{{short description|Explicit portrayal of sexual acts and intercourse}}
{{Imageneed}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2019}}
{{Quote|I will not be captive to another man's gaudy design. My destiny is mine to weave.|Eivor Varinsdottir, 870s|Assassin's Creed: Valhalla}}
[[File:XXX P icon.png|thumb|"[[X rating|XXX]]" is often used to designate pornographic material.|alt=Circular icon with the letters "xxx"]]
{{Character Infobox
'''Pornography''' (often shortened to '''porn''') is the portrayal of [[Human sexual activity|sexual]] subject matter for the exclusive purpose of [[sexual arousal]].<ref name="Psych Today.2011">[https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/evolution-the-self/201104/what-distinguishes-erotica-pornography What Distinguishes Erotica from Pornography?] – Leon F Seltzer, Psychology Today, 6 April 2011</ref> Pornography may be presented in a variety of media, including [[pornographic magazine|magazines]], [[animation]], [[writing]], [[Pornographic film|film]], [[video]], and [[video game]]s. The term does not include live exhibitions like [[sex show]]s and [[striptease]]. The primary subjects of present-day pornographic depictions are pornographic [[Model (person)|model]]s, who pose for still photographs, and [[Pornographic film actor|pornographic actor]]s who engage in [[pornographic film|filmed sex act]]s.
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Various groups within society have considered depictions of a sexual nature [[Immorality|immoral]], [[Pornography addiction|addictive]], and noxious, labeling them pornographic, and attempting to have them suppressed under [[obscenity]] laws, [[censorship|censored]] or made illegal. Such grounds, and even the definition of pornography, have differed in various historical, cultural, and national contexts.<ref>H. Montgomery Hyde (1964), ''A History of Pornography'': 1–26.</ref> Social attitudes towards the discussion and presentation of sexuality have become more tolerant in Western countries, and legal definitions of obscenity have become more limited, beginning in 1969 with ''[[Blue Movie]]'' by [[Andy Warhol]], the first [[adult erotic film]] depicting explicit [[sexual intercourse]] to receive wide theatrical release in the [[United States]]. It was followed by the [[Golden Age of Porn]] (1969–1984), in which the best quality pornographic films became part of mainstream culture.<ref name="NYT-19690722"/><ref name="WS-2002-2005"/><ref name="NYT-19690810"/>
A growing industry for the [[Production (economics)|production]] and [[Consumption (economics)|consumption]] of pornography developed in the latter half of the 20th century. The introduction of [[home video]] and the [[Internet]] saw a boom in the worldwide porn industry that generates billions of dollars annually.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Coopersmith|first=Jonathan|date=March 2006|title=Does Your Mother Know What YouReallyDo? The Changing Nature and Image of Computer‐Based Pornography|journal=History and Technology|volume=22|issue=1|pages=1–25|doi=10.1080/07341510500508610|s2cid=143713545|issn=0734-1512}}</ref> Commercialized pornography accounts for over US$2.5 billion in the United States alone,<ref name="ForbesAckman"/> including the production of various [[Multimedia|media]] and associated [[Sex toy|products]] and [[Sex work|services]]. The porn industry is between $10–$12 billion in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/things-are-looking-americas-porn-industry-n289431|title=Things Are Looking Up in America's Porn Industry – NBC News|work=NBC News|access-date=2018-01-26|language=en}}</ref> In 2006, the world pornography revenue was 97 billion dollars.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics.html |title=Best Internet Filter Software of 2019 |accessdate=2010-05-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013032720/http://internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics.html |archivedate=2011-10-13 }}[Last accessed on 2010 Nov 12]</ref> This [[Sex industry|industry]] employs thousands of [[Pornographic film actor|performers]] along with support and production staff. It is also followed by dedicated industry publications and [[Trade association|trade groups]], award shows, as well as the mainstream press, private organizations ([[watchdog group]]s), government agencies, and political organizations.<ref name=1999AVNWhitePaper>{{cite web|last=Staff|title=The Truth About California's Adult Entertainment Industry White Paper 1999|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/video/The-Truth-About-California-s-Adult-Entertainment-Industry-White-Paper-1999-35686.html|publisher=Adult Video News|accessdate=28 April 2014}}</ref> Videos involving non-consensual content and [[cybersex trafficking]] have been hosted on popular pornography sites in the [[21st century]].<ref name="BBC rape">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/stories-51391981|title=I was raped at 14, and the video ended up on a porn site|date=10 February 2020|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="vice GirlsDoPorn">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mb8zjn/pornhub-doxing-and-harassment-girls-do-porn-lawsuit|title=How Pornhub Enables Doxing and Harassment|work=[[Vice (website)|Vice]]|last1=Cole|first1=Samantha|last2=Maiberg|first2=Emanuel|date=16 July 2019|accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/epgpqa/how-to-remove-videos-from-pornhub|title=How to Remove Non-Consensual Videos From Pornhub|last=Cole|first=Samantha|date=6 February 2020|website=Vice|language=en|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bustle.com/p/notyourporn-is-the-campaign-fighting-to-get-non-consensual-content-removed-from-uk-porn-sites-18669297|title=#NotYourPorn Is The Campaign Fighting To Get Non-Consensual Content Removed From UK Porn Sites|work=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]]|last=Broster|first=Alice|date=27 August 2019|accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref>
The word ''pornography'' was coined from the ancient Greek words {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:πόρνη|πόρνη]]}} (''pórnē'' "prostitute" and {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:πορνεία|πορνεία]]}} ''porneía'' "[[prostitution]]"<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/resolveform?type=start&lookup=porn&lang=greek List of Greek words starting with πορν- (''porn-'')] on Perseus.</ref>), and {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:γράφειν|γράφειν]]}} (''gráphein'' "to write or to record", derived meaning "illustration", as in "[[graphics|graph]]"), and the suffix -ία (''-ia'', meaning "state of", "property of", or "place of"), thus meaning "a written description or illustration of prostitutes or prostitution". No date is known for the first use of the word in Greek; the earliest attested, most related word one could find in Greek, is {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:πορνογράφος|πορνογράφος]]}}, ''pornográphos'', i.e. "someone writing about harlots", in the ''[[Deipnosophists]]'' of [[Athenaeus]].<ref>{{LSJ|pornogra/fos|πορνογράφος|ref}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Deipnosophists|chapter=Book 13.567b|chapter-url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0405%3Acasaubonpage%3D567b|language=Greek|author=Athenaeus}} At the Perseus Project.</ref> The Modern Greek word ''pornographia'' (πορνογραφία) is a [[reborrowing]] of the French ''pornographie''.<ref>[http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/search.html?lq=%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1&sin=all "πορνογραφία"]. ''Dictionary of Modern Greek'', Institute of Manolis Triantafyllidis, 1998.</ref>
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"''Pornographie''" was in use in the French language during the 1800s. The word did not enter the English language as the familiar word until 1857<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pornography&searchmode=none Online Etymology Dictionary]. Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2011-04-21.</ref> or as a French import in [[New Orleans]] in 1842.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201413/http://podictionary.com/pornography-podictionary-943/ history of the word pornography | podictionary – for word lovers – dictionary etymology, trivia & history]. podictionary (2009-03-13). Retrieved 2011-04-21. Archived from [http://podictionary.com/pornography-podictionary-943/ the original] on 2011-05-11.</ref><!-- Link went dead on July 2011; archive found on archive.org --> The word was originally introduced by [[Classics|classical scholars]] as "a bookish, and therefore nonoffensive, term for writing about prostitutes",<ref name="Talvacchia2010">{{cite book|last=Talvacchia|first=Bette|authorlink=Bette Talvacchia|date=2010|chapter=Pornography|title=The Classical Tradition|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbqF8z2bq3sC&q=devil+poseidon+pan&pg=PA264|editor1-last=Grafton|editor1-first=Anthony|editor1-link=Anthony Grafton|editor2-last=Most|editor2-first=Glenn W.|editor2-link=Glenn W. Most|editor3-last=Settis|editor3-first=Salvatore|publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England|isbn=978-0-674-03572-0|pages=767–771|ref=harv}}</ref> but its meaning was quickly expanded to include all forms of "objectionable or obscene material in art and literature".<ref name="Talvacchia2010"/> As early as 1864, ''[[Webster's Dictionary]]'' defined the word bluntly as "a licentious painting".<ref name="Talvacchia2010"/> The more inclusive word ''[[erotica]]'', sometimes used as a synonym for "pornography", is derived from the feminine form of the ancient Greek adjective {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:ἐρωτικός|ἐρωτικός]]}} (''erōtikós''), derived from {{lang|grc|[[:wikt:ἔρως|ἔρως]]}} (''érōs''), which refers to lust and sexual love.<ref name="Talvacchia2010"/>
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''Pornography'' is often abbreviated to ''porn'' or ''porno'' in informal language.
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'''Eivor Varinsdottir''' (born 847), also known as the '''Wolf-Kissed''', was a [[Vikings|Viking]] from [[Norway]] who raided in what would become [[England]] against King [[Alfred the Great]] during the late 9th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sea.mashable.com/entertainment/10349/ubisoft-confirms-assassins-creed-valhalla-after-an-8-hour-bosslogic-livestream|title=Ubisoft confirms 'Assassin's Creed Valhalla' after an 8 hour BossLogic livestream|first=Alex|last=Nedd|publisher=Mashable SE Asia|date=29-04-2020|accessdate=30 April 2020}}</ref> She was also in possession of a [[Hidden Blade]], using it in combat against the [[Anglo-Saxons]].<ref>{{Youtube|rKjUAWlbTJk|Assassin’s Creed Valhalla: Cinematic World Premiere Trailer|UC0KU8F9jJqSLS11LRXvFWmg|Ubisoft}}</ref> She is also the reincarnation of the [[Isu]] [[Odin]], who in mythology came to be known as chief of the [[Norsemen|Norse]] Gods.
{{hatnote|For the term in [[horror film]]s, see [[Splatter film#Resurgence and "torture porn" label|torture porn]].}}
==History==
{{details|History of erotic depictions}}
[[File:Erotic scenes Louvre G13 n4.jpg|thumb|250px|Erotic scene on the rim of an [[Attica|Attic]] red-figure [[kylix (drinking cup)|kylix]], c. 510 BC.]]
Depictions of a sexual nature have existed since [[prehistory|prehistoric]] times, as seen in the [[Venus figurines]] and [[rock art]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Rudgley|title=Venus Figurines: Sex Objects or Symbols?|work=The Lost Civilizations of the Stone Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhSHn-B89A0C&pg=PA195|accessdate=28 September 2017|year=2000|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-86270-5|pages=184–200}}</ref> A vast number of artifacts have been discovered from ancient [[Mesopotamia]] depicting explicit heterosexual sex.<ref name="BlackGreen1992">{{cite book|last1=Black|first1=Jeremy|first2=Anthony|last2=Green|title=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=05LXAAAAMAAJ&q=Inana|publisher=The British Museum Press|year=1992|isbn=0-7141-1705-6|pages=150–152|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="NemetNejat">{{cite book|last=Nemet-Nejat|first=Karen Rhea|date=1998|title=Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia|location=Santa Barbara, California|publisher=Greenwood|series=Daily Life|isbn=978-0313294976|page=[https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/137 137]|ref=harv|url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinancie00neme/page/137}}</ref>
Glyptic art from the [[Sumer]]ian [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic Period]] frequently shows scenes of frontal sex in the [[missionary position]].<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> In Mesopotamian [[Ex-voto|votive plaques]] from the early second millennium BC, the man is usually shown entering the woman from behind while she bends over, drinking [[beer]] through a straw.<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> [[Assyria|Middle Assyrian]] lead votive [[figurine]]s often represent the man standing and penetrating the woman as she rests on top of an altar.<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> Scholars have traditionally interpreted all these depictions as scenes of [[Hieros gamos|ritual sex]],<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> but they are more likely to be associated with the cult of [[Inanna]], the goddess of sex and prostitution.<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> Many sexually explicit images were found in the temple of Inanna at [[Assur]],<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/> which also contained models of male and female sexual organs.<ref name="BlackGreen1992"/>
Depictions of sexual intercourse were not part of the general repertory of ancient Egyptian formal art,<ref name="Gay1993">{{cite book|last1=Robins|first1=Gay|title=Women in Ancient Egypt|date=1993|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-95469-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womeninancienteg00robi/page/189 189]–190|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninancienteg00robi|url-access=registration|quote=Turin erotic papyrus.|ref=harv}}</ref> but rudimentary sketches of heterosexual intercourse have been found on pottery fragments and in graffiti.<ref name="Gay1993"/> The final two thirds of the [[Turin Erotic Papyrus]] (Papyrus 55001), an Egyptian papyrus scroll discovered at [[Deir el-Medina]],<ref name=oconnor2001>{{cite web|last=O'Connor|first=David|title=Eros in Egypt|url=http://fontes.lstc.edu/~rklein/Documents/eros_in_egypt.htm|website=Archaeology Odyssey|date=September–October 2001|ref=harv|access-date=2018-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130213032/http://fontes.lstc.edu/~rklein/Documents/eros_in_egypt.htm|archive-date=2019-01-30|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Gay1993"/> consist of a series of twelve [[Vignette (literature)|vignette]]s showing men and women in various [[sexual position]]s.<ref name=oconnor2001/> The scroll was probably painted in the Ramesside period (1292–1075 BC)<ref name=oconnor2001/> and its high artistic quality indicates that it was produced for a wealthy audience.<ref name=oconnor2001/> No other similar scrolls have yet been discovered.<ref name="Gay1993"/>
[[File:LampArtifactDoggystyle.jpg|thumb|Oil lamp artifact depicting [[Doggy style|coitus more ferarum]]]]
''[[Fanny Hill]]'' ([[1748 in literature|1748]]) is considered "the first original English [[prose]] pornography, and the first pornography to use the form of the novel."<ref>Foxon, D. F. ''Libertine Literature in England, 1660–1745'', 1965, p. 45.</ref> It is an [[erotic literature|erotic]] [[novel]] by [[John Cleland]] first published in [[England]] as ''Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure''.<ref name="Wagner">Wagner, "Introduction", in Cleland, ''Fanny Hill'', 1985, p. 7.</ref><ref>Lane, ''Obscene Profits: The Entrepreneurs of Pornography in the Cyber Age'', 2000, p. 11.</ref> It is one of the most prosecuted and banned books in history.<ref>Browne, ''The Guide to United States Popular Culture'', 2001, p. 273, {{ISBN|0-87972-821-3}}; Sutherland, ''Offensive Literature: Decensorship in Britain, 1960–1982'', 1983, p. 32, {{ISBN|0-389-20354-8}}.</ref> The authors were charged with "corrupting the King's subjects."
When large-scale excavations of [[Pompeii]] were undertaken in the 1860s, much of the [[erotic art]] of the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] came to light, shocking the [[Victorian era|Victorians]] who saw themselves as the intellectual heirs of the [[Roman Empire]]. They did not know what to do with the frank depictions of [[human sexuality|sexuality]] and endeavored to hide them away from everyone but upper-class scholars. The moveable objects were locked away in the [[Secret Museum, Naples|Secret Museum]] in [[Naples]] and what could not be removed was covered and cordoned off as to not corrupt the sensibilities of women, children, and the working classes.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0498445/ Pornography: A Secret History of Civilisation, World of Wonder, Channel 4 Television Corporation, UK, 1999.] Part 1.</ref>
After the modern invention of [[Nicéphore Niépce|photography]], photographic pornography was also born. The parisian [[demimonde]] included [[Napoleon III]]'s minister, [[Charles de Morny, Duke of Morny|Charles de Morny]], who was an early patron that displayed photos at large gatherings.<ref>{{cite book|first=Zachary|last=Karabell|title=Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal|page=[https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/195 195]|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|date=2003|isbn=0-375-40883-5|url=https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/195}}</ref>
The world's first law criminalizing pornography was the English [[Obscene Publications Act 1857]] enacted at the urging of the [[Society for the Suppression of Vice]].<ref>Miriam A. Drake (2003). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Abs-Dec. CRC Press. p. 470. {{ISBN|978-0-8247-2077-3}}. Retrieved 16 July. 2017</ref> The Act, which applied to the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom and Ireland]], made the sale of obscene material a statutory offence, giving the courts power to seize and destroy offending material. The American equivalent was the [[Comstock Act]] of 1873<ref name=Comstock>''The Comstock Act'' {{USStat|17|598}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Gaylaw: challenging the apartheid of the closet|page=392|first=William N.|last=Eskridge|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2002|ref=harv}}</ref> which made it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail. The English Act did not apply to [[Scotland]], where the [[common law]] continued to apply. However, neither the English nor the United States Act defined what constituted "obscene", leaving this for the courts to determine.
Before the English Act, the publication of obscene material was treated as a [[common law]] misdemeanour<ref>From the precedent set by ''R. v. Curl'' (1729) following the publication of ''[[Venus in the Cloister]]''.</ref> and effectively prosecuting authors and publishers was difficult even in cases where the material was clearly intended as pornography. Although nineteenth-century legislation eventually outlawed the publication, retail, and trafficking of certain writings and images regarded as pornographic and would order the destruction of shop and warehouse stock meant for sale, the private possession of and viewing of (some forms of) pornography was not made an offence until the twentieth century.<ref>H. Montgomery Hyde ''A History of Pornography''. (1969) London, Heinemann; p. 14.</ref>
Historians have explored the role of pornography in social history and the history of morality.<ref>Judith Ann Giesberg, ''Sex and the Civil War: Soldiers, Pornography, and the Making of American Morality'' (U of North Carolina Press, 2017).</ref> The Victorian attitude that pornography was for a select few can be seen in the wording of the [[Hicklin test]] stemming from a court case in 1868 where it asks, "whether the tendency of the matter charged as obscenity is to deprave and corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences." Although they were suppressed, depictions of erotic imagery were common throughout history.<ref name=libido7>{{cite web|last=Beck|first=Marianna|title=The Roots of Western Pornography: Victorian Obsessions and Fin-de-Siècle Predilections|publisher=Libido, The Journal of Sex and Sensibility|date=May 2003|url=http://www.libidomag.com/nakedbrunch/archive/europorn07.html|accessdate=22 August 2006}}</ref>
[[Pornographic film]] production commenced almost immediately after the invention of the motion picture in 1895. Two of the earliest pioneers were [[Eugène Pirou]] and [[Albert Kirchner]]. Kirchner directed the earliest surviving pornographic film for Pirou under the trade name "Léar". The 1896 film ''[[Le Coucher de la Mariée]]'' showed Louise Willy performing a [[striptease]]. Pirou's film inspired a genre of risqué French films showing women disrobing and other filmmakers realised profits could be made from such films.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bottomore|first=Stephen|title=Léar (Albert Kirchner)|work=Who's Who of Victorian Cinema|publisher=British Film Institute|year=1996|url=http://www.victorian-cinema.net/lear.htm|accessdate=15 October 2006|postscript=. (Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan, eds.)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bottomore|first=Stephen|title=Eugène Pirou|work=Who's Who of Victorian Cinema|publisher=British Film Institute|year=1996|url=http://www.victorian-cinema.net/pirou.htm|accessdate=15 October 2006|postscript=. (Stephen Herbert and Luke McKernan, eds.)}}</ref>
[[File:Marquee at Pilgrim Theatre on Washington Street (11223444063).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Marquee at Pilgrim Theatre on Washington Street showing ''Dr. Sex'' (1964)]]
Sexually explicit films opened producers and distributors to prosecution. Such films were produced illicitly by amateurs, starting in the 1920s, primarily in France and the United States. Processing the film was risky as was their distribution. Distribution was strictly private.<ref name=history/><ref name=time>{{cite news|last=Corliss|first=Richard|title=That Old Feeling: When Porno Was Chic|work=Time|date=29 March 2005|url=http://www.time.com/time/columnist/corliss/article/0,9565,1043267,00.html|accessdate=16 October 2006|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120524121526/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1043267,00.html|archivedate=24 May 2012}}</ref> In 1969, [[Pornography in Denmark|Denmark]] became the first country to abolish censorship, thereby decriminalizing pornography, which led to an explosion in investment and of commercially produced pornography. However, it continued to be banned in other countries, and had to be smuggled in, where it was sold "under the counter" or (sometimes) shown in "members only" cinema clubs.<ref name=history>{{cite video|people=Chris Rodley, Dev Varma, Kate Williams III (Directors); Marilyn Milgrom, Grant Romer, Rolf Borowczak, Bob Guccione, Dean Kuipers (Cast)|date=7 March 2006|title=Pornography: The Secret History of Civilization|url=http://www.kochvision.com/product.aspx?number=741952635291|medium=DVD|publisher=Koch Vision|location=Port Washington, NY|accessdate=21 October 2006|isbn=1-4172-2885-7|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822002054/http://www.kochvision.com/product.aspx?number=741952635291|archivedate=22 August 2010}}</ref>
Nonetheless, and also in 1969, ''[[Blue Movie]]'' by [[Andy Warhol]], was the first [[pornographic|adult erotic film]] depicting explicit [[sexual intercourse]] to receive wide theatrical release in the [[United States]].<ref name="NYT-19690722">{{cite news|last=Canby|first=Vincent|authorlink=Vincent Canby|title=Movie Review – Blue Movie (1968) Screen: Andy Warhol's 'Blue Movie'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9507E5D91738E63ABC4A51DFB1668382679EDE|date=July 22, 1969|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=December 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name="WS-2002-2005">{{cite web|last=Comenas|first=Gary|title=Blue Movie (1968)|url=http://www.warholstars.org/andy-warhol-blue-movie.html|year=2005|publisher=WarholStars.org|accessdate=December 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYT-19690810">{{cite news|last=Canby|first=Vincent|authorlink=Vincent Canby|title=Warhol's Red Hot and 'Blue' Movie. D1. Print. (behind paywall)|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9807E4D91739EF3BBC4852DFBE668382679EDE|date=August 10, 1969|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=December 29, 2015}}</ref> The film was a seminal film in the [[Golden Age of Porn]] and, according to Warhol, a major influence in the making of ''[[Last Tango in Paris]]'', an internationally controversial erotic drama film, starring [[Marlon Brando]], and released a few years after ''Blue Movie'' was made.<ref name="WS-2002-2005" />
[[File:Aarre-Panula-1969.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A selection of pornographic magazines confiscated by customs authorities in 1969.]]
[[File:Inkorrektes tournage1.jpg|thumb|Two [[pornographic film actor|porn actors]] preparing to shoot a scene for an [[pornographic film|adult film]].]]
Data from 2015 suggests an increase in pornography viewing over the past few decades, and this has been attributed to the growth of [[Internet pornography]] since widespread public access to the [[World Wide Web]] in the late 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://psmag.com/environment/surprise-we-all-love-porn |title=Pornography Consumption on the Rise |date=August 28, 2015 |first=Tom |last=Jacobs |work=[[Pacific Standard]] |publisher=The Miller-McCune Center for Research, Media and Public Policy |accessdate=November 30, 2015}}</ref> Through the 2010s, many pornographic production companies and top pornographic websites<ref name="Bulk Alexa rank 17 April 2016">{{cite web|title=Bulk Alexa rank checker|url=http://www.bulkseotools.com/bulk-check-alexa-ranking.php|publisher=BulkSeoTools.com Bulk Alexa Rank Checker|accessdate=27 April 2016|date=27 April 2016}}</ref> – such as PornHub, RedTube and YouPorn – were acquired by [[MindGeek]], which has been described as "a monopoly".<ref name="Vampire Porn">{{cite web|last1=Auerbach|first1=David|title=Vampire Porn|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2014/10/mindgeek_porn_monopoly_its_dominance_is_a_cautionary_tale_for_other_industries.html|website=Slate|accessdate=19 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219160919/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2014/10/mindgeek_porn_monopoly_its_dominance_is_a_cautionary_tale_for_other_industries.html|archivedate=19 December 2014|date=23 October 2014}}</ref>
The scholarly study of pornography, notably in [[cultural studies]], is limited, perhaps due to [[Feminist views of pornography|the controversy about the topic in feminism]]. The first peer-reviewed academic journal about the study of pornography, ''[[Porn Studies]]'', was published in 2014.<ref name="The Guardian 2 May 2013">{{cite news|last=Dugdale|first=John|title=Porn studies is the new discipline for academics|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/may/02/porn-studies-new-discipline-academics|accessdate=2 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 May 2013}}</ref>
==Classification==
Pornography is often distinguished from [[erotica]], which consists of the portrayal of sexuality with high-art aspirations, focusing also on feelings and emotions, while pornography involves the depiction of acts in a sensational manner, with the entire focus on the physical act, so as to arouse quick intense reactions.<ref name="Psych Today.2011"/><ref name=MIT>{{cite web|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V116/N65/erotica.65l.html|title=Erotica is Not Pornography|author=William J. Gehrke|work=The Tech|date=10 December 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A2163070|title=h2g2 – What is Erotic and What is Pornographic?|publisher=BBC|date=29 March 2004|accessdate=14 January 2012}}</ref>
Pornography is generally classified as either [[Softcore pornography|softcore]] or [[hardcore pornography|hardcore]]. A pornographic work is characterized as hardcore if it has any hardcore content, no matter how small. Both forms of pornography generally contain [[Nudity in film|nudity]]. Softcore pornography generally contains nudity or partial nudity in sexually suggestive situations, but without explicit sexual activity, [[sexual penetration]] or "extreme" [[Sexual fetish|fetishism]],<ref name=Amis>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4153718,00.html|title=A rough trade|accessdate=29 February 2012|author=Martin Amis|date=17 March 2001|work=[[The Guardian]]|author-link=Martin Amis}}</ref> while hardcore pornography may contain graphic sexual activity and visible penetration,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/modern/20th-Century-Nudes.html|title=P20th Century Nudes in Art|publisher=The Art History Archive|accessdate=29 February 2012}}</ref> including [[unsimulated sex]] scenes.
===Subgenres===
Pornography encompasses a wide variety of genres. Pornography featuring heterosexual acts composes the bulk of pornography and is "centred and invisible", marking the industry as heteronormative. However, a substantial portion of pornography is not normative, featuring more nonconventional forms of scenarios and sexual activity such as "'fat' porn, amateur porn, disabled porn, porn produced by women, queer porn, BDSM, and body modification."<ref name="Mulholland11">{{cite journal|last1=Mulholland|first1=Monique|title=When Porno Meets Hetero|journal=Australian Feminist Studies|date=March 2011|volume=26|issue=67|pages=119–135|doi=10.1080/08164649.2011.546332|publisher=Taylor & Francis|s2cid=142218966|quote=The pornographic genre is immense, and includes an enormous variety of styles catering to an equally vast range of tastes and fetishes. Certainly, mainstream heteroporn makes up the main bulk of the genre, and is most easily accessible. As stated above, this style of porn includes highly formulaic displays of paired or group sex, enacted by bodies exhibiting a conventional gendered aesthetic, moving through various sexual positions and penetrations. Nonetheless, some forms of porn are more normative than others, and indeed not all forms of heteroporn are normative, such as 'rimming', girl on boy strap-on anal sex, and hard-core BDSM. Pornography also includes an endless array of different kinds of fetish, 'fat' porn, amateur porn, disabled porn, porn produced by women, queer porn, BDSM and body modification. The list of non- mainstream porn is endless and displays bodies, gender scenarios and sexual activity differently to heteronormative formulations of mainstream heteroporn.}}</ref>
Pornography can be classified according to the physical characteristics of the participants, fetish, sexual orientation, etc., as well as the types of sexual activity featured. Reality and voyeur pornography, [[animation|animated]] videos, and legally prohibited acts also influence the classification of pornography. Pornography may fall into more than one genre. Some examples of pornography genres:
Revenues of the adult industry in the United States are difficult to determine. In 1970, a Federal study estimated that the total retail value of hardcore pornography in the United States was no more than $10 million.<ref>[[President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography]]. ''Report of The Commission on Obscenity and Pornography'' 1970, [[Washington, D.C.]]: [[United States Government Printing Office|U. S. Government Printing Office]].</ref> In 1998, [[Forrester Research]] published a report on the online "adult content" industry estimating $750 million to $1 billion in annual revenue. Studies in 2001 put the total (including video, pay-per-view, Internet and magazines) between $2.6 billion and $3.9 billion.<ref name="ForbesAckman">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2001/05/25/0524porn.html|title=How Big Is Porn?|accessdate=8 November 2007|last=Ackman|first=Dan|authorlink=Dan Ackman|date=25 May 2001|work=Forbes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010609221146/http://www.forbes.com/2001/05/25/0524porn.html|archivedate=9 June 2001|quote=$2.6 billion to $3.9 billion. Sources: Adams Media Research, Forrester Research, Veronis Suhler Communications Industry Report, IVD}}</ref>
{{As of|2014}}, the porn industry was believed to bring in more than $13 billion on a yearly basis in the United States.<ref name=Szymanski>{{Cite journal|last1=Szymanski|first1=Dawn M.|last2=Stewart-Richardson|first2=Destin N.|title=Psychological, relational, and sexual correlates of pornography use on young adult heterosexual men in romantic relationships|journal=[[The Journal of Men's Studies]]|volume=22|issue=1|pages=64–82|publisher=[[SAGE Publications|Sage]]|date=January 2014|ref=harv|doi=10.3149/jms.2201.64|s2cid=146523196}}</ref> [[CNBC]] has estimated that pornography was a $13 billion industry in the US, with $3,075 being spent on porn every second and a new porn video being produced every 39 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minyanville.com/businessmarkets/articles/pornography-industry-3D-movies-equipment-cost/1/28/2010/id/26572?page=full|title=Coming Soon: XXX In 3D|author=Josh Lipton|work=Minyanville|accessdate=9 October 2015|date=2010-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116130835/http://www.minyanville.com/businessmarkets/articles/pornography-industry-3D-movies-equipment-cost/1/28/2010/id/26572?page=full|archive-date=16 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A significant amount of pornographic video is shot in the [[San Fernando Valley]], which has been a pioneering region for producing adult films since the 1970s, and has since become home for various models, actors/actresses, production companies, and other assorted businesses involved in the production and distribution of pornography.
The pornography industry has been considered influential in deciding [[format war]]s in media, including being a factor in the [[VHS]] vs. [[Betamax]] format war (the [[videotape format war]])<ref name="Macworld"/><ref name="Inquirer"/> and in the [[Blu-ray]] vs. [[HD DVD]] format war (the [[high definition optical disc format war|high-def format war]]).<ref name="Macworld">{{cite web|url=http://www.macworld.com/news/2006/05/02/pornhd/index.php?lsrc=mwrss|title=Porn industry may be decider in Blu-ray, HD-DVD battle|accessdate=8 November 2007|last=Mearian|first=Lucas|authorlink=Computerworld|date=2 May 2006|work=MacWorld|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712001523/http://www.macworld.com/news/2006/05/02/pornhd/index.php?lsrc=mwrss|archivedate=12 July 2006}} Ron Wagner, Director of IT at a California porn studio: "If you look at the VHS vs. Beta standards, you see the much higher-quality standard dying because of [the porn industry's support of VHS]{{nbsp}}... The mass volume of tapes in the porn market at the time went out on VHS."</ref><ref name="Inquirer">{{cite web|url=http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2007/01/17/blu-ray-loves-porn-after-all|title=Blu-ray loves porn after all|accessdate=8 November 2007|last=Lynch|first=Martin|date=17 January 2007|work=The Inquirer|publisher=Incisive Media Investments|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621131847/http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2007/01/17/blu-ray-loves-porn-after-all|archivedate=21 June 2007|quote=By many accounts VHS would not have won its titanic struggle against Sony's Betamax video tape format if it had not been for porn. This might be over-stating its importance but it was an important factor{{nbsp}}... There is no way that Sony can ignore the boost that porn can give the Blu-ray format.}}</ref><ref name="Fox">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,245638,00.html|title=Porn Industry May Decide DVD Format War|accessdate=8 November 2007|last=Gardiner|first=Bryan|date=22 January 2007|work=FOXNews.com – Technology News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210100959/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C245638%2C00.html|archivedate=10 February 2007|quote=As was expected, the 2007 [[Consumer Electronics Show]] saw even more posturing and politics between the Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD camps, with each side announcing a new set of alliances and predicting that the end of the war was imminent.|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Biography==
=== Early life and Raid of Heillboer ===
Eivor was born in 847 to [[Rosta]] and [[Varin]] in [[Heillboer]], a small settlement in [[Rogaland|Rygjafylke]]. During her childhood, Eivor accidentally spilled ink on her father's throne, much to the latter's anger. She also had fond memories of sitting around the hearth of their longhouse listening to her mother's voice.<ref name="ACV" />
===Technology===
In 856, at nine years of age, Eivor attended a feast organized by her father to honor King [[Styrbjorn]] of [[Fornburg]], where she and her family and clan were to pledge allegiance to the king. Eivor presented King Styrbjorn a gifted armband at the behest of her parents but before the celebration was finished the settlement was [[raid]]ed by [[Kjotve the Cruel]]. Eivor watched as her father Varin put down [[Varin's Axe|his axe]] at Kjotve's insistence that his family and clan would be spared if he gave his life willingly, leading to both his and Rosta's deaths.<ref name="Prologue">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Prologue (Valhalla)|Prologue]]</ref>
Pornographers have taken advantage of each technological advance in the production and distribution of visual images. Pornography is considered a driving force in the development of technologies from the [[printing press]], through [[photography]] (still and motion), to [[Satellite television|satellite TV]], [[home video]], other forms of [[video]], and the [[Internet]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Monaco, James.|title=The dictionary of new media : the new digital world : video, audio, print, film, television, DVD, home theatre, satellite, digital photography, wireless, super CD, internet|date=1999|publisher=Harbor Electronic|isbn=0-9669744-0-9|oclc=301650106}}</ref>
Kjotve immediately broke said promise and ordered his men to kill the rest of the village. Eivor, however, was rescued by Styrbjorn's son [[Sigurd Styrbjornson|Sigurd]], who managed to clear the immediate village area on [[horse]]back before being separated from Eivor after a tumble caused by one of Kjotve's raiders. Finding herself in the middle of a frozen lake after a hard fall down a cliff, Eivor was accosted by a [[wolf]] that saw her as prey. As Eivor crawled towards a fallen axe in the middle of the lake, the wolf attacked her, eventually biting down hard on her neck, causing her to hallucinate a partial memory of Odin, and cry out in pain, calling two [[raven]]s to distract the wolf, allowing her to reach the axe and strike the wolf dead.<ref name ="Prologue"/> Following these events, Eivor came to be known as the "Wolf-Kissed" and was subsequently adopted by Styrbjorn, who raised her as his own.<ref name="DarbyInterview">''Assassin's Creed: Valhalla'' – [[Family Matters]]</ref>
With commercial availability of tiny [[camera]]s and wireless equipment, "voyeur" pornography established an audience.<ref name=2014AVNTech>{{cite web|last=Staff|title=Magnet Media Holds Porn/Tech Event in NYC This Tuesday|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/technology/Magnet-Media-Holds-Porn-Tech-Event-in-NYC-This-Tuesday-551837.html|publisher=Adult Video News|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=GuidePornTech>{{cite web|last=Staff|title=How Porn Drives Mainstream Internet Technology Adoption Tuesday, Mar 11, 12:30 pm @ Rose Auditorium|url=http://www.garysguide.com/events/n6gmwpf/How-Porn-Drives-Mainstream-Internet-Technology-Adoption|publisher=Garys Guide|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> [[Camera phone|Mobile cameras]] are used to capture pornographic photos or videos, and forwarded as [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]], a practice known as [[sexting]].
=== Meeting Geirmund ===
Around 867, eleven years after her parents' death, Eivor accompanied King Styrbjorn as he went to meet with [[Hjorr Halfsson]] in [[Avaldnes]]. While the two kings discussed the growing threat in the north that was King [[Harald Fairhair]], Eivor became acquainted with Hjorr's younger son, [[Geirmund Hel-hide]]. The discussed philosophy and the realities of their lives with Eivor imparting some words of wisdom on the younger boy.<ref name="Geirmund's Saga">''[[Assassin's Creed Valhalla: Geirmund's Saga]]''</ref>
====Computer-generated images and manipulations====
=== Raid in Rygjafylke ===
{{see also|Virtual reality sex}}
[[File:ACVSoG - Eivor vs Roscoe.jpg|thumb|250px|Eivor cutting Roscoe's legs in half]]
Digital manipulation requires the use of source photographs, but some pornography is produced without human actors at all. The idea of completely [[computer-generated imagery|computer-generated]] pornography was conceived very early as one of the most obvious areas of application for computer graphics and 3D rendering. Further advances in technology have allowed increasingly photorealistic 3D figures to be used in interactive pornography.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/j5yzpk/they-cant-stop-us-people-are-having-sex-with-3d-avatars-of-their-exes-and-celebrities|title='They Can't Stop Us:' People Are Having Sex With 3D Avatars of Their Exes and Celebrities|author=Samantha Cole and Emanuel Maiberg|date=2019-11-20|publisher=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/28/style/virtual-reality-porn.html|title=Virtual Reality Gets Naughty|author=Alyson Krueger|date=2017-10-28|work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/pornography-porn-virtual-reality-personal-intimate-vr-headset-criticism-problems-a8046141.html|title=VIRTUAL REALITY PORNOGRAPHY IS ALLOWING FOR MORE 'INTIMATE' AND 'PERSONAL' EXPERIENCES BUT COULD BRING HORRORS, WARN EXPERTS|author=Andrew Griffin|date=2017-11-09|publisher=[[The Independent]]}}</ref>
Around 870, Eivor alongside her clansmen [[Dag]] and [[Tora Auzoux|Tora]] witnessed Kjotve's raid on a settlement in Rygjafylke, on the edge of Styrbjorn's territory. Seeing this as an opportunity to endear her adopted clan to the village, Eivor rushed in to stave off the raiders, disregarding Dag's suggestions of a more measured approach. While fighting, Eivor confronted a raider named [[Roscoe]], who taunted her with the death of her father, claiming he died like a coward. In response Eivor cut his feet from under him and refused to kill him, depriving him of a warrior's death and entry to [[Valhalla (afterlife)|Valhalla]] at her hands. Leaving him bleeding and cursing, Eivor went to help Dag, who had been cornered by the raider [[Taras]].<ref name="Song of Glory 1">''[[Assassin's Creed Valhalla: Song of Glory]]'' – [[Assassin's Creed Valhalla: Song of Glory 1|Issue #1]]</ref>
Until the late 1990s, digitally manipulated pornography could not be produced cost-effectively. In the early 2000s, it became a growing segment, as the modelling and animation software matured and the rendering capabilities of computers improved. As of 2004, computer-generated pornography depicting situations involving children and sex with [[fictional character]]s, such as [[Lara Croft]], is already produced on a limited scale. The October 2004 issue of ''[[Playboy]]'' featured topless pictures of the title character from the ''[[BloodRayne]]'' video game.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://money.cnn.com/2004/08/25/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/|title=Playboy undressed video game women – Aug. 25, 2004|accessdate=26 August 2006|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=25 August 2004}}</ref>
[[File:ACVSoG - Eivor gives Gull.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Eivor presenting Gull to Styrbjorn]]
Upon the end of the skirmish, Eivor went to the head of the village and claimed the land in the name of her adopted father. Incensed, and believing Styrbjorn no better than Kjotve, the elder attempted to attack Eivor but was cut down before even managing a swing of his [[sword]]. Claiming the old man died a warrior, Eivor demanded tribute from the remaining villagers while her and her clansmen helped gather the dead. Returning to where she left the bleeding raider, Eivor found only blood. While searching the area Eivor heard noise coming from within a building and proceeded to investigate it only to be ambushed by a pale woman in robes covered in [[tattoo]]s and wearing a collar. Eivor easily fended off the woman whom she identified as a [[Slavery|slave]] and ''[[skald]]''. The woman revealed herself to be [[Gull]], one of Kjotve's, and claimed she was also a slave ''"to {{Wiki|Sága and Sökkvabekkr|Sökkvabekkr, Sága}} and [[Idun]]'s [[Apples of Eden|bounty]]"'', before calling Eivor the ''"Slayer of the Wolf"'', begging to accompany her. Believing the woman mad but perceptive, Eivor decided to take her back to [[Stavanger]], where her adopted father held court, to present as a gift to Styrbjorn. Upon their return, the praise and adulation Eivor expected from her adoptive father was nowhere to be seen, as he berated her for incurring Kjotve's wrath by taking Gull back to Stavanger.<ref name="Song of Glory 1" />
====3D pornography====
=== Ambush at Feiknstafir ===
The first pornographic film shot in 3D was ''[[3D Sex and Zen: Extreme Ecstasy]]'', released April 2011 in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asiansexgazette.com/asg/china/china07news20.htm|title=Hong Kong filmmakers shoot 'first' 3D porn film|accessdate=17 August 2010|work=Asian Sex Gazette|date=17 January 2012}}</ref>
[[File:ACVSOG - Tora, Eivor and Gull.jpg|thumb|200px|Eivor listening to Gull and telling Tora to keep a secret]]
Some time later, while training with Tora, Eivor vented her frustrations at her humiliation at the hand of adoptive father, as he rejected her tribute of Gull as a thrall. Upon hearing Eivor's desires to prove herself, Gull tempted her, claiming she could lead Eivor to bounties and treasures, the same treasures she had granted Kjotve. Claiming that since, unlike Kjotve, Eivor did not torture Gull, she would lead Eivor to the "[[Æsir]]'s hoard". While Tora expressed her doubts, Eivor heeded Gull's words, to Tora's dismay. Eivor then asked Tora to keep her location a secret, while she followed Gull into the mountain tops of [[Feiknstafir mountains]].<ref name="Song of Glory 2">''Assassin's Creed Valhalla: Song of Glory'' – [[Assassin's Creed Valhalla: Song of Glory 2|Issue #2]]</ref>
===Production and distribution by region===
[[File:ACVSoG - Eivor backstabbed.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Eivor stabbed in the back by Gull]]
{{Main|Pornography by region}}
Days later, upon the mountain ledges of Feiknstafir, Eivor and Gull climbed under Gull's directions. In a particularly treacherous ledge, Gull nearly fell to her death but was saved at the last second by Eivor. Impressed by Eivor, Gull recognised Eivor as a friend, and Eivor jokingly remarked that if the treasure trove were to be real, she'd marry Gull in celebration. Shortly thereafter they arrived at the ruined [[Temple of Heimdall|Temple]] of [[Heimdall]]. Once inside Eivor recognised the place as having been picked off and looted long ago, and soon found Kjotve's men inside, led by [[Bjarke Broadside]] of the [[Wolf Clan|Wulfing]] clan. Before Eivor could do anything, Gull screamed for them, revealing her intention of luring Eivor to this place as a present to Kjotve. Eivor managed to fend off most of the group's attacks, but was felled by Gull, who stabbed her with a [[knife]] in the back. On the ground bleeding, Eivor claimed to Bjarke that she would not be a prize and that, by the end of the day, any riches of Heimdall would be hers, on Styrbjorn's name. Laughing, Bjarke informed her that at that very moment, Styrbjorn was already dead as a result of a raid in Stavanger.<ref name="Song of Glory 2" />
[[File:Street stall selling porn in Shamshuipo.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A street stall in Hong Kong selling pornography.]]
The [[Filmmaking|production]] and [[distribution (business)|distribution]] of pornography are economic activities of some importance. The exact size of the economy of pornography and the influence that it has in political circles are matters of controversy.
In the United States, the sex film industry is centered in the [[San Fernando Valley]] of [[Los Angeles]]. In Europe, [[Budapest]] is regarded as the industry center.<ref>[http://www.escapeartist.com/efam9/Living_In_Budapest.html “Strange and wonderful” Budapest — Where the living is increasingly pleasant{{nbsp}}... and still very cheap] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223182412/http://www.escapeartist.com/efam9/Living_In_Budapest.html |date=2010-02-23 }}. Escapeartist.com (1989-09-11). Retrieved 2011-04-21.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/sex-trade-moguls-thrive-by-the-blue-danube-1329695.html Sex trade moguls thrive by the Blue Danube – World, News]. The Independent (1996-07-21). Retrieved 2011-04-21.</ref><ref>[http://networkcultures.org/wpmu/netporn/extras/abstract/ The Art and Politics of Netporn » Abstract]. Networkcultures.org. Retrieved 2011-04-21.</ref>
=== Hunt for Kjotve ===
[[File:ACV Honor Bound 2.png|thumb|250px|Eivor captured by Kjotve]]
In 872, Eivor and her crew pursued Kjotve to the west of Rygjafylke. While Eivor herself was captured, her crew members were scattered and hunted by Kjotve's men in [[Avaldsnes]]. Before leaving Eivor to be sold into slavery, Kjotve taunted her and displayed the very axe that he had taken from, and used to kill, her father seventeen years prior. Eivor, however, was able to free herself and locate Dag, who had managed to free himself as well. While Dag headed off to the beach to reclaim their [[longship]], Eivor headed towards Avaldsnes, where Kjotve departed from. Within the longhouse, Eivor defeated and killed [[Rikiwulf]], Kjotve's follower, and freed the crew members. After retrieving her father's axe, she was met with a confusing vision featuring a cloaked greybeard and a wolf. The Vikings then eliminated the remaining of Kjotve's men while en route to their longship. Having reclaimed their ship, Eivor and her crew set sail and returned home to [[Fornburg]]. Upon returning, Eivor was greeted by Sigurd's wife [[Randvi]], who informed her of Styrbjorn's displeasure for her raid against Kjotve. Eivor also learned that Sigurd would be returning soon after a two-year journey across [[Europe]] and [[Africa]].<ref name="Honor Bound">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Honor Bound]]</ref>
Piracy, the illegal copying and distribution of material, is of great concern to the porn industry,<ref name=2009Tubesites>{{cite web|last1=Hymes|first1=Tom|title=Adult Tube Sites Now Spamming Through Google News|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/technology/Adult-Tube-Sites-Now-Spamming-Through-Google-News-368393.html|publisher=AVN.com|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref> the subject of litigation and formalized anti-piracy efforts.<ref name=2014Nightline>{{cite web|last1=Kernes|first1=Mark|title=Nightline Takes a Look at Porn Piracy, and Targets MindGeek|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/legal/Nightline-Takes-a-Look-at-Porn-Piracy-and-Targets-MindGeek-556480.html|publisher=AVN.com|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=2014PiracyTake5th>{{cite web|last1=Staff|title=Takedown Piracy Celebrates Fifth Anniversary|url=http://business.avn.com/company-news/Takedown-Piracy-Celebrates-Fifth-Anniversary-560384.html|publisher=AVN.com|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref>
[[File:ACV A Seer's Solace 12.png|thumb|left|250px|Eivor is conflicted by Valka's prophecy]]
Wanting to make sense of her strange vision, Eivor consulted the local seer [[Valka]]. Upon entering her hut, Eivor saw [[Svala]], Valka's mother, in a near-vegetative state. When questioning Valka about her mother's wellbeing, Valka feared it was her last winter. Valka then brewed an elixir for Eivor to drink, it would induce the dream state again. After Eivor consumed the concoction, she collapsed. Waking up on Valka's floor, Eivor thought the elixir did not work. As she exited the hut she saw the silhouette of her brother. She called out to him but he moved further up the mountain, the voices of the [[Nornir]] [[Skuld]] and [[Urdr]] filled the air, they called her "''Havi''". Following the path her brother took, Eivor spotted the wolf from her previous vision. She then saw the Nornir weaving fate, Eivor continued up the mountain, meeting a wolf guarding a doorway. She entered and heard Sigurd scream in pain. Walking through a blizzard, Eivor followed her brother's voice, when the storm partially cleared it revealed an armless Sigurd. Eivor reached out to Sigurd only for him to be yanked backwards by an invisible force, then the wolf [[Fenrir]] emerged from the fog, hungry and ready to strike. Eivor then awoke from the induced vision, explaining what happened in her dream to Valka, the seeress deduced that the meaning behind them was Eivor's future betrayal of her brother. Eivor, shocked and conflicted at this answer, left with more questions than she had answers.<ref name="A Seer's Solace">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[A Seer's Solace]]</ref>
==Study and analysis==
When Sigurd returned from his long voyage to [[Constantinople]], he introduced Eivor to the [[Hidden Ones]] [[Basim Ibn Ishaq]] and [[Hytham]] before gifting Eivor a Hidden Blade he had acquired during his travels. Keen that the traditionally stealth-based weaponry should be visible to her enemies, Eivor wore the blade over her forearm, much to Hytham's disagreement.<ref>''Assassin's Creed: Valhalla'' – [[The Prodigal Prince]]</ref>
{{See also|Pornography addiction|Effects of pornography}}
Research concerning the effects of pornography is concerned with multiple outcomes.<ref name="NYT-20140328">{{cite news|last=Segal|first=David|title=Does porn hurt children?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/29/sunday-review/does-porn-hurt-children.html|date=28 March 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=30 March 2014}}</ref> Such research includes potential influences on [[rape]], [[domestic violence]], [[sexual dysfunction]], difficulties with [[sexual relationship]]s, and [[child sexual abuse]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Is porn harmful? |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170926-is-porn-harmful-the-evidence-the-myths-and-the-unknowns |publisher=BBC |date=26 September 2017 |accessdate=27 September 2017}}</ref> While some [[literature reviews]] suggest that pornographic images and films can be addictive, insufficient evidence exists to draw conclusions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kraus|first1=Shane W|last2=Voon|first2=Valerie|last3=Potenza|first3=Marc N|date=2015-09-22|title=Neurobiology of Compulsive Sexual Behavior: Emerging Science|url= |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology|volume=41|issue=1|pages=385–386|doi=10.1038/npp.2015.300|issn=0893-133X|pmc=4677151|pmid=26657963}}</ref><ref name=Kraus2016rev>{{Cite journal|last1=Kraus|first1=Shane W.|last2=Voon|first2=Valerie|last3=Potenza|first3=Marc N. |date=2016-02-19|title=Should compulsive sexual behavior be considered an addiction?|journal=Addiction|volume=111|issue=12|pages=2097–2106|doi=10.1111/add.13297|pmid=26893127|pmc=4990495}}</ref><ref name=Kuhn2016rev>{{Cite book|last1=Kühn|first1=S|last2=Gallinat|first2=J|title=Neurobiological Basis of Hypersexuality|date=2016|volume=129|pages=67–83|doi=10.1016/bs.irn.2016.04.002|pmid=27503448|series=International Review of Neurobiology|isbn=9780128039144}}</ref><ref name=Brand2016rev>{{Cite journal|last1=Brand|first1=Matthias|last2=Young|first2=Kimberly|last3=Laier|first3=Christian|last4=Wölfling|first4=Klaus|last5=Potenza|first5=Marc N.|title=Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model|journal=Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews|doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033|volume=71|pages=252–266|pmid=27590829|year=2016|doi-access=free}}</ref> Several studies conclude the liberalization of porn in society may be associated with decreased rape and sexual violence rates, while others suggest no effect, or are inconclusive.<ref name="BK-PDF">{{citation|last=Kutchinsky|first=Berl|authorlink=Berl Kutchinsky|contribution=Pornography, sex crime and public policy|editor-last1=Gerull|editor-first1=Sally-Anne|editor-last2=Halstead|editor-first2=Boronia|title=Sex industry and public policy: proceedings of a conference held 6–8 May 1991|pages=41–55|publisher=Australian Institute of Criminology|location=Canberra, ACT|year=1992|url=http://websearch.aic.gov.au/firstaicPublic/fullRecord.jsp?recno=203812|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007152049/http://websearch.aic.gov.au/firstaicPublic/fullRecord.jsp?recno=203812|archivedate=October 7, 2015}} {{ISBN|9780642182913}} [http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/proceedings/14/kutchinsky.pdf Pdf.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126070715/http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/proceedings/14/kutchinsky.pdf |date=2013-11-26 }}</ref><ref name="JSI-Summer1973">{{cite journal|last=Kutchinsky|first=Berl|authorlink=Berl Kutchinsky|title=The effect of easy availability of pornography on the incidence of sex crimes: the Danish experience|journal=[[Journal of Social Issues]]|volume=29|issue=3|pages=163–181|doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.1973.tb00094.x|date=Summer 1973|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="MD-2009">{{Cite journal|last=Diamond|first=Milton | author-link = Milton Diamond|title=Pornography, public acceptance and sex related crime: A review|journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry|volume=32|issue=5|pages=304–314|doi=10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.06.004|pmid=19665229 |date=September–October 2009|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="JWS-book">{{cite book|last=Slade|first=Joseph|title=Pornography and sexual representation: a reference guide, volume 3|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn|year=2001|isbn=9780313275685}}</ref><ref name="BK-1970">{{cite book|last=Kutchinsky|first=Berl | author-link = Berl Kutchinsky|title=Studies on pornography and sex crimes in Denmark|publisher=Nyt fra Samfundsvidenskaberne, eksp.|location=United States|series=New social science monographs|year=1970|oclc=155896|title-link=President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography#Studies undertaken }} [http://home20.inet.tele.dk/gorzelak/dps/anmeldelser/barbano_kutchinsky.html Online.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030030642/http://home20.inet.tele.dk/gorzelak/dps/anmeldelser/barbano_kutchinsky.html |date=2007-10-30 }}</ref><ref name="PDF-200707">{{cite conference|last=Kendall|first=Todd D.|title=Pornography, rape, and the internet|format=doc|conference=Fourth bi-annual Conference on the Economics of the Software and Internet Industries|date=January 19–20, 2007|location=Toulouse, France|url=http://www.tse-fr.eu/publications/pornography-rape-and-internet | access-date = 30 March 2014}} [http://www.yapaka.be/sites/yapaka.be/files/actualite/pornography-rape-and-the-internet.pdf Pdf.]</ref><ref name="SSRN-20060623">{{Cite journal|last=D'Amato|first=Anthony|title=Porn up, rape down|journal=Northwestern Public Law (Research Paper No. 913013)|ssrn=913013|doi=10.2139/ssrn.913013|date=June 23, 2006|ref=harv}}</ref>
==Laws and regulations==
===Settlement in England===
{{further|Pornography laws by region|Laws regarding child pornography}}
In 873,<ref name="Commentary">{{Youtube|L_nb_YECQoQ|Assassin's Creed Valhalla: Developer Commentary Trailer|UCBMvc6jvuTxH6TNo9ThpYjg|Ubisoft}}</ref> Eivor and her [[Raven Clan|clan]] of Norsemen, under the direction of Sigurd, fled from Norway in the face of its [[Unification of Norway|unification]] at the hands of [[Harald Fairhair]]. They arrived in the southern part of [[Great Britain]], establishing a new settlement<ref name="Ubisoft">{{Cite web| url=https://www.ubisoft.com/en-us/game/assassins-creed/valhalla/news-updates/zp9xRC5VBA3SIgAAAxPPi/assassins-creed-valhalla-become-a-legendary-viking-raider |title= Assassin's Creed Valhalla – Become a Legendary Viking Raider | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501174630/https://www.ubisoft.com/en-us/game/assassins-creed/valhalla/news-updates/zp9xRC5VBA3SIgAAAxPPi/assassins-creed-valhalla-become-a-legendary-viking-raider| archivedate=1 May 2020| publisher=''[[Ubisoft]]''| accessdate= 30 April 2020}}</ref> of [[Ravensthorpe]].
{{Sex and the Law}}
[[File:Pornography laws.svg|300px|thumb|left|World map of pornography (18+) laws
{{legend|#47c223|Pornography legal}}
{{legend|#ece117|Pornography legal, but under some restrictions}}
{{legend|red|Pornography illegal}}
{{legend|#b4b4b4|Data unavailable}}]]
The legal status of pornography varies widely from country to country. Most countries allow at least some form of pornography. In some countries, softcore pornography is considered tame enough to be sold in general stores or to be shown on TV. [[Hardcore pornography]], on the other hand, is usually regulated. The production and sale, and to a slightly lesser degree the possession, of [[child pornography]] is illegal in almost all countries, and some countries have restrictions on pornography depicting violence, for example [[rape pornography]] or [[animal pornography]].
[[File:Peep Show by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Pornographic entertainment on display in a [[sex shop]] window, where there is usually a minimum age to go into pornographic stores]]
===Death in Vinland===
Most countries attempt to restrict minors' access to hardcore materials, limiting availability to [[sex shop]]s, mail-order, and television channels that parents can restrict, among other means. There is usually an age minimum for entrance to pornographic stores, or the materials are displayed partly covered or not displayed at all. More generally, [[disseminating pornography to a minor]] is often illegal. Many of these efforts have been rendered practically irrelevant by widely available [[Internet pornography]]. A [[Child Online Protection Act|failed US law]] would have made these same restrictions apply to the internet.
At some point, Eivor traveled back to [[Vinland]], near the modern city of [[Concord]], where she would ultimately be buried.<ref name="ACV" />
The adult film industry regulations in California require that all actors and actresses practice safe sex using condoms. It is rare to see condom use in pornography.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/adultfilmindustry.html|title=Safety in the Adult Film Industry|website=www.dir.ca.gov|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> Since porn does better when actors are unprotected, many companies film in other states. Miami is a major area for amateur porn. Twitter plays a big part in an actor's success: because Twitter does not censor content, actors can post freely without having to self-censor, unlike on Instagram and on Facebook.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/80038162|title=Hot Girls Wanted {{!}} Netflix Official Site|website=www.netflix.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref>
==Legacy==
In 2020, Eivor's memories were relived by [[Layla Hassan]] through her [[Animus|Animus HR-8.5]].<ref name="ModernDay">''Assassin's Creed: Valhalla'' – [[21st century conversations|Modern day]]</ref> Due to the high level of Isu DNA belonging to [[Odin]] embedded in Eivor's,<ref>''Assassin's Creed: Valhalla'' – {{Cite|11 Nov 2020. Memory unknown}}</ref> the Animus would, at times, represent Eivor as a male based on Odin's real appearance.<ref name="ModernDay" />
In the United States, a person receiving unwanted [[direct marketing|commercial mail]] he or she deems pornographic (or otherwise offensive) may obtain a [[Prohibitory Order]], either against all mail from a particular sender, or against all sexually explicit mail, by applying to the [[United States Postal Service]]. There are recurring [[urban legend]]s of [[snuff film|snuff movies]], in which murders are filmed for pornographic purposes. Despite extensive work to ascertain the truth of these rumors, law enforcement officials have not found any such works.
==Personality and characteristics==
Eivor was a devoted and confident Viking clan leader, who was not afraid of dying to protect her people. Despite her deep love for her clan, she was a lone wolf. Indeed, driven by her dream to prove her courage, she preferred to take on all tasks and risks herself. On top of being a fierce warrior, Eivor was cunning and was a great strategist, as could be proven from her alliances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://store.ubi.com/eu/assassin-s-creed-valhalla-eivor-the-wolf-kissed/5e8b45295cdf9a12c868c876.html|title=Assassin's Creed Valhalla - Eivor The Wolf-kissed|publisher=Ubisoft Store|accessdate=5 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618025556/https://store.ubi.com/eu/assassin-s-creed-valhalla-eivor-the-wolf-kissed/5e8b45295cdf9a12c868c876.html| archivedate=18-06-2020}}</ref>
Some people, including pornography producer [[Larry Flynt]] and the writer [[Salman Rushdie]],<ref name="TimesRushdie">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article466971.ece|title=Porn is vital to freedom, says Rushdie|accessdate=8 November 2007|last1=Baxter|first1=Sarah|last2=Brooks|first2=Richard|date=8 August 2004|work=The Times|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5TD5Q8UAz?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article466971.ece|archivedate=9 November 2007|quote=Pornography exists everywhere, of course, but when it comes into societies in which it's difficult for young men and women to get together and do what young men and women often like doing, it satisfies a more general need{{nbsp}}... While doing so, it sometimes becomes a kind of standard-bearer for freedom, even civilisation.|location=London|url-status=dead}}</ref> have argued that pornography is vital to freedom and that a free and civilized society should be judged by its willingness to accept pornography.
Eivor also had a poetic side, speaking with eloquence and often describing events in a manner that resembles skaldic verse. Although Eivor held Hytham and by extension the Hidden Ones in high regard, Eivor kindly declined to join them as it meant keeping her victories and glory quiet, something which went against her culture's nature.<ref name="Breaking the Order">''Assassin's Creed: Valhalla'' – [[Breaking the Order]]</ref>
The UK government has criminalized possession of what it terms "[[Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008|extreme pornography]]", following the highly publicized [[murder]] of [[Murder of Jane Longhurst|Jane Longhurst]].
Eivor seems to possess some fragments of Odin's persona and memories. As is evident by their shared disdain for wolves, and how she recognised Odin's spear [[Gungnir]] when she discovered it within [[Goinnhellir]].<ref name="ACV" />
[[Child pornography]] is illegal in most countries, with a child most commonly being a person under the age of 18 (though the age varies). In those countries, any film or photo that shows a child in a sexual act is considered pornography and illegal.
===Equipment and skills===
[[File:ACV Promotional Screenshot 13.jpg|thumb|250px|Eivor fighting with a flail and light shield]]
Growing up alongside Sigurd, Eivor learnt to fight as a drengr. By her twenties, Eivor was capable of wielding a variety of weapons including; [[sword]]s, [[bow]]s, [[spear]]s, [[bearded axe|bearded]] and [[Battleaxe|Dane axes]], [[hammer]]s and [[flail]]s. Her usual armor was the [[Raven Clan Set|Raven Clan's armor]] and could also use both light and heavy [[shield]]s. Using her combat prowess she could easily overwhelm multiple opponents.<ref name="Song of Glory 1" /> She could also effectively dual wield, and was strong enough to dual wield two heavy weapons, and even unconventionally two shields. She had sharp reflexes and could dodge, parry, and block incoming attacks.<ref name="ACV" />
Pornography can infringe into basic [[human rights]] of those involved, especially when [[sexual consent]] was not obtained. For example, [[revenge porn]] is a phenomenon where disgruntled sexual partners release images or video footage of intimate sexual activity, usually on the internet, without authorization from the other person.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Salter|first=Michael|year=2013|title=Responding to revenge porn: Gender, justice and online legal impunity|url=https://www.academia.edu/4585975|journal=Presented at "whose Justice? Contested Approaches to Crime and Conflict", University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia|accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> Lawmakers have also raised concerns about "upskirt" photos taken of women without their consent. In many countries there has been a demand to make such activities specifically illegal carrying higher punishments than mere breach of privacy or image rights, or circulation of prurient material.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Using Copyright to Combat Revenge Porn|ssrn=2374119|first=Amanda M.|last=Levendowski|journal=NYU Journal of Intellectual Property & Entertainment Law|volume=3|year=2014|publisher=Social Science Research Network}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bhasin|first=Puneet|date=29 November 2014|title=Online Revenge Porn-Recourse for Victims under Cyber Laws|url=http://blog.ipleaders.in/online-revenge-porn-recourse-for-victims-under-cyber-laws/|publisher=iPleaders|location=India|accessdate=29 January 2016}}</ref> As a result, some jurisdictions have enacted specific laws against "revenge porn".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-30307657|title='Revenge porn' Facebook post leads to jail sentence|work=BBC News|accessdate=9 October 2015|date=2014-12-03}}</ref>
Usually keen for up front confrontations, Eivor was also highly adept at stealth and was able to silently assassinate her targets undetected in addition to being able to remain hidden from her enemies in shrubbery and haystacks. After gaining the Hidden Blade, Eivor was taught how to use it by Basim and quickly mastered it. Eivor was also able to emulate the Hidden Ones' ability to [[blending|hide in plain sight]].<ref name="ACV" /> High-diving was another of Eivor's skills, and under Hytham's tutelage she learnt the [[Leap of Faith]].<ref name="To Serve the Light">''Assassin's Creed: Valhalla'' – [[To Serve the Light...]]</ref>
===What is not pornography===
A skilled [[Freerunning|freerunner]], Eivor was able to scale [[Evinghou Tower]] as well as natural elements with relative ease. She also proved to be a strong swimmer whilst searching underwater ruins and was capable of holding her breath for a relatively long period of time. A heavy drinker, Eivor could hold her liquor and would occasionally participate in drinking competitions.<ref name="ACV" />
In the U.S., a July 2014 criminal case decision in [[Massachusetts]], Commonwealth v. Rex, 469 Mass. 36 (2014),<ref name=2014NatGeoNotporn>{{cite web|last1=Staff|title=Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Norfolk. COMMONWEALTH v. John REX. No. SJC–11480. Decided: July 9, 2014|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ma-supreme-judicial-court/1672119.html|publisher=findlaw.com|accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref> made a legal determination of what was not to be considered "pornography" and in this particular case "child pornography".<ref name=2014MACaseNotPorn>{{cite web|last1=Kernes|first1=Mark|title=MA Supremes Rule National Geographic Photos Not Kid Porn|url=http://business.avn.com/articles/legal/MA-Supremes-Rule-National-Geographic-Photos-Not-Kid-Porn-566486.html|publisher=AVN.com|accessdate=18 July 2014}}</ref> It was determined that photographs of naked children that were from sources such as [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] magazine, a [[sociology]] textbook, and a [[nudist]] catalog were not considered pornography in Massachusetts even while in the possession of a convicted and (at the time) incarcerated [[sex offender]].<ref name=2014MACaseNotPorn/>
Drawing the line depends on time and place; Occidental mainstream culture got increasingly "pornified" (i.e. tainted by pornographic themes and mainstream films got to include [[unsimulated sex]]ual acts).<ref name="The Boston Globe 2006">{{cite web | title=The pornification of America | website=The Boston Globe | date=2006-01-24 | url=http://archive.boston.com/yourlife/articles/2006/01/24/the_pornification_of_america/ | access-date=2018-11-10 | last=Aucoin | first=Don | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110120126/http://archive.boston.com/yourlife/articles/2006/01/24/the_pornification_of_america/ | archive-date=2018-11-10 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
Eivor shared a symbiotic relationship with her [[raven]], [[Sýnin]], which aided her in reconnaissance thanks to her [[Eagle Vision]]. Unlike later generations who possessed the skill, her Eagle Vision was far more literal in the sense that activating the ability allowed her to see through the eyes of Sýnin. Eivor also possessed the ability known as 'Odin's Sight' which was more akin to later iterations of Eagle Vision in which it allowed her to release a brief pulse that would locate and tag nearby enemies and points or objects of interest, even through walls and floorboards. Eivor could also tame wolves and taught them to fight with her.<ref name="ACV" />
===Copyright status===
== Behind the scenes==
In the United States, some courts have applied US [[copyright]] protection to pornographic materials.<ref name=Gousse>Goussé, Caroline (2012-02-16). [http://www.ipbrief.net/2012/02/16/4803/ "No Copyright Protection for Pornography: A Daring Response to File-Sharing Litigation"]. Intellectual Property Brief. Retrieved 2012-03-01.</ref><ref>Masnick, Mike (2011-11-04). [http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20111103/18353216627/court-wonders-if-porn-can-even-be-covered-copyright.shtml "Court Wonders If Porn Can Even Be Covered By Copyright"]. Tech Dirt. Retrieved 2012-03-01.</ref> Although the first US copyright law specifically did not cover obscene materials, the provision was removed subsequently.{{when|date=April 2014}} Most pornographic works are theoretically [[work for hire]] meaning pornographic models do not receive statutory royalties for their performances. Of particular difficulty is the changing community attitudes of what is considered obscene, meaning that works could slip into and out of copyright protection based upon the prevailing standards of decency. This was not an issue with the copyright law up until 1972 when copyright protection required registration. The law was changed to make copyright protection automatic, and for the life of the author.{{Citation needed |date=August 2017}}
Eivor is the main protagonist of ''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'', a main installment of the [[Assassin's Creed (series)|''Assassin's Creed'' series]] First revealed in the reveal stream as male, according to Ubisoft, their gender is customizable,<ref name="Ubisoft" /> a feature carried over from ''Valhalla''{{'}}s immediate predecessor, ''[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey]]'' (2018). However, lead writer [[Darby McDevitt]] affirmed that both gender options were considered canon in a way that made logical sense.<ref>{{Twitter|DarbyMcDevitt|status/1255988473389109251|Darby McDevitt|quote=Both choices are canon, but we're not going to spoil how we managed that trick until you play the game.|image=File:DMcDevitt - ACV gender choice.png}}</ref> Conversely, the comic book ''[[Assassin's Creed Valhalla: Song of Glory]]''<ref name="song of glory press">{{cite web|url=https://www.darkhorse.com/Blog/3182/dark-horse-publish-comics-prequel-ubisofts-assassi|title=Dark Horse to Publish Comics Prequel to Ubisoft's Assassin's Creed Valhalla|publisher=Dark Horse|date=13-7-2020|accessdate=13 July 2020}}</ref> and prequel novel ''[[Assassin's Creed Valhalla: Geirmund's Saga]]''<ref>{{Twitter|writerMattKirby|status/1293923496200790016|[[Matthew J. Kirby]]|quote=I've been asked many times whether Eivor will be male or female in my novel. Truth is, I was given the choice, same as a player will be in the game, when @DarbyMcDevitt told me in a meeting both are canon. My Eivor is a woman. #AssassinsCreedValhalla #AssassinsCreed #ACSisterhood. PS – I made that decision back in January.|image=File:ACV - Matthew Kirby novel Eivor.png}}</ref> featured Eivor as female exclusively. Eivor's appearance, including clothing, hair, and [[Tattoo|war paint]], is also customizable.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gameinformer.com/2020/04/30/25-things-weve-learned-about-assassins-creed-valhalla|author=Juba, Joe|title=25 Things We've Learned About Assassin's Creed Valhalla|publisher=''{{Wiki|Game Informer}}''|date=30-04-2020|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Eivor's male voice is provided by [[Magnus Bruun]],<ref>{{Twitter|Magnus__Bruun|status/1255879611516366853|[[Magnus Bruun]]|quote=I'm very excited to announce that I play Male Eivor in Assassin's Creed Valhalla! 🔥🔥🔥 I just can't seem to get enough of these sexy bloody vikings! ⚔️ #assasinscreedvalhalla|image=File:Magnus Bruun - ACV Eivor voice announced.jpg}}</ref> while the female voice actor is [[Cecilie Stenspil]].<ref>{{Twitter|DarbyMcDevitt|status/1255980404307345408|[[Darby McDevitt]]|quote=And for our Female Eivor, introducing Cecilie Stenspil ... not on Twitter but everywhere on Instagram! https://www.instagram.com/p/B_nTCgBAgIK/|image=File:Darby McDevitt - ACV female Eivor.png}}</ref>
Some courts have held that copyright protection effectively applies to works, whether they are obscene or not,<ref>''Mitchell Bros. Film Group v. Cinema Adult Theater'', 604 F.2d 852 (5th Cir.1979) and ''Jartech v. Clancy'', 666 F.2d 403 (9th Cir.1982) held that obscenity could not be a defense to copyright claims.</ref> but not all courts have ruled the same way.<ref>''Devils Films, Inc. v. Nectar Video Under'', 29 F.Supp.2d 174, 175 (S.D.N.Y. 1998) refused to follow the Mitchell ruling and relied on the doctrine of "clean hands" to deny copyright protection to works seen as obscene.</ref> The copyright protection rights of pornography in the United States has again been challenged as late as February 2012.<ref name=Gousse /><ref>"[http://torrentfreak.com/you-cant-copyright-porn-bittorrent-defendant-insists-120206/ You Can’t Copyright Porn, Harassed BitTorrent Defendant Insists]", ''[[TorrentFreak]]'', 6 February 2012. Retrieved 9 Augusti 2012.</ref>
===Name etymology===
The name Eivor, Eivør or Øyvor is a female given name derived from either proto-Norse ''auja'', believed to mean 'good luck', or ''*warjaʀ'', meaning 'defender'. It may also come from the combination of Old Norse words ''ey-'' or ''øy-'' (meaning 'island') and ''-varr'' (meaning 'careful').<ref>{{WP|Eivor}}</ref>
== STD prevention and birth control methods ==
When he tweeted how the name is meant to be pronounced, ''Valhalla''{{'}}s then-Creative Director [[Ashraf Ismail]] transcribed it phonetically as "Ay-vor".<ref>{{Twitter|AshrafAIsmail|status/1255897633832534019|Ashraf Ismail|quote=Its spelled Eivor and pronounced Ay-vor|image=File:ACV - Ashraf Ismail Twitter - Eivor.png}}</ref>
According to the cast of the Netflix documentary “Hot Girls Wanted”, most of the actors and actresses get screened for STD’S every two weeks. However, it is not required for them to be on birth control. One actress in the film states that after partaking in a “Cream Pie” shot which involves ejaculation in the vagina, she was then instructed to purchase Plan B (emergency contraception pill) in order to protect herself from pregnancy. These shots pay more, which is why women will take the risk of falling pregnant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.netflix.com/title/8003816|title=Netflix|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
==Views on pornography==
Varinsdottir means "Varin's daughter" (Varins + dottir). In Scandinavia, surnames were still used together with ''primary patronyms''—the father's name and an affix denoting relationship—which were used by all social classes. This meant that most families until modern times did not have surnames. Scandinavian patronyms were generally derived from the father's given name with the addition of a suffix meaning 'son' or 'daughter'. Patronyms (and matronyms) are still in use in some countries, most notably Iceland.
{{Further information|Opposition to pornography}}
[[File:La grande Epidemie de PORNOGRAPHIE.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[caricature]] on "the great epidemic of pornography", 19th-century French illustration]]
Views and opinions of pornography come in a variety of forms and from a diversity of demographics and societal groups. Opposition of the subject generally, though not exclusively,<ref>{{cite news|title=2 male porn performers test positive for HIV|url=http://www.nst.com.my/node/67936|accessdate=31 December 2014}}</ref> comes from three main sources: [[law]], [[feminism]] and [[religion]].
===Feminist views===
==Appearances==
{{Main|Feminist views of pornography}}
Many [[Feminism|feminist]]s, including [[Andrea Dworkin]] and [[Catharine MacKinnon]], argue that all pornography is demeaning to women or that it contributes to [[violence against women]], both in its production and in its consumption. The production of pornography, they argue, entails the physical, psychological, or economic coercion of the women who perform in it, and where they argue that the abuse and exploitation of women is rampant; in its consumption, they charge that pornography eroticizes the domination, humiliation and coercion of women, and reinforces sexual and cultural attitudes that are complicit in [[rape]] and [[sexual harassment]].<ref name=stanford-shrage>[[Laurie Shrage|Shrage, Laurie]] (Fall 2015), "[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminist-sex-markets/#Por Feminist perspectives on sex markets: pornography]", {{cite book | editor-last = Zalta | editor-first = Edward N. | editor-link = Edward N. Zalta|title=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|ref=harv| title-link = Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=MacKinnon|first=Catharine A. | author-link = Catharine MacKinnon|title=Not a moral issue|journal=[[Yale Law & Policy Review]]|volume=2|issue=2|pages=321–345|jstor=40239168|year=1983|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/yalpr2&div=21&id=&page=|quote=Sex forced on real women so that it can be sold at a profit to be forced on other real women; women's bodies trussed and maimed and raped and made into things to be hurt and obtained and accessed, and this presented as the nature of women; the coercion that is visible and the coercion that has become invisible—this and more grounds the feminist concern with pornography|ref=harv}} [http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1034&context=ylpr Pdf.]
*''[[Assassin's Creed Valhalla: Song of Glory]]'' {{1st}}
* ''Reprinted as'': {{citation|last=MacKinnon|first=Catharine A. | author-link = Catharine MacKinnon|contribution=Pornography: on morality and politics | editor-last = MacKinnon | editor-first = Catharine A. | editor-link = Catharine MacKinnon|title=Toward a Feminist Theory of the State|pages=195–214|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=1989|isbn=9780674896468|ref=harv|postscript=.|title-link=Toward a Feminist Theory of the State }}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]''
* ''Also reprinted as'': {{citation|last=MacKinnon|first=Catharine A.|author-link=Catharine MacKinnon|contribution=Not a moral issue|editor-last=MacKinnon|editor-first=Catharine A.|editor-link=Catharine MacKinnon|title=Feminism unmodified: discourses on life and law|pages=[https://archive.org/details/feminismunmodifi00cath/page/146 146–162]|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=1987|isbn=9780674298743|ref=harv|postscript=.|title-link=Feminism Unmodified}} [https://archive.org/details/feminismunmodifi00mack/page/146 Preview.]</ref><ref name="pbs.org">{{cite episode|title=A Conversation With Catherine MacKinnon (transcript)|series=[[Think Tank]]|network=PBS|accessdate=1 September 2009|year=1995|url=https://www.pbs.org/thinktank/transcript215.html}}</ref>
Sexual exclusionary feminists charge that pornography presents a severely distorted image of sexual relations, and reinforces sex myths; that it always shows women as readily available and desiring to engage in sex at any time, with any man, on men's terms, always responding positively to any advances men make.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/12/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety|location=London|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Stuart|last=Jeffries|title=Are women human? (Interview with Catharine MacKinnon)|date=12 April 2006}}</ref> They argue that because pornography often shows women enjoying and desiring to be violently attacked by men, saying "no" when they actually want sex, fighting back but then ending up enjoying the act – this can affect the public understanding of legal issues such as [[consent]] to sexual relations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/apr/12/gender.politicsphilosophyandsociety|location=London|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Stuart|last=Jeffries|title=Are women human? (Interview with Catharine MacKinnon)|date=12 April 2006|quote=Catharine MacKinnon argues that: "Pornography affects people's belief in rape myths. So for example if a woman says 'I didn't consent' and people have been viewing pornography, they believe rape myths and believe the woman did consent no matter what she said. That when she said no, she meant yes. When she said she didn't want to, that meant more beer. When she said she would prefer to go home, that means she's a lesbian who needs to be given a good corrective experience. Pornography promotes these rape myths and desensitises people to violence against women so that you need more violence to become sexually aroused if you're a pornography consumer. This is very well documented."}}</ref>
In contrast to these objections, other [[feminist]] scholars argue that the lesbian feminist movement in the 1980s was good for women in the porn industry.<ref name=Ziv>{{cite journal|last=Ziv|first=Amalia|title=Girl meets boy: cross-gender queer and the promise of pornography|journal=[[Sexualities (journal)|Sexualities]]|volume=17|issue=7|pages=885–905|doi=10.1177/1363460714532937|date=October 2014|s2cid=145460606|ref=harv}}</ref> As more women entered the developmental side of the industry, this allowed women to gear porn more towards women because they knew what women wanted, both for actresses and the audience.<ref name=Ziv/> This is believed to be a good thing because for such a long time, the porn industry has been directed by men for men.<ref name=Ziv/> This also sparked the arrival of making lesbian porn for lesbians instead of men.<ref name=Ziv/>
Furthermore, many feminists argue that the advent of [[VCR]], [[home video]], and affordable consumer video cameras allowed for the possibility of [[feminist pornography]].<ref>{{citation|last=Commella|first=Lynn|contribution=From text to context | editor-last1 = Taormino | editor-first1 = Tristan | editor-last2 = Parreñas Shimizu | editor-first2 = Celine | editor-last3 = Penley | editor-first3 = Constance | editor-last4 = Miller-Young | editor-first4 = Mireille|title=The feminist porn book: the politics of producing pleasure|pages=79–96|publisher=Feminist Press at the City University of New York|location=New York, New York|year=2013|isbn=9781558618190|ref=harv|postscript=.}}</ref> Consumer video made it possible for the distribution and consumption of video pornography to locate women as legitimate consumers of pornography. [[Tristan Taormino]] says that feminist porn is "all about creating a fair working environment and empowering everyone involved."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vogels|first=Josey|title=Female-friendly porn|url=http://www.metronews.ca/news/2009/04/21/female-friendly-porn.html|work=[[Metro International#North America|Metro News]]|publisher=[[Metro International]]|location=Canada|date=21 April 2009|accessdate=9 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116130834/http://www.metronews.ca/news/2009/04/21/female-friendly-porn.html|archive-date=16 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Feminist porn directors are interested in challenging representations of men and women, as well as providing sexually-empowering imagery that features many kinds of bodies.<ref>{{citation|last=Erickson|first=Loree|contribution=Out of line: the sexy femmegimp politics of flaunting it! | editor-last1 = Taormino | editor-first1 = Tristan | editor-last2 = Parreñas Shimizu | editor-first2 = Celine | editor-last3 = Penley | editor-first3 = Constance | editor-last4 = Miller-Young | editor-first4 = Mireille|title=The feminist porn book: the politics of producing pleasure|pages=320–328|publisher=Feminist Press at the City University of New York|location=New York, New York|year=2013|isbn=9781558618190|ref=harv|postscript=.}}</ref>
In a 1995 essay for ''[[The New Yorker]]'', writer [[Susan Faludi]] argued that porn was one of the few industries where women enjoy a power advantage in the workplace. "'Actresses have the power,' Alec Metro, one of the men in line, ruefully noted of the X-rated industry. A former firefighter who claimed to have lost a bid for a job to affirmative action, Metro was already divining that porn might not be the ideal career choice for escaping the forces of what he called 'reverse discrimination.' Female performers can often dictate which male actors they will and will not work with. '''They'' make more money than ''us''.' Porn – at least, porn produced for a heterosexual audience – is one of the few contemporary occupations where the [[Gender pay gap|pay gap]] operates in women's favor; the average actress makes fifty to a hundred per cent more money than her male counterpart. But then she is the object of desire; he is merely her appendage, the object of the object."<ref>{{cite news | last = Fauldi | first = Susan | title = The Money Shot | work = [[The New Yorker]] | date = October 30, 1995 | pages = 65–66 }} (Emphasis in original).</ref>
[[Harry Brod]] offered a [[Marxist feminist]] view: "I would argue that sex seems overrated because men look to sex for fulfillment of nonsexual emotional needs, a quest doomed to failure. Part of the reason for this failure is the priority of quantity over quality of sex which comes with sexuality's commodification."<ref>{{Cite book | last = Brod | first = Harry |chapter = Pornography and the alienation of male sexuality |chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=7h_YL8_Etk4C&pg=PT242 | editor-last1 = May | editor-first1 = Larry | editor-last2 = Strikwerda | editor-first2 = Robert | editor-last3 = Hopkins | editor-first3 = Patrick D. | title = Rethinking masculinity: philosophical explorations in light of feminism | page = 242 | publisher = Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, Maryland | year = 1996 | edition = 2nd | isbn = 9780847682577}}</ref>
===Religious views===
{{Main|Religious views on pornography}}
Religious organizations have been important in bringing about political action against pornography.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sherkat|first1=Darren E.|last2=Ellison|first2=Christopher G.|title=The cognitive structure of a moral crusade: conservative protestantism and opposition to pornography|journal=[[Social Forces]]|volume=75|issue=3|page=958|doi=10.1093/sf/75.3.957|jstor=2580526|date=March 1997|ref=harv}}</ref> In the United States, religious beliefs affect the formation of political beliefs that concern pornography.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sherkat|first1=Darren E.|last2=Ellison|first2=Christopher G.|title=Recent developments and current controversies in the sociology of religion|journal=[[Annual Review of Sociology]]|volume=25|page=370|doi=10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.363|jstor=223509|date=August 1999|ref=harv}} [http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~jmuniz/religion_annurev_sherkat%20and%20ellison%201999.pdf Pdf.]</ref>
===Women in the industry===
The 2012 study "Why Become a Pornography Actress?"<ref name=Griffith>{{cite journal | last1 = Griffith | first1 = James D. | last2 = Adams | first2 = Lea T. | last3 = Hart | first3 = Christian L. | last4 = Mitchell | first4 = Sharon | author-link4 = Sharon Mitchell | title = Why become a pornography actress? | journal = [[International Journal of Sexual Health]] | volume = 24 | issue = 3 | pages = 165–180 | doi = 10.1080/19317611.2012.666514 | date = July 2012 | s2cid = 143232567 | ref = harv }}</ref> analyzed female [[Pornographic film actor|pornographic film actresses]] and their reasons for choosing the occupation, finding that the primary reasons were money (53%), sex (27%), and attention (16%).{{sfn|Griffith|Adams|Hart|Mitchell|2012|pp=170}} Respondents also stated the aspects of their work which they disliked. These included industry-associated people, e.g., co-workers, directors, producers, and agents, whose "attitudes, behaviors, and poor hygiene [were] difficult to handle within their work environment" or who were unscrupulous and unprofessional (39%); STD risk (29%); and exploitation within the industry (20%).{{sfn|Griffith|Adams|Hart|Mitchell|2012|pp=173}}
* {{cite book|last=Bright|first=Susie|author-link=Susie Bright|title=Susie Bright's sexual reality: a virtual sex world reader|publisher=Cleis Press|location=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|year=1992|isbn=9780939416592|url=https://archive.org/details/susiebrightssex100brig}} Both of Bright's books challenge any equations between feminism and anti-pornography positions.
[[es:Eivor]]
* {{citation|last=Hunter|first=Jack|contribution=Art or obscene? (blog) | editor-last = Dodson | editor-first = Betty | author-link = Betty Dodson|title=Feminism and free speech: pornography|url=http://secreterotica.com/feminism-and-free-speech/|publisher=Feminists for Free Expression 1993|date=September 14, 2012 | access-date = May 8, 2002}}
* {{cite book|last=Griffin|first=Susan | author-link = Susan Griffin|title=Pornography and silence: culture's revenge against nature|url=https://archive.org/details/pornographysilen00grif|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Harper & Row]]|location=New York|year=1981|isbn=9780060116477}}
[[pl:Eivor]]
* {{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Gever|url=http://www.dailybruin.com/index.php/article/1998/12/pornography-helps-women-societ|title=Pornography helps women, society|work=[[Daily Bruin]]|publisher=[[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]]|date=3 December 1998|accessdate=3 July 2011}} Student run newspaper.
[[pt-br:Eivor]]
* {{cite web|first=Michele|last=Gregory|url=http://witsendzine.com/musings/michele/ppp.htm|title=Pro-Sex Feminism: Redefining Pornography (or, a study in alliteration: the pro pornography position paper)|publisher=Witsendzine.com|accessdate=3 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020809091134/http://witsendzine.com/musings/michele/ppp.htm|archivedate=9 August 2002}}
[[zh:艾沃尔·瓦林斯多蒂尔]]
* {{Cite book|last1=Juno|first1=Andrea|last2=Vale|first2=V.|title=Angry women|journal=[[RE/Search]]|volume=13|publisher=Re/Search Publications|date=Fall 1991|url=https://archive.org/details/angrywomen00juno|isbn=9780940642249|ref=harv}} Performance artists and literary theorists who challenge Dworkin and MacKinnon.
[[Category:847 births]]
* {{cite web|first=Wendy|last=McElroy|authorlink=Wendy McElroy|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/mcelroy/mcelroy14.html|title=You are what you read?|publisher=lewrockwell.com|date=29 June 2000|accessdate=3 July 2011}} Defends the availability of pornography, and condemns feminist anti-pornography campaigns.
[[Category:Individuals]]
*{{cite web|first=Wendy|last=McElroy|authorlink=Wendy McElroy|url=http://www.wendymcelroy.com/freeinqu.htm|title=A feminist overview of pornography, ending in a defense thereof|publisher=wendymcelroy.com|accessdate=3 July 2011}}
[[Category:Norsemen]]
*{{cite web|first=Wendy|last=McElroy|authorlink=Wendy McElroy|url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/mcelroy_17_4.html|title=A feminist defense of pornography|publisher=Council for Secular Humanism|accessdate=3 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901063636/http://www.secularhumanism.org/library/fi/mcelroy_17_4.html|archivedate=1 September 2013}}
[[Category:Poets]]
* {{cite news|first=Annalee|last=Newitz|authorlink=Annalee Newitz|url=http://www.sfbg.com/36/32/news_womenvscensorship.html|title=Obscene feminists: why women are leading the battle against censorship|date=8 May 2002|accessdate=3 July 2011|work=[[San Francisco Bay Guardian]]|publisher= San Francisco Newspaper Company}}
[[Category:Vikings]]
* {{cite book|last=Strossen|first=Nadine|authorlink=Nadine Strossen|title=Defending pornography: free speech, sex, and the fight for women's rights|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York London|year=2000|isbn=9780814781494}}
[[Category:Raven Clan members]]
::''Review of Strossen's book'': {{cite journal|last=Blumen|first=Jonathan|title=Nadine Strossen: pornography must be tolerated|journal=The Ethical Spectacle |volume=1|issue=11|date=November 1995|url=http://www.spectacle.org/1195/strossen.html|ref=harv}}
[[Category:Individuals with Eagle Vision]]
* {{cite journal|last=Tucker|first=Scott|title=Gender, fucking, and utopia: an essay in response to John Stoltenberg's ''Refusing to Be a Man''|journal=[[Social Text]]|volume=27|issue=27|pages=3–34|doi=10.2307/466305|jstor=466305|year=1990|ref=harv}} Critique of Stoltenberg and Dworkin's positions on pornography and power.
[[Category:Individuals who held Pieces of Eden]]
* {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Linda | author-link = Linda Williams (film scholar)|title=Hard core: power, pleasure, and the "frenzy of the visible"|url=https://archive.org/details/hardcore00will|url-access=registration|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=Berkeley|year=1989|isbn=9780520066533}}
[[Category:Residents of Ravensthorpe]]
::''Also as'': {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Linda | author-link = Linda Williams (film scholar)|title=Hard core: power, pleasure, and the "frenzy of the visible"|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=Berkeley|year=1999|isbn=9780520219434|edition=Expanded paperback}}
[[Category:Hidden Ones allies]]
* {{cite book | editor-last = Williams | editor-first = Linda | editor-link = Linda Williams (film scholar)|title=Porn studies|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham, North Carolina|year=2004|isbn=9780822333128}}
[[Category:Tainted Ones]]
[[Category:LGBT individuals]]
===Opposition===
[[Category:Jarls]]
* {{cite book|last=Assiter|first=Alison | author-link = Alison Assiter|title=Pornography, feminism, and the individual|publisher=Pluto Press|location=London Winchester, Massachusetts|year=1989|isbn=9780745303192}} Assiter advocates seeing pornography as epitomizing a wider problem of oppression, exploitation and inequality which needs to be better understood.
* {{cite journal|last=Carse|first=Alisa L.|title=Pornography: an uncivil liberty?|journal=Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy |volume=10|issue=1|pages=155–182|doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.1995.tb01358.x|jstor=3810463|date=February 1995|ref=harv}} An argument for approaches to end harm to women caused by pornography.
* {{cite journal|last=Davies|first=Alex|title=How to silence content with porn, context and loaded questions|journal=[[European Journal of Philosophy]]|doi=10.1111/ejop.12075|date=March 2014|ref=harv|volume=24|issue=2|pages=498–522}} (Online version before inclusion in an issue.) An illustration of Catharine Mackinnon's theory that pornography silence's women's speech, this illustration differs from one given by [[Rae Helen Langton|Rae Langton]] (below).
* {{cite journal|last=Hill|first=Judith M.|title=Pornography and degradation|journal=[[Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy]]|volume=2|issue=2|pages=39–54|doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.1987.tb01064.x|jstor=3810015|date=June 1987|ref=harv}} A critique of the pornographic industry within a [[Immanuel Kant#Moral philosophy|Kantian]] ethical framework.
* {{cite book|last=Kimmel|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Kimmel|title=Men confront pornography|publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group|Crown]]|location=New York|year=1990|isbn=9780517569313|url=https://archive.org/details/menconfrontporno0000unse}} A variety of essays that try to assess ways that pornography may take advantage of men.
* {{cite journal|last=Langton|first=Rae | author-link = Rae Helen Langton|title=Speech acts and unspeakable acts|journal=[[Philosophy & Public Affairs]]|volume=22|issue=4|pages=293–330|date=Autumn 1993|jstor=2265469|ref=harv}} Pdf. A description of Catharine Mackinnon's theory that pornography silence's women's speech, this description differs from the one given by Alex Davies (above).
* {{cite book|last=Lubben|first=Shelley|author-link=Shelley Lubben|title=Secondary negative effects on employees of the pornographic industry|url=http://www.shelleylubben.com/sites/default/files/SecondaryNegativeEffectsPorn.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323135700/http://www.shelleylubben.com/sites/default/files/SecondaryNegativeEffectsPorn.pdf|archivedate=2012-03-23}}
* {{cite journal|last=MacKinnon|first=Catharine | author-link = Catharine MacKinnon|title=Not a moral issue|journal=[[Yale Law & Policy Review]]|volume=2|issue=2|pages=321–345|jstor=40239168|year=1983|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/yalpr2&div=21&id=&page=|ref=harv}} Pdf. An argument that pornography is one element of an unjust institution of the subordination of women to men.
* {{citation|last=MacKinnon|first=Catharine A.|author-link=Catharine MacKinnon|contribution=Francis Biddle's sister: pornography, civil rights, and speech|editor-last=MacKinnon|editor-first=Catharine A.|editor-link=Catharine MacKinnon|title=Feminism unmodified: discourses on life and law|pages=[https://archive.org/details/feminismunmodifi00cath/page/177 177, 181 and 193]|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=1987|isbn=9780674298743|ref=harv|postscript=.|title-link=Feminism Unmodified}} Preview. An argument that pornography silences women therefore acting as an infringement of free speech (see Davies above, and Langton, also above).
* {{Cite journal|last=MacKinnon|first=Catharine A. | author-link = Catharine MacKinnon|title=Sexuality, pornography, and method: "Pleasure under Patriarchy"|journal=[[Ethics (journal)|Ethics]]|volume=99|issue=2|pages=314–346|date=January 1989|jstor=2381437|ref=harv|doi=10.1086/293068|s2cid=170231533 }}
* {{cite journal|last=Vadas|first=Melinda|title=A first look at the Pornography/Civil Rights Ordinance: could pornography be the subordination of women?|journal=[[The Journal of Philosophy]]|volume=84|issue=9|pages=487–511|doi=10.5840/jphil198784938|jstor=2027061|date=September 1987|ref=harv}} A defence of the Dworkin-MacKinnon definition and condemnation of pornography employing putatively relatively rigorous analysis.
::''See also'': {{cite journal|last=Parent|first=W. A.|title=A second look at pornography and the subordination of women|journal=[[The Journal of Philosophy]]|volume=87|issue=4|pages=205–211|doi=10.2307/2026681|jstor=2026681|date=April 1990|ref=harv}} A criticism of Vadas' paper.
* {{cite journal|last=Vadas|first=Melinda|title=The Pornography/Civil Rights Ordinance v. The BOG: and the winner is…?|journal=[[Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy]]|volume=7|issue=3|pages=94–109|doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.1992.tb00906.x|jstor=3809874|date=August 1992|ref=harv}} An argument that pornography increases women's vulnerability to rape.
* {{cite book|last=Various|title=Pornography and sexual violence: evidence of the links|publisher=Everywoman|location=London|year=1988|isbn=9781870868006|series=The complete transcript of Public Hearings on Ordinances to Add Pornography as Discrimination Against Women: Minneapolis City Council, Government Operations Committee, December 12 and 13, 1983}} A representation of the causal connections between pornography and violence towards women.
* {{Citation|last=Whisnant|first=Rebecca | author-link = Rebecca Whisnant|contribution=Not your father's Playboy, not your mother's feminist movement: feminism in porn | editor-last1 = Kiraly | editor-first1 = Miranda | editor-last2 = Tyler | editor-first2 = Meagan|title=Freedom fallacy: the limits of liberal feminism|publisher=Connor Court Publishing|location=Ballarat, Victoria|year=2015|isbn=9781925138542|ref=harv|postscript=.}}
===Neutral or mixed===
* {{cite book | editor-last = Vance | editor-first = Carole|title=Pleasure and danger: exploring female sexuality|publisher=[[Routledge]] & K. Paul|location=Boston|year=1984|isbn=9780710202482}} Collection of papers from 1982 conference; visible and divisive split between anti-pornography activists and lesbian S&M theorists.
* [http://www.realyourbrainonporn.com Real Your Brain on Porn]. Retrieved 2019-04-14.
{{refend}}
==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{ sister | project=commons | text='''[[:c:File:L'heure du thé.ogv|Early silent pornographic film from 1925]]''' available at Wikimedia Commons.}}
{{Wiktionary}}
{{wikiquote}}
'''Commentary'''
* {{cite news|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/porn/|title=American Porn|work=Frontline|publisher=PBS|accessdate=2014-02-01}} Interactive web site companion to a ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]'' documentary exploring the pornography industry within the United States.
'''Technology'''
*[https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/jun/06/teledildonics-interactive-porn-sex-in-digital-age From teledildonics to interactive porn: the future of sex in a digital age] (2014-06-06), ''[[Theguardian.com|The Guardian]]''
'''Economics'''
* {{cite news|author=Susannah Breslin, Contributor|title=LEADERSHIP: What Porn Stars Do When The Porn Industry Shuts Down|date=2013-12-20|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/susannahbreslin/2013/12/20/what-porn-stars-do/}}
'''Government'''
* [[Berl Kutchinsky|Kutchinsky, Berl]], Professor of Criminology: [https://web.archive.org/web/20051108034758/http://www.fanny-hill.net/html/o1a_danish_pornography_laws.htm The first law that legalized pornography] (Denmark)
'''History'''
* {{cite book|authors=Patricia Davis, PhD, Simon Noble & Rebecca J. White|year=2010|url=http://www.pornographyhistory.com/|publisher=History.com|title=The History of Modern Pornography}}
'''Sociology'''
* {{cite journal|authors=Diamond, M. and Uchiyama, A.|year=1999|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/pornography/prngrphy_rape_jp.html|title=Pornography, Rape and Sex Crimes in Japan|journal=International Journal of Law and Psychiatry|volume=22|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.1016/s0160-2527(98)00035-1|pmid=10086287|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216205025/http://www.hawaii.edu/PCSS/online_artcls/pornography/prngrphy_rape_jp.html|archivedate=2007-02-16}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.science.uva.nl/~seop/entries/pornography-censorship/index.html#WhaPor|title=Pornography and Censorship|encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}
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Revision as of 05:15, 1 December 2020
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"I will not be captive to another man's gaudy design. My destiny is mine to weave."
Eivor Varinsdottir (born 847), also known as the Wolf-Kissed, was a Viking from Norway who raided in what would become England against King Alfred the Great during the late 9th century.[3] She was also in possession of a Hidden Blade, using it in combat against the Anglo-Saxons.[4] She is also the reincarnation of the IsuOdin, who in mythology came to be known as chief of the Norse Gods.
Eivor was born in 847 to Rosta and Varin in Heillboer, a small settlement in Rygjafylke. During her childhood, Eivor accidentally spilled ink on her father's throne, much to the latter's anger. She also had fond memories of sitting around the hearth of their longhouse listening to her mother's voice.[2]
In 856, at nine years of age, Eivor attended a feast organized by her father to honor King Styrbjorn of Fornburg, where she and her family and clan were to pledge allegiance to the king. Eivor presented King Styrbjorn a gifted armband at the behest of her parents but before the celebration was finished the settlement was raided by Kjotve the Cruel. Eivor watched as her father Varin put down his axe at Kjotve's insistence that his family and clan would be spared if he gave his life willingly, leading to both his and Rosta's deaths.[5]
Kjotve immediately broke said promise and ordered his men to kill the rest of the village. Eivor, however, was rescued by Styrbjorn's son Sigurd, who managed to clear the immediate village area on horseback before being separated from Eivor after a tumble caused by one of Kjotve's raiders. Finding herself in the middle of a frozen lake after a hard fall down a cliff, Eivor was accosted by a wolf that saw her as prey. As Eivor crawled towards a fallen axe in the middle of the lake, the wolf attacked her, eventually biting down hard on her neck, causing her to hallucinate a partial memory of Odin, and cry out in pain, calling two ravens to distract the wolf, allowing her to reach the axe and strike the wolf dead.[5] Following these events, Eivor came to be known as the "Wolf-Kissed" and was subsequently adopted by Styrbjorn, who raised her as his own.[6]
Meeting Geirmund
Around 867, eleven years after her parents' death, Eivor accompanied King Styrbjorn as he went to meet with Hjorr Halfsson in Avaldnes. While the two kings discussed the growing threat in the north that was King Harald Fairhair, Eivor became acquainted with Hjorr's younger son, Geirmund Hel-hide. The discussed philosophy and the realities of their lives with Eivor imparting some words of wisdom on the younger boy.[7]
Raid in Rygjafylke
Eivor cutting Roscoe's legs in half
Around 870, Eivor alongside her clansmen Dag and Tora witnessed Kjotve's raid on a settlement in Rygjafylke, on the edge of Styrbjorn's territory. Seeing this as an opportunity to endear her adopted clan to the village, Eivor rushed in to stave off the raiders, disregarding Dag's suggestions of a more measured approach. While fighting, Eivor confronted a raider named Roscoe, who taunted her with the death of her father, claiming he died like a coward. In response Eivor cut his feet from under him and refused to kill him, depriving him of a warrior's death and entry to Valhalla at her hands. Leaving him bleeding and cursing, Eivor went to help Dag, who had been cornered by the raider Taras.[8]
Eivor presenting Gull to Styrbjorn
Upon the end of the skirmish, Eivor went to the head of the village and claimed the land in the name of her adopted father. Incensed, and believing Styrbjorn no better than Kjotve, the elder attempted to attack Eivor but was cut down before even managing a swing of his sword. Claiming the old man died a warrior, Eivor demanded tribute from the remaining villagers while her and her clansmen helped gather the dead. Returning to where she left the bleeding raider, Eivor found only blood. While searching the area Eivor heard noise coming from within a building and proceeded to investigate it only to be ambushed by a pale woman in robes covered in tattoos and wearing a collar. Eivor easily fended off the woman whom she identified as a slave and skald. The woman revealed herself to be Gull, one of Kjotve's, and claimed she was also a slave "to Sökkvabekkr, Sága and Idun's bounty", before calling Eivor the "Slayer of the Wolf", begging to accompany her. Believing the woman mad but perceptive, Eivor decided to take her back to Stavanger, where her adopted father held court, to present as a gift to Styrbjorn. Upon their return, the praise and adulation Eivor expected from her adoptive father was nowhere to be seen, as he berated her for incurring Kjotve's wrath by taking Gull back to Stavanger.[8]
Ambush at Feiknstafir
Eivor listening to Gull and telling Tora to keep a secret
Some time later, while training with Tora, Eivor vented her frustrations at her humiliation at the hand of adoptive father, as he rejected her tribute of Gull as a thrall. Upon hearing Eivor's desires to prove herself, Gull tempted her, claiming she could lead Eivor to bounties and treasures, the same treasures she had granted Kjotve. Claiming that since, unlike Kjotve, Eivor did not torture Gull, she would lead Eivor to the "Æsir's hoard". While Tora expressed her doubts, Eivor heeded Gull's words, to Tora's dismay. Eivor then asked Tora to keep her location a secret, while she followed Gull into the mountain tops of Feiknstafir mountains.[9]
Eivor stabbed in the back by Gull
Days later, upon the mountain ledges of Feiknstafir, Eivor and Gull climbed under Gull's directions. In a particularly treacherous ledge, Gull nearly fell to her death but was saved at the last second by Eivor. Impressed by Eivor, Gull recognised Eivor as a friend, and Eivor jokingly remarked that if the treasure trove were to be real, she'd marry Gull in celebration. Shortly thereafter they arrived at the ruined Temple of Heimdall. Once inside Eivor recognised the place as having been picked off and looted long ago, and soon found Kjotve's men inside, led by Bjarke Broadside of the Wulfing clan. Before Eivor could do anything, Gull screamed for them, revealing her intention of luring Eivor to this place as a present to Kjotve. Eivor managed to fend off most of the group's attacks, but was felled by Gull, who stabbed her with a knife in the back. On the ground bleeding, Eivor claimed to Bjarke that she would not be a prize and that, by the end of the day, any riches of Heimdall would be hers, on Styrbjorn's name. Laughing, Bjarke informed her that at that very moment, Styrbjorn was already dead as a result of a raid in Stavanger.[9]
Hunt for Kjotve
Eivor captured by Kjotve
In 872, Eivor and her crew pursued Kjotve to the west of Rygjafylke. While Eivor herself was captured, her crew members were scattered and hunted by Kjotve's men in Avaldsnes. Before leaving Eivor to be sold into slavery, Kjotve taunted her and displayed the very axe that he had taken from, and used to kill, her father seventeen years prior. Eivor, however, was able to free herself and locate Dag, who had managed to free himself as well. While Dag headed off to the beach to reclaim their longship, Eivor headed towards Avaldsnes, where Kjotve departed from. Within the longhouse, Eivor defeated and killed Rikiwulf, Kjotve's follower, and freed the crew members. After retrieving her father's axe, she was met with a confusing vision featuring a cloaked greybeard and a wolf. The Vikings then eliminated the remaining of Kjotve's men while en route to their longship. Having reclaimed their ship, Eivor and her crew set sail and returned home to Fornburg. Upon returning, Eivor was greeted by Sigurd's wife Randvi, who informed her of Styrbjorn's displeasure for her raid against Kjotve. Eivor also learned that Sigurd would be returning soon after a two-year journey across Europe and Africa.[10]
Eivor is conflicted by Valka's prophecy
Wanting to make sense of her strange vision, Eivor consulted the local seer Valka. Upon entering her hut, Eivor saw Svala, Valka's mother, in a near-vegetative state. When questioning Valka about her mother's wellbeing, Valka feared it was her last winter. Valka then brewed an elixir for Eivor to drink, it would induce the dream state again. After Eivor consumed the concoction, she collapsed. Waking up on Valka's floor, Eivor thought the elixir did not work. As she exited the hut she saw the silhouette of her brother. She called out to him but he moved further up the mountain, the voices of the NornirSkuld and Urdr filled the air, they called her "Havi". Following the path her brother took, Eivor spotted the wolf from her previous vision. She then saw the Nornir weaving fate, Eivor continued up the mountain, meeting a wolf guarding a doorway. She entered and heard Sigurd scream in pain. Walking through a blizzard, Eivor followed her brother's voice, when the storm partially cleared it revealed an armless Sigurd. Eivor reached out to Sigurd only for him to be yanked backwards by an invisible force, then the wolf Fenrir emerged from the fog, hungry and ready to strike. Eivor then awoke from the induced vision, explaining what happened in her dream to Valka, the seeress deduced that the meaning behind them was Eivor's future betrayal of her brother. Eivor, shocked and conflicted at this answer, left with more questions than she had answers.[11]
When Sigurd returned from his long voyage to Constantinople, he introduced Eivor to the Hidden OnesBasim Ibn Ishaq and Hytham before gifting Eivor a Hidden Blade he had acquired during his travels. Keen that the traditionally stealth-based weaponry should be visible to her enemies, Eivor wore the blade over her forearm, much to Hytham's disagreement.[12]
Settlement in England
In 873,[13] Eivor and her clan of Norsemen, under the direction of Sigurd, fled from Norway in the face of its unification at the hands of Harald Fairhair. They arrived in the southern part of Great Britain, establishing a new settlement[14] of Ravensthorpe.
Death in Vinland
At some point, Eivor traveled back to Vinland, near the modern city of Concord, where she would ultimately be buried.[2]
Legacy
In 2020, Eivor's memories were relived by Layla Hassan through her Animus HR-8.5.[15] Due to the high level of Isu DNA belonging to Odin embedded in Eivor's,[16] the Animus would, at times, represent Eivor as a male based on Odin's real appearance.[15]
Personality and characteristics
Eivor was a devoted and confident Viking clan leader, who was not afraid of dying to protect her people. Despite her deep love for her clan, she was a lone wolf. Indeed, driven by her dream to prove her courage, she preferred to take on all tasks and risks herself. On top of being a fierce warrior, Eivor was cunning and was a great strategist, as could be proven from her alliances.[17]
Eivor also had a poetic side, speaking with eloquence and often describing events in a manner that resembles skaldic verse. Although Eivor held Hytham and by extension the Hidden Ones in high regard, Eivor kindly declined to join them as it meant keeping her victories and glory quiet, something which went against her culture's nature.[18]
Eivor seems to possess some fragments of Odin's persona and memories. As is evident by their shared disdain for wolves, and how she recognised Odin's spear Gungnir when she discovered it within Goinnhellir.[2]
Equipment and skills
Eivor fighting with a flail and light shield
Growing up alongside Sigurd, Eivor learnt to fight as a drengr. By her twenties, Eivor was capable of wielding a variety of weapons including; swords, bows, spears, bearded and Dane axes, hammers and flails. Her usual armor was the Raven Clan's armor and could also use both light and heavy shields. Using her combat prowess she could easily overwhelm multiple opponents.[8] She could also effectively dual wield, and was strong enough to dual wield two heavy weapons, and even unconventionally two shields. She had sharp reflexes and could dodge, parry, and block incoming attacks.[2]
Usually keen for up front confrontations, Eivor was also highly adept at stealth and was able to silently assassinate her targets undetected in addition to being able to remain hidden from her enemies in shrubbery and haystacks. After gaining the Hidden Blade, Eivor was taught how to use it by Basim and quickly mastered it. Eivor was also able to emulate the Hidden Ones' ability to hide in plain sight.[2] High-diving was another of Eivor's skills, and under Hytham's tutelage she learnt the Leap of Faith.[19]
A skilled freerunner, Eivor was able to scale Evinghou Tower as well as natural elements with relative ease. She also proved to be a strong swimmer whilst searching underwater ruins and was capable of holding her breath for a relatively long period of time. A heavy drinker, Eivor could hold her liquor and would occasionally participate in drinking competitions.[2]
Eivor shared a symbiotic relationship with her raven, Sýnin, which aided her in reconnaissance thanks to her Eagle Vision. Unlike later generations who possessed the skill, her Eagle Vision was far more literal in the sense that activating the ability allowed her to see through the eyes of Sýnin. Eivor also possessed the ability known as 'Odin's Sight' which was more akin to later iterations of Eagle Vision in which it allowed her to release a brief pulse that would locate and tag nearby enemies and points or objects of interest, even through walls and floorboards. Eivor could also tame wolves and taught them to fight with her.[2]
The name Eivor, Eivør or Øyvor is a female given name derived from either proto-Norse auja, believed to mean 'good luck', or *warjaʀ, meaning 'defender'. It may also come from the combination of Old Norse words ey- or øy- (meaning 'island') and -varr (meaning 'careful').[26]
When he tweeted how the name is meant to be pronounced, Valhalla's then-Creative Director Ashraf Ismail transcribed it phonetically as "Ay-vor".[27]
Varinsdottir means "Varin's daughter" (Varins + dottir). In Scandinavia, surnames were still used together with primary patronyms—the father's name and an affix denoting relationship—which were used by all social classes. This meant that most families until modern times did not have surnames. Scandinavian patronyms were generally derived from the father's given name with the addition of a suffix meaning 'son' or 'daughter'. Patronyms (and matronyms) are still in use in some countries, most notably Iceland.
↑Matthew J. Kirby (@writerMattKirby) on Twitter "I've been asked many times whether Eivor will be male or female in my novel. Truth is, I was given the choice, same as a player will be in the game, when @DarbyMcDevitt told me in a meeting both are canon. My Eivor is a woman. #AssassinsCreedValhalla #AssassinsCreed #ACSisterhood. PS – I made that decision back in January." (screenshot)
↑Magnus Bruun (@Magnus__Bruun) on Twitter "I'm very excited to announce that I play Male Eivor in Assassin's Creed Valhalla! 🔥🔥🔥 I just can't seem to get enough of these sexy bloody vikings! ⚔️ #assasinscreedvalhalla" (screenshot)
Assassin’s Creed Valhalla: Cinematic World Premiere Trailer on the Ubisoft YouTube channel
Darby McDevitt (@DarbyMcDevitt) on Twitter "Both choices are canon, but we're not going to spoil how we managed that trick until you play the game." (screenshot)
Eivor on Wikipedia
