}</ref> After his death, he was succeeded in [[Baghdad]] by al-Amin.<ref name="Zubaydah">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Zubaydah bint Ja'far]]</ref> Encouraged by the court at Baghdad, al-Amin began trying to subvert the autonomous status of Khurasan, gaining, therefore, power over the region commanded by al-Ma'mun as well. In response, al-Ma'mun sought support from the elites of the region and made moves to maintain his autonomy. In 811, al-Amin assembled a large army and marched against Khurasan, but al-Ma'mun's own forces defeated them before invading [[Iraq]].<ref name="Wiki"/> | ||
Al-Ma'mun {{Wiki|Siege of Baghdad (812–813)|besieged}} Baghdad from August 812 to September 813, gaining the upper hand over his opponent.<ref name="Zubaydah"/> al-Amin was captured, executed, and his head was displayed at the [[Iron Gate]] as a warning,<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Gates of Baghdad]]</ref> while his mother [[Zubaydah bint Ja'far]] was exiled from Baghdad, but allowed to return some years later.<ref name="Zubaydah"/> | Al-Ma'mun {{Wiki|Siege of Baghdad (812–813)|besieged}} Baghdad from August 812 to September 813, gaining the upper hand over his opponent.<ref name="Zubaydah"/> al-Amin was captured, executed, and his head was displayed at the [[Iron Gate]] as a warning,<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Gates of Baghdad]]</ref> while his mother [[Zubaydah bint Ja'far]] was exiled from Baghdad, but allowed to return some years later.<ref name="Zubaydah"/> | ||
Latest revision as of 13:44, 4 May 2026
The Fourth Fitna was a civil war that resulted from the conflict between half-brothers al-Amin and al-Ma'mun for the position of caliph of the Abbasid Empire following the death of their father Harun al-Rashid in 809.[1]
History[edit | edit source]
Harun al-Rashid, while living, had named al-Amin as his first successor but also named al-Ma'mun as the second, granting him the region of Khorasan.[2] After his death, he was succeeded in Baghdad by al-Amin.[3] Encouraged by the court at Baghdad, al-Amin began trying to subvert the autonomous status of Khurasan, gaining, therefore, power over the region commanded by al-Ma'mun as well. In response, al-Ma'mun sought support from the elites of the region and made moves to maintain his autonomy. In 811, al-Amin assembled a large army and marched against Khurasan, but al-Ma'mun's own forces defeated them before invading Iraq.[2]
Al-Ma'mun besieged Baghdad from August 812 to September 813, gaining the upper hand over his opponent.[3] al-Amin was captured, executed, and his head was displayed at the Iron Gate as a warning,[4] while his mother Zubaydah bint Ja'far was exiled from Baghdad, but allowed to return some years later.[3]
The civil war generated a demand of troops loyal only to the caliph,[5] with al-Ma'mun's solution being the creation of a professional military made largely of enslaved boys and men from Turkic-speaking tribes in Central Asia. The episode also created lasting tensions between the groups of elites who had supported each of the two brothers.[6]
Appearances[edit | edit source]
- Echoes of History (first mentioned) (indirect mention only)
- Assassin's Creed: Mirage (indirect mention only)
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Mirage – Notes from Basim's travels: Trouble at the Court
- ↑ 2.0 2.1
Fourth Fitna on Wikipedia
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Assassin's Creed: Mirage – Database: Zubaydah bint Ja'far
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Mirage – Database: Gates of Baghdad
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Mirage – Database: Abbasid Army
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Mirage – Database: Ghilman (Servant Soldiers)
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