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{{WPtimeline}}
{{Era|Timeline|Featured}}
{{revamp}}
{{Update|''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood of Venice]]''}}
{{Battle
{{Quote|They have taken the fight out to the enemy, and there have been bloody battles in the fields outside the town. I would not go any further in that direction, my son; there lies only devastation and blood.|A Spaniard describing the siege to Ezio Auditore, 1507.|Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (novel)}}
{{Battle Infobox
|prev = [[Attack on Valencia]]
|next = [[Battle of Agnadello]]
|image = Siege of V 1.png
|name = Siege of Viana
|name = Siege of Viana
|imageBG = Siege of Viana
|date = March 1507
|image = [[File:Assassin's_Creed_-_Brotherhood_(_97_)..jpg|300px]]
|result = Navarre victory
|date = 1507
*Capture of [[Viana Castle]].
|result = *Death of [[Cesare Borgia]].
*Death of [[Cesare Borgia]].
|side1 = Kingdom of Navarre
|side1 = *[[File:ACB Crest Navarre.png|25px]] [[Kingdom of Navarre]]<br>
|side2 = Earldom of Lerin
*[[File:Templars.png|15px]] [[Templars|Templar Order]]
|side3 = [[Assassins]]  
|side2 = *Earldom of Lerín
|commanders1 = *[[John III of Navarre]]
|side3 = *[[File:Aclogo.png|15px]] [[Assassins]]
*[[Cesare Borgia]]
|commanders1 = *[[File:ACB Crest Navarre.png|25px]] [[John III of Navarre]]
|commanders2 = *Luis de Beamont
*[[File:Templars.png|15px]] [[Cesare Borgia]]
|commanders3 = *[[Ezio Auditore]]
|commanders2 = *[[Louis de Beaumont]]
|forces1 = Unspecified numbers
|commanders3 = *[[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]]
|forces2 = Unspecified numbers  
|forces1 = *Unspecified numbers
|forces3 = One Assassin
|forces2 = *Unspecified numbers
|casual1 = Unknown numbers, Cesare Borgia
|forces3 = *One Assassin
|casual2 = Unknown numbers
|casual1 = *Cesare Borgia
|casual3 = None
*Unknown number of soldiers
|casual2 = *Unknown number of soldiers
|casual3 = *None
}}
}}
{{dialogue|Cesare|How did you find me!?|Ezio|The Apple you stole from Mario Auditore led me here.|Ezio and Cesare, 1507|Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood}}
The '''Siege of Viana''' was a military conflict fought between the [[Kingdom of Navarre]] and the {{Wiki|Count of Lerín|Earldom}} of {{Wiki|Lerín}} in the town of [[Viana]] in northern [[Spain]]. King [[John III of Navarre]] and his general [[Cesare Borgia]] commanded Navarrese troops against the forces led by [[Louis de Beaumont]].
In 1503 [[Rodrigo Borgia]], [[Grand Master]] of the [[Knights Templar]] died of poison courtesy of his son [[Cesare Borgia]], and with his death [[Rome]] was fully liberated from the [[Borgia]] rule. Soon after his fathers death Cesare Borgia, commander of the [[Papal Guards|Papal Army]], was arrested by the new Pope, Julius II. In 1504 Cesare was exiled to [[Spain]] and imprisoned at the Castle of La Mota, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_del_Campo Medina del Campo], from which he escaped and joined his brother-in-law King [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_of_Navarre John III of Navarre].


==The Siege of Viana==
==Cesare's escape==
After Cesare's arrest and exile to Spain, [[Ezio Auditore]] - who had remained in Rome - was discussing the possibility of Cesare still being a threat with his closest friend [[Leonardo da Vinci]] at the [[Assassin]] stronghold of [[Tiber Island]]. Ezio believed that Cesare remained a threat even with his arrest, and wanted to do something about it despite not being able to at the present. Leonardo then encouraged Ezio to use [[the Apple]] to see into the future. Ezio did so, despite his own initial protest, and left Rome for [[Viana]], Spain immediately afterwords.
{{Quote|It was the manner in which he said it. 'Chains will not hold me.'|Ezio to Leonardo da Vinci about Cesare's arrest.|Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood|All Roads Lead To...}}
On 18 August 1503, [[Rodrigo Borgia|Pope Alexander VI]], [[Grand Master of the Templar Order|Grand Master]] of the [[Roman Rite of the Templar Order|Italian Templars]], died from a [[cantarella]]-laced apple which was forced down his throat by his own son, [[Cesare Borgia]]. With his death, [[Rome]] was fully liberated from the [[House of Borgia|Borgia]]'s control.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[An Apple a Day]]</ref>


By the time Ezio arrived at Viana the battle had already started, as the soldiers fought each other on the battlefield and cannons destroyed the Castle, town and countryside region he wasted no time and charged into battle. Ezio found Cesare alongside his men on the battlefield and without hesitation he charged towards Cesare with his [[Hidden Blade]] at the ready. Cesare was able to block the Assassin's attack, but Ezio was still able to overpower Cesare, however he was stunned as a wave of cannon balls attacked the area.
After murdering his father, Cesare was arrested by the newly elected Pope, [[Julius II]];<ref>''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' – [[All Roads Lead To...]]</ref> he was subsequently exiled to Spain to be imprisoned in the [[Castillo de la Mota]] in 1504. However, in 1506, Cesare managed to escape his cell with the help of his ally [[Micheletto Corella]], who provided him with a rope.<ref name="ACBnovel">[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' novel'']]</ref>


Regaining conciousness, Ezio began to pursue Cesare and rode through the Viana warzone on horseback trying to reach what was once an olive field. Eventually, cannonballs killed his horse, forcing him to travel on foot. Ezio, despite being attacked constantly by waves of soldiers on both side of the conflict, made his way towards the castle wall and Cesare who battled on top. Ezio climbed a siege tower to the top and thus began the battle with his greatest nemesis.
After dropping seventy meters to the ground, Cesare landed on top of a servant who had accompanied him, breaking his fall. Despite several fractured bones, Cesare was able to evade the law disguised as a [[merchant]], later joining his brother-in-law, King John III of Navarre, who granted him full command over the Navarrese army. However, Cesare was pursued by the [[Assassins|Assassin]] [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]], who wished to kill Cesare and prevent any threat he might pose.<ref name="ACBnovel" />


==Confronting Cesare==
==Viana under siege==
After finally reaching Cesare at the castle wall the two men battled for the first and last time. Cesare attacked with his sword and pistol while also calling in groups of soldiers to attack Ezio, but Ezio was able to defeat all of the soldiers and overpower Cesare by breaking off pieces of his armor with the Hidden Blade. He eventually pinned Cesare down and told him that a true leader empowers the people he leads. Cesare, enraged and fearing for his life, repeatedly shouted that no mortal man could kill him, but Ezio then decided to leave Cesare in the "hands of fate" and threw him off the castle wall, thus killing his most hated nemesis.
===Beginning of the battle===
{{Dialogue|Cesare|How did you find me?!|Ezio|The Apple you stole from Mario Auditore led me here!|Ezio facing Cesare during the siege, 1507.|Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood|Pax Romana}}
By 1507, King John intended to seize the town of Viana from the Count of Lerin, who controlled it on the behalf of [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]. In March of that year, King John had Cesare lead a Navarrese army of 10,000 soldiers to Viana to take the castle. Secretly, Cesare intended to take Viana to restore his military prestige so as to regain the support of France, which would further aid him in his planned reconquest of Rome, which he had lost control over due to the actions of the Assassin Brotherhood. The Navarre forces were able to besiege the Viana countryside, and battled with the Vianan infantrymen.<ref name="ACBnovel" />


[[Video:Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood death of Cesare|thumb|350px|right|Siege of Viana and Cesare's death.]]
Ezio, who had tracked Cesare down to Viana after a pursuit lasting four years, found him among his men in the outskirts of the town, fighting with the Vianan soldiers. As the battle raged on, with the forces' [[cannon]]s destroying the town and surrounding countryside, Ezio charged into the battle in an effort to kill Cesare. He lunged towards him with his [[Hidden Blade]] at the ready, though Cesare was able to hold off the Assassin's attack.<ref name="Pax Romana">''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' – [[Pax Romana]]</ref>
 
[[File:PaxR 1.png|thumb|250px|Ezio fighting Cesare's soldiers in the countryside]]
Cesare demanded to know how Ezio had found him, to which the Assassin replied that the [[Apple of Eden 6|Apple of Eden]] that was stolen from his uncle, [[Mario Auditore]], had led him there. Despite Cesare holding off Ezio's killing blow, Ezio eventually gained the upper hand and overpowered Cesare, striking him across the throat. However, Cesare's [[armor]] protected him, and he managed to push Ezio aside. Fleeing, he commanded his soldiers to attack the Assassin, though Ezio fended them off with ease. Despite this, a cannon ball tore into the ground close to Ezio, knocking him unconscious for a while. Eventually, the Navarrese infantry were able to move into the town and fight with the soldiers there, as the cannons attacked [[Viana Castle]] and the siege towers closed in on the town and castle.<ref name="Pax Romana" />
 
===Besieged countryside===
{{Quote|He once ruled all of Roma. I heard an Assassin killed his supporters. Great rulers rise and fall like leaves in the wind.|A Vianan guard conversing about Cesare's downfall, 1507.|Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood|Pax Romana}}
Moving through the battle, Ezio continued to pursue Cesare, and charged through the battlefield on [[horse]]back in an attempt to reach the ruins of what was once an [[olive]] grove. However, a cannon ball struck and killed the horse he rode on, forcing him to continue on foot.<ref name="Pax Romana" />
 
As Ezio made his way through the outskirts of the city, the chaos only grew worse, with the Navarrese siege towers evidently closing in on the town. As Ezio drew closer, making his way past the bodies of slaughtered soldiers, he eventually arrived at the olive field ruins, where a force of Viana soldiers had set up camp.<ref name="Pax Romana" />
 
[[File:Siege of V 3.png|thumb|250px|left|Cesare entering the city]]
As he inconspicuously neutralized any patrolling [[guard]]s, and dispatched those who challenged him, Ezio overheard the soldiers speaking of Cesare's downfall, and of the Assassin responsible - Ezio himself. Soon after, the Navarrese forces had reached the town and began to invade it.<ref name="Pax Romana" />
 
Cesare himself entered the city with a group of his own men. As the soldiers passed through the town, a woman rushed to Cesare's side, pleading assistance for her injured son, but she was promptly killed and discarded by the Spanish general's men, with Cesare continuing towards the city [[Fort|fortress]].<ref name="Pax Romana" />
 
===Onward assault===
{{Dialogue|Ezio|Cesare! The walls surround you. There is nowhere to run.|Cesare|Come then, Ezio!|Ezio and Cesare, before their final battle, 1507.|Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood|Pax Romana}}
[[File:Siege of V 2.png|thumb|250px|The soldiers fighting in the city]]
While the Navarrese infantry reinforced their assault, attacking the city guards, they tortured the [[civilian]]s, burning down their homes and killing them. Many soldiers clashed in the town outskirts and city square. Ezio pushed through the soldiers, seeking a way into the fortress. Eventually, he came across a burning and damaged siege tower, allowed him to proceed up towards the castle ramparts. As he climbed the interior of the siege machine – which had sustained heavy damage from cannon fire – Ezio was forced to perform a [[Leap of Faith]] from its peak once he had reached it, due to the tower crumbling under its own weight.<ref name="Pax Romana" />
 
As many Navarrese soldiers drew closer to the castle, several waves of soldiers reinforced the attack. At this point the battle was in favor of Navarre, and a siege tower had breached the castle walls, with several soldiers now attacking the castle, Cesare among them.<ref name="Pax Romana" />
 
Not long before the Navarrese forces secured victory, which would assure Cesare a major hand in his attempt to retake Rome, Ezio scaled the siege tower and reached the castle walls. Defending himself from the attacking soldiers, Ezio ran across the battlements to face Cesare directly.<ref name="Pax Romana" />
 
===Final confrontation ===
{{Dialogue|Cesare|You cannot kill me. No man can murder me!|Ezio|Then I leave you in the hands of Fate.|Cesare's final words, 1507.|Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood|Pax Romana}}
[[File:PaxR 5.png|thumb|250px|left|Ezio facing Cesare on the battlements]]
Finally reaching his archenemy, Ezio called out for Cesare's attention and warned him that there was nowhere to run. After killing the soldiers attacking him, Cesare responded to his claim by immediately challenging the Assassin to one last duel.<ref name="Pax Romana" />
 
As the siege raged around them, the two men battled face-to-face for the first and last time. Cesare skillfully attacked Ezio with his [[sword]] and [[Firearm|pistol]], dodging his incoming blows and countering his attacks, while also periodically calling in waves of Navarrese and Borgia soldiers to reinforce him. Despite this, Ezio's own speed and skill were enough to defeat the soldiers and overpower Cesare, slowly breaking off the pieces of his armor that protected him from his Hidden Blade.<ref name="Pax Romana" />
 
[[File:PaxR 6.png|thumb|250px|Ezio letting Cesare fall to his death]]
After a lengthy battle, Ezio eventually managed to pin Cesare down beneath him, holding his Hidden Blade to the Templar's throat. Still convinced in his ways, Cesare claimed that the throne was his right, to which Ezio responded that a leader could not merely take what he wished, and that a true one "''empowers the people he leads."'' Cesare then declared that he would "''lead mankind into a [[New World Order|new world]],''" but Ezio dismissed him, replying that no one should ever remember Cesare Borgia's name in history.<ref name="Pax Romana" />
 
Enraged, and knowing his death was inevitable, Cesare repeatedly shouted that no mortal man could kill him, to which Ezio declared that he would leave Cesare "in the hands of [[Fates|Fate]]", before dropping him from the castle wall to his death.<ref name="Pax Romana" />


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
After Cesare's death, Ezio returned to Rome and reunited with the other Assassins. Ultimately deciding the Apple was too dangerous for the hands of man, Ezio would later seal the Apple away in [[Juno]]'s temple beneath the [[Colosseum]].
The siege concluded with a Navarrese defeat. With the loss of their commander, Cesare, the Navarrese army could not continue the siege and were forced to pull back. Cesare's body was buried in a marble tomb beneath the altar of the Church of Santa Maria, with the inscription: "Here lies in little earth one who was feared by all, who held peace and war in his hand."<ref name="ACBnovel" />
 
Ezio, who had ended the Borgia tyranny once and for all, returned to Rome and embarked on various reforms of the Assassin Order, such as improved communication and standardized training programs.<ref name="ACBnovel" />


==Gallery==
==Appearances==
<gallery position="center" spacing="medium" captionalign="left">
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' {{1st}}
Cesare Borgia in Viana.JPG|Cesare Borgia in Viana, Spain.
*[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' novel]]
Ezio Auditore at Viana.JPG|Ezio Auditore in Viana, Spain.
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' {{Imo}}
Cesare Grabbing Ezios Arm.JPG|Cesare Borgia grabbing Ezio Auditore's arm as he tries to assassinate him.
*[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' novel]] {{Imo}}
Assassin's Creed - Brotherhood ( 97 )..jpg|Ezio charging towards Cesare, throught the Viana warzone.
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood of Venice]]''
ACB7.JPG|A unconscious Ezio amoung the dead bodies of the Viana battlefield.
Zw-ACBH-Ezio.jpg|Ezio standing alone in Viana.
</gallery>


==Trivia==
==References==
*In the story trailer for ''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' Ezio and Cesare are seen confronting each other alone on the castel wall, but this scene never happened in the actual game and was most likely a deleted scene from the finshed version of the game.
{{Reflist}}
*Although the Siege of Viana is where Cesare Borgia died in actual history, there is very little recorded information on the event, and is somewhat a historical mystery in terms of the outcome and important specific details, such as the amount of troops involved.
{{ACB}}
[[Category:Major Events]]
{{ACBV}}
{{Timeline}}
[[Category:Timeline]]
[[Category:Battles]]
[[Category:Templar conspiracies]]
[[Category:Assassin-Templar War]]

Latest revision as of 22:02, 6 June 2026

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"They have taken the fight out to the enemy, and there have been bloody battles in the fields outside the town. I would not go any further in that direction, my son; there lies only devastation and blood."
―A Spaniard describing the siege to Ezio Auditore, 1507.[src]

The Siege of Viana was a military conflict fought between the Kingdom of Navarre and the Earldom of Lerín in the town of Viana in northern Spain. King John III of Navarre and his general Cesare Borgia commanded Navarrese troops against the forces led by Louis de Beaumont.

Cesare's escape[edit | edit source]

"It was the manner in which he said it. 'Chains will not hold me.'"
―Ezio to Leonardo da Vinci about Cesare's arrest.[src]-[m]

On 18 August 1503, Pope Alexander VI, Grand Master of the Italian Templars, died from a cantarella-laced apple which was forced down his throat by his own son, Cesare Borgia. With his death, Rome was fully liberated from the Borgia's control.[1]

After murdering his father, Cesare was arrested by the newly elected Pope, Julius II;[2] he was subsequently exiled to Spain to be imprisoned in the Castillo de la Mota in 1504. However, in 1506, Cesare managed to escape his cell with the help of his ally Micheletto Corella, who provided him with a rope.[3]

After dropping seventy meters to the ground, Cesare landed on top of a servant who had accompanied him, breaking his fall. Despite several fractured bones, Cesare was able to evade the law disguised as a merchant, later joining his brother-in-law, King John III of Navarre, who granted him full command over the Navarrese army. However, Cesare was pursued by the Assassin Ezio Auditore da Firenze, who wished to kill Cesare and prevent any threat he might pose.[3]

Viana under siege[edit | edit source]

Beginning of the battle[edit | edit source]

Cesare: "How did you find me?!"
Ezio: "The Apple you stole from Mario Auditore led me here!"
—Ezio facing Cesare during the siege, 1507.[src]-[m]

By 1507, King John intended to seize the town of Viana from the Count of Lerin, who controlled it on the behalf of Ferdinand II of Aragon. In March of that year, King John had Cesare lead a Navarrese army of 10,000 soldiers to Viana to take the castle. Secretly, Cesare intended to take Viana to restore his military prestige so as to regain the support of France, which would further aid him in his planned reconquest of Rome, which he had lost control over due to the actions of the Assassin Brotherhood. The Navarre forces were able to besiege the Viana countryside, and battled with the Vianan infantrymen.[3]

Ezio, who had tracked Cesare down to Viana after a pursuit lasting four years, found him among his men in the outskirts of the town, fighting with the Vianan soldiers. As the battle raged on, with the forces' cannons destroying the town and surrounding countryside, Ezio charged into the battle in an effort to kill Cesare. He lunged towards him with his Hidden Blade at the ready, though Cesare was able to hold off the Assassin's attack.[4]

Ezio fighting Cesare's soldiers in the countryside

Cesare demanded to know how Ezio had found him, to which the Assassin replied that the Apple of Eden that was stolen from his uncle, Mario Auditore, had led him there. Despite Cesare holding off Ezio's killing blow, Ezio eventually gained the upper hand and overpowered Cesare, striking him across the throat. However, Cesare's armor protected him, and he managed to push Ezio aside. Fleeing, he commanded his soldiers to attack the Assassin, though Ezio fended them off with ease. Despite this, a cannon ball tore into the ground close to Ezio, knocking him unconscious for a while. Eventually, the Navarrese infantry were able to move into the town and fight with the soldiers there, as the cannons attacked Viana Castle and the siege towers closed in on the town and castle.[4]

Besieged countryside[edit | edit source]

"He once ruled all of Roma. I heard an Assassin killed his supporters. Great rulers rise and fall like leaves in the wind."
―A Vianan guard conversing about Cesare's downfall, 1507.[src]-[m]

Moving through the battle, Ezio continued to pursue Cesare, and charged through the battlefield on horseback in an attempt to reach the ruins of what was once an olive grove. However, a cannon ball struck and killed the horse he rode on, forcing him to continue on foot.[4]

As Ezio made his way through the outskirts of the city, the chaos only grew worse, with the Navarrese siege towers evidently closing in on the town. As Ezio drew closer, making his way past the bodies of slaughtered soldiers, he eventually arrived at the olive field ruins, where a force of Viana soldiers had set up camp.[4]

Cesare entering the city

As he inconspicuously neutralized any patrolling guards, and dispatched those who challenged him, Ezio overheard the soldiers speaking of Cesare's downfall, and of the Assassin responsible - Ezio himself. Soon after, the Navarrese forces had reached the town and began to invade it.[4]

Cesare himself entered the city with a group of his own men. As the soldiers passed through the town, a woman rushed to Cesare's side, pleading assistance for her injured son, but she was promptly killed and discarded by the Spanish general's men, with Cesare continuing towards the city fortress.[4]

Onward assault[edit | edit source]

Ezio: "Cesare! The walls surround you. There is nowhere to run."
Cesare: "Come then, Ezio!"
—Ezio and Cesare, before their final battle, 1507.[src]-[m]
The soldiers fighting in the city

While the Navarrese infantry reinforced their assault, attacking the city guards, they tortured the civilians, burning down their homes and killing them. Many soldiers clashed in the town outskirts and city square. Ezio pushed through the soldiers, seeking a way into the fortress. Eventually, he came across a burning and damaged siege tower, allowed him to proceed up towards the castle ramparts. As he climbed the interior of the siege machine – which had sustained heavy damage from cannon fire – Ezio was forced to perform a Leap of Faith from its peak once he had reached it, due to the tower crumbling under its own weight.[4]

As many Navarrese soldiers drew closer to the castle, several waves of soldiers reinforced the attack. At this point the battle was in favor of Navarre, and a siege tower had breached the castle walls, with several soldiers now attacking the castle, Cesare among them.[4]

Not long before the Navarrese forces secured victory, which would assure Cesare a major hand in his attempt to retake Rome, Ezio scaled the siege tower and reached the castle walls. Defending himself from the attacking soldiers, Ezio ran across the battlements to face Cesare directly.[4]

Final confrontation[edit | edit source]

Cesare: "You cannot kill me. No man can murder me!"
Ezio: "Then I leave you in the hands of Fate."
—Cesare's final words, 1507.[src]-[m]
Ezio facing Cesare on the battlements

Finally reaching his archenemy, Ezio called out for Cesare's attention and warned him that there was nowhere to run. After killing the soldiers attacking him, Cesare responded to his claim by immediately challenging the Assassin to one last duel.[4]

As the siege raged around them, the two men battled face-to-face for the first and last time. Cesare skillfully attacked Ezio with his sword and pistol, dodging his incoming blows and countering his attacks, while also periodically calling in waves of Navarrese and Borgia soldiers to reinforce him. Despite this, Ezio's own speed and skill were enough to defeat the soldiers and overpower Cesare, slowly breaking off the pieces of his armor that protected him from his Hidden Blade.[4]

Ezio letting Cesare fall to his death

After a lengthy battle, Ezio eventually managed to pin Cesare down beneath him, holding his Hidden Blade to the Templar's throat. Still convinced in his ways, Cesare claimed that the throne was his right, to which Ezio responded that a leader could not merely take what he wished, and that a true one "empowers the people he leads." Cesare then declared that he would "lead mankind into a new world," but Ezio dismissed him, replying that no one should ever remember Cesare Borgia's name in history.[4]

Enraged, and knowing his death was inevitable, Cesare repeatedly shouted that no mortal man could kill him, to which Ezio declared that he would leave Cesare "in the hands of Fate", before dropping him from the castle wall to his death.[4]

Aftermath[edit | edit source]

The siege concluded with a Navarrese defeat. With the loss of their commander, Cesare, the Navarrese army could not continue the siege and were forced to pull back. Cesare's body was buried in a marble tomb beneath the altar of the Church of Santa Maria, with the inscription: "Here lies in little earth one who was feared by all, who held peace and war in his hand."[3]

Ezio, who had ended the Borgia tyranny once and for all, returned to Rome and embarked on various reforms of the Assassin Order, such as improved communication and standardized training programs.[3]

Appearances[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]