Fourth Fitna

He who increaseth knowledge, increaseth sorrow.

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The Fourth Fitna was a civil war that resulted from the conflict between half-brothers al-Amin and al-Ma'mun for the position of caliph of the AAbbasid Empire following the death of their father Harun al-Rashid in 809.^[1]

History

Harun al-Rashid, while living, had named al-Amin as his first successor but also named al-Ma'mun as the second, granting him the region of Khurasan.^[2] After his death, he was succeeded in Baghdad by al-Amin.^[3] Encourage by the court at Baghdad, al-Amin began trying to subvert the autonomous status of Khurasan, gaining, therefore, power over the region commanded by al-Ma'mun as well. In response, al-Ma'mun sought support from the elites of the region and made moves to maintain his autonomy. In 811, al-Amin assembled a large army and marched against Khurasan, but al-Ma'mun's own forces defeated them before invading Oraq.^[2]

Al-Ma'mun besieged Baghdad from August 812 to September 813, gaining the upper hand over his opponent.^[3] al-Amin was captured, executed and his head was displayed at the Iron Gate as a warning,^[4] while his mother was exiled from Baghdad, but allowed to return some years later.^[3]

The civil war generated a demand of troops loyal only to the caliph,^[5] with al-Ma'mun's solution being the creation of a professional military made largely of enslaved boys and men from Turkic-speaking tribes in Central Asia. The episode also created lasting tensions between the groups of elites who had supported each of the two brothers.^[6]

Appearances

Echoes of History (first mentioned) (indirect mention only)
Assassin's Creed: Mirage (mentioned in Database entry only) (indirect mention only)

References

↑ Assassin's Creed: Mirage – Notes from Basim's travels: Trouble at the Court
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Fourth Fitna on Wikipedia
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 Assassin's Creed: Mirage – Database: Zubaydah bint Ja'far
↑ Assassin's Creed: Mirage – Database: Gates of Baghdad
↑ Assassin's Creed: Mirage – Database: Abbasid Army
↑ Assassin's Creed: Mirage – Database: Ghilman (Servant Soldiers)

Timeline

Before Common Era

Prehistory	Isu Era (War of Unification • Human-Isu War • Great Catastrophe) • Assassin-Templar War (ongoing)

13th–6th centuries BCE	Battle of Kadesh • Siege of Dapur • Trojan War • Second Messenian War • Battle of the Champions

5th century BCE	Greco-Persian Wars (Battle of Marathon • Battle of Thermopylae • Battle of Salamis • Battle of Plataia • Battle of the Eurymedon) • Peloponnesian War (Battle of Potidaea • Blockade of Megaris • Mytilenean revolt • Battle of Boeotia • Battle of Megaris • Battle for the Silver Islands • Battle of Pylos • Battle of Sphakteria • Battle of Amphipolis • Sicilian Expedition) • Plague of Athens

4th–2nd centuries BCE	Battle of the Hydaspes

1st century BCE	Caesar's civil war • Alexandrine war (Hunt for the Snake • Siege of Alexandria • Battle of the Nile) • Assassination of Julius Caesar • Liberators' civil war (Battle of Philippi) • War of Actium (Battle of Actium)

5th–13th centuries

5th–7th centuries	410 Sack of Rome

8th century	Abbasid Revolution • Battle of Talas • An Lushan Rebellion (Fall of Luoyang • Battle of Changshan • Mawei Station mutiny • Fall of Chang'an)

9th century	Islamic Golden Age (Fourth Fitna • Anarchy at Samarra • Zanj Rebellion) • Viking expansion (Lindisfarne raid • Siege of Paris • Great Heathen Army • Viking Capture of York • Battle of Reading • Battle of Ashdown • Battle of Bedwyn • Battle of Meretun • Assault on Grantebridge • Assault on Tamworth Fortress • Assault on Burgh Castle • Assault on Caustow Castle • Assault on Cyne Belle Castle • Assault on Anecastre • Assault on Rouecistre Fortress • Siege of Portcestre • Assault on Magnis Fortress • Battle of Cynwit • Battle of Chippenham • Battle of Edington • Assault on Armagh • Assault on Cashelore • Siege of Paris) • Unification of Norway (Assault on Kjotve's Fortress • Battle of Hafrsfjord)

10th century	Battle of Fýrisvellir

11th century	First Crusade (Siege of Jerusalem)

12th century	Second Crusade • Siege of Masyaf • Battle of Hattin • Third Crusade (Assault on Masyaf • Siege of Acre • Quest for the Chalice • Defense of Masyaf • Hunt for the Nine • Battle of Arsuf • Retaking of Masyaf)

13th century	Fourth Crusade • First Barons' War • Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' • Assassination of Genghis Khan • Decline of the Levantine Assassins • Medieval Inquisition • Fall of Masyaf • Sack of Baghdad • Mongol conquest of China (Siege of Diaoyu Castle) • Battle of Legnica • First War of Scottish Independence (English invasion of Scotland • Sack of Berwick • Action at Lanark)

14th–17th centuries

14th century	Persecution of the Templars • Hundred Years' War (Battle of Agincourt • Siege of Orléans • Battle of the Herrings • Battle of Jargeau • Battle of Meung-sur-Loire • Battle of Beaugency • Battle of Patay • March to Reims • Siege of Paris • Trial of Jeanne d'Arc) • Black Death

15th century	Renaissance • 1402 Chinese Assassin purge • Battle of Anghiari • Fall of Constantinople • Defense of Monteriggioni • Ōnin War • Assassination of Galeazzo Maria Sforza • Pazzi conspiracy • Reconquista (Mission to Aragon • Granada War) • Venetian conspiracy • Battle of Forlì • Age of Discovery • Italian Wars (Bonfire of the Vanities) • Ottoman–Venetian War • Confrontation in the Vatican

16th century	Siege of Monteriggioni • Liberation of Rome (Skirmish in the Campagna District) • Search for Cesare Borgia (Attack on Valencia • Siege of Viana) • Italian Wars (War of the League of Cambrai (Battle of Agnadello) • Assassination of Niccolò di Pitigliano) • Little Judgment Day • Prince of Anhua rebellion • Ottoman Civil War (Attack on Prince Suleiman) • Riot at the Harbor of Theodosius • Prince of Ning rebellion • Destruction of the Great Chain • Fight for the Masyaf Keys • Age of Discovery (Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (Night of Sorrows) • Battle of Mactan • Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire (Siege of Cuzco)) • Assassin expedition to the Mekong • Great Rites Controversy • 1526 Macau fires • 1527 Sack of Rome • Roman Inquisition • Battle of Gogunda • Sengoku period (Battle of Okehazama • Siege of Kanegasaki • Battle of Anegawa • Siege of Mount Hiei • Ishiyama Hongan-ji War • Tenshō Iga War • Honnō-ji incident • Imjin War • Battle of Sekigahara)

17th century	Labourd witch-hunt of 1609 • Siege of Osaka • English Civil War • Battle of Lowestoft • Great Fire of London • Glorious Revolution • Salem witch trials • Great Recoinage of 1696

18th century

1701–1730	War of the Spanish Succession • Golden Age of Piracy (Sinking of the Treasure Fleet • Attacks on Tulum • Siege of Charles-Towne • Blockade of Nassau • Attack on Ocracoke) • 1720s Chinese Assassin purge • Shimazu clan civil war • 1725 Manila riot • Battle of Sulu • Battle of the Strait of Malacca

1731–1769	Maroon Rebellion • French Geodesic Mission • War of the Austrian Succession (Siege of Bergen op Zoom) • 1745 Siege of Louisbourg • 1751 Port-au-Prince earthquake • 1755 Lisbon earthquake • Seven Years' War (Albany Congress • Battle of Fort Necessity • Braddock Expedition (Battle of the Monongahela) • Siege of Fort William Henry • Siege of Louisbourg • Battle of Quiberon Bay • Battle of Labrador) • Colonial Assassin purge • Louisiana Rebellion

1770–1785	American Revolution (Boston Massacre • Boston Tea Party) and American Revolutionary War (Battles of Lexington and Concord • Siege of Boston • Battle of Bunker Hill • Great Fire of New York • Conway Cabal • Sullivan Expedition • Battle of Monmouth • Battle of Rhode Island • Battle of West Point • Battle of the Chesapeake • Attack on Fort George • Siege of Yorktown)

1786–1800	French Revolution (Estates-General of 1789 • Paris Commune (1789–1795) • Storming of the Bastille • Great Fear • Women's March on Versailles • Flight to Varennes • 10 August • September Massacres • Execution of Louis XVI • Reign of Terror • Festival of the Supreme Being • Thermidorian Reaction • Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise) • Haitian Revolution • St. Clair's Defeat • French Revolutionary Wars (Siege of Toulon • 13 Vendémiaire)

19th–21st centuries

19th century	Napoleonic Wars (Battle of Ulm) • Trienio Liberal • First Anglo-Afghan War (1842 retreat from Kabul) • Mexican-American War • California Gold Rush • Great Exhibition • Assassination attempt on Franz Joseph I of Austria • Crimean War (Battle of Balaclava) • Orsini affair • American Civil War (1863 New York City draft riots) • Battle of Camarón • Icarus affair • Boshin War (Battle of Toba–Fushimi • Battle of Aizu) • Liberation of London • Franco-Prussian War • Paris Commune (1871) • Assassination of Alexander II of Russia • Borki train disaster • Whitechapel murders

20th century	Modern times • Tunguska explosion • World War I (Battle of Mons • Christmas truce) • Russian Revolution (Execution of the Romanov family • Kazan Operation) • Irish War of Independence • Red Scare (Palmer Raids) • Shanghai massacre of 1927 • Invergordon Mutiny • Spanish Civil War • World War II (The Blitz • Operation Weserübung • Operation Sealion • Operation Barbarossa • Operation Silver Fox • Manhattan Project • Second Battle of El Alamein • Normandy landings • Japanese invasion of Burma • Battle of Tinian • Battle for Brest • Yalta Conference) • Philadelphia Project • Bretton Woods Conference • Cold War (1954 Guatemalan coup d'état • Vietnam War • Assassination of John F. Kennedy • Apollo 11 • 1973 Chilean coup d'état • Operation Gardel • Iranian Revolution • Dissolution of the Soviet Union)

21st century	Great Purge • War on Terror (Iraq War) • Beagle 2 launch • Deepwater Horizon oil spill • 2011 Egyptian revolution • DIA satellite accident • Project Siren • Second Disaster • 2013 Egyptian coup d'état • Chicago incident • Raids on the Aerie • Mission to Egypt • Resurrection Day • Search for the Staff of Hermes Trismegistus • Brexit • COVID-19 pandemic • Myanmar civil war

History

Appearances

References

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