War of Actium: Difference between revisions
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{{Quote|But anyone can see what's happening here. Alexandria is burning to the ground. Egyptians are dying, fighting for a war they cannot win. A war '''you''' cannot win.|Amunet to Cleopatra on the war.|Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic) |Assassin's Creed: Origins 4}} | {{Quote|But anyone can see what's happening here. Alexandria is burning to the ground. Egyptians are dying, fighting for a war they cannot win. A war '''you''' cannot win.|Amunet to Cleopatra on the war.|Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic) |Assassin's Creed: Origins 4}} | ||
{{Battle Infobox | {{Battle Infobox | ||
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|image = | |image = | ||
|conflict = | |conflict = | ||
|date = 32 | |date = 32 BCE–40 BCE | ||
|place = [[Egypt]] | |place = [[Egypt]] | ||
|result = Victory for [[Augustus|Octavian]] | |result = Victory for [[Augustus|Octavian]] | ||
|side1 = Supporters of Octavian | |side1 = Supporters of Octavian | ||
|side2 = | |side2 = Supporters of [[Mark Antony]]<br>[[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] | ||
|side3 = | |side3 = | ||
|side4 = | |side4 = | ||
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|commanders2 = Marcus Antonius<br>[[Cleopatra]] | |commanders2 = Marcus Antonius<br>[[Cleopatra]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''last war of the Roman Republic''' ( | The '''last war of the Roman Republic''' (32 BCE–30 BCE) was a civil war which pitted [[Mark Antony]] against [[Octavian]], whose victory secured his transformation of the republic into the [[Roman Empire]]. The two rivals had previously been allies as part of the [[Second Triumvirate]], by which they made common cause to avenge the [[Assassination of Julius Caesar|assassination]] of the dictator [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]. Their success against Caesar's assassins in the [[Liberators' civil war]] did not bring lasting peace to the republic as the pair's political ambitions clashed with one another once their common enemies had been eliminated. | ||
In 32 BC, a love affair between Mark Antony and [[Cleopatra]], the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]] Pharaoh of [[Egypt]], gave Octavian the ammunition needed to persuade a majority of the Roman Senate to side with him against his rival. The Senate declared war on Cleopatra, an act which Octavian correctly predicted would draw Mark Antony to her defence and give him the pretext for the civil war. At the naval {{wiki|Battle of Actium}} in 31 BCE, Octavian's fleet inflicted a decisive defeat on the combined forces of Cleopatra and Mark Antony, forcing the two to retreat the [[Alexandria]], where they committed suicide the following year. The war eliminated the last obstacles to Octavian's monopolization of power, allowing him to become the first Roman emperor in 27 BCE. | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
Mark Antony and Cleopatra saw powerful allies in each other. In the winter of 41 BCE, she arranged a sumptuous tour of Egypt by boat, to show Antony the wealth of her country and the power she held as its ruler. A romantic and political relationship followed.<ref name="Cleopatra & Antony">''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: Cleopatra & Antony</ref> | Mark Antony and Cleopatra saw powerful allies in each other. In the winter of 41 BCE, she arranged a sumptuous tour of Egypt by boat, to show Antony the wealth of her country and the power she held as its ruler. A romantic and political relationship followed.<ref name="Cleopatra & Antony">''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: Cleopatra & Antony</ref> | ||
Cleopatra increased her kingdom's territory, and started a political propaganda alongside her lover, in Egypt and beyond. She hoped to create a Ptolemaic federal empire, with Alexandria at its center. However, while Mark Antony focused on Egypt, Octavian carefully gained military and political | Cleopatra increased her kingdom's territory, and started a political propaganda alongside her lover, in Egypt and beyond. She hoped to create a Ptolemaic federal empire, with Alexandria at its center. However, while Mark Antony focused on Egypt, Octavian carefully gained military and political ascendancy over him in Rome.<ref name="A New Egyptian Empire?">''Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt'' – Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: A New Egyptian Empire?</ref> | ||
Octavian managed his own propaganda campaign | Octavian managed his own propaganda campaign and succeeded. The Roman people hated Mark Antony and Cleopatra. To avoid the censure still inherent in attacking a fellow Roman, Octavian simply declared war against Egypt. The powerful Egyptian fleet, led by Cleopatra as well as Mark Antony's forces, were {{Wiki|Battle of Actium|defeated}} in 31 BCE in Actium, after which Antony committed suicide. Octavian arrived in Egypt in 30 BCE to formalize his victory.<ref name="War With Rome">''Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt'' – Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: War With Rome</ref> | ||
With Antony dead and her fate sealed, Cleopatra made her final stand in Alexandria, where she trained [[Caesarion]] to fight when the time comes. On 12 August 30 BCE, as Octavian's army seized Alexandria, Cleopatra survived an assassination attempt by one of Octavian's messengers and had her killed.<ref name="ACOC 1">[[Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic)|''Assassin's Creed: Origins'']] – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 1|Issue #01]]</ref> Later, Cleopatra watched as her son trained with a soldier and was knocked down. She | With Antony dead and her fate sealed, Cleopatra made her final stand in [[Alexandria]], where she trained [[Caesarion]] to fight when the time comes. On 12 August 30 BCE, as Octavian's army seized Alexandria, Cleopatra survived an assassination attempt by one of Octavian's messengers and had her killed.<ref name="ACOC 1">[[Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic)|''Assassin's Creed: Origins'']] – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 1|Issue #01]]</ref> Later, Cleopatra watched as her son trained with a soldier and was knocked down. She comforted her son by telling him that every defeat is a chance to learn towards a victory. They were then interrupted by the sight of fires in the distance, as Octavian closed in further.<ref name="ACOC 2">''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 2|Issue #02]]</ref> | ||
As Octavian rapidly approached, Cleopatra was confronted one last time by [[Amunet]] back at her palace in the city. There, her former | As Octavian rapidly approached, Cleopatra was confronted one last time by the [[Hidden Ones|Hidden One]] [[Amunet]] back at her palace in the city. There, her former agent implored her to resign to Octavian's victory, to which the pharaoh acquiesced on the condition that Amunet take Caesarion with her and train him as a Hidden One. Amunet handed her [[poison]] by which to commit suicide and left with Caesarion. Once Cleopatra was certain that her son was gone and far away, she thanked her servant [[Akila]] before consuming the poison. Within mere moments, Cleopatra, the last Pharaoh of Egypt, was dead.<ref name="ACOC 4">''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 4|Issue #04]]</ref> | ||
==Appearances== | ==Appearances== | ||
Revision as of 03:52, 9 April 2021
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The last war of the Roman Republic (32 BCE–30 BCE) was a civil war which pitted Mark Antony against Octavian, whose victory secured his transformation of the republic into the Roman Empire. The two rivals had previously been allies as part of the Second Triumvirate, by which they made common cause to avenge the assassination of the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar. Their success against Caesar's assassins in the Liberators' civil war did not bring lasting peace to the republic as the pair's political ambitions clashed with one another once their common enemies had been eliminated.
In 32 BC, a love affair between Mark Antony and Cleopatra, the Ptolemaic Pharaoh of Egypt, gave Octavian the ammunition needed to persuade a majority of the Roman Senate to side with him against his rival. The Senate declared war on Cleopatra, an act which Octavian correctly predicted would draw Mark Antony to her defence and give him the pretext for the civil war. At the naval Battle of Actium in 31 BCE, Octavian's fleet inflicted a decisive defeat on the combined forces of Cleopatra and Mark Antony, forcing the two to retreat the Alexandria, where they committed suicide the following year. The war eliminated the last obstacles to Octavian's monopolization of power, allowing him to become the first Roman emperor in 27 BCE.
History
Mark Antony and Cleopatra saw powerful allies in each other. In the winter of 41 BCE, she arranged a sumptuous tour of Egypt by boat, to show Antony the wealth of her country and the power she held as its ruler. A romantic and political relationship followed.[1]
Cleopatra increased her kingdom's territory, and started a political propaganda alongside her lover, in Egypt and beyond. She hoped to create a Ptolemaic federal empire, with Alexandria at its center. However, while Mark Antony focused on Egypt, Octavian carefully gained military and political ascendancy over him in Rome.[2]
Octavian managed his own propaganda campaign and succeeded. The Roman people hated Mark Antony and Cleopatra. To avoid the censure still inherent in attacking a fellow Roman, Octavian simply declared war against Egypt. The powerful Egyptian fleet, led by Cleopatra as well as Mark Antony's forces, were defeated in 31 BCE in Actium, after which Antony committed suicide. Octavian arrived in Egypt in 30 BCE to formalize his victory.[3]
With Antony dead and her fate sealed, Cleopatra made her final stand in Alexandria, where she trained Caesarion to fight when the time comes. On 12 August 30 BCE, as Octavian's army seized Alexandria, Cleopatra survived an assassination attempt by one of Octavian's messengers and had her killed.[4] Later, Cleopatra watched as her son trained with a soldier and was knocked down. She comforted her son by telling him that every defeat is a chance to learn towards a victory. They were then interrupted by the sight of fires in the distance, as Octavian closed in further.[5]
As Octavian rapidly approached, Cleopatra was confronted one last time by the Hidden One Amunet back at her palace in the city. There, her former agent implored her to resign to Octavian's victory, to which the pharaoh acquiesced on the condition that Amunet take Caesarion with her and train him as a Hidden One. Amunet handed her poison by which to commit suicide and left with Caesarion. Once Cleopatra was certain that her son was gone and far away, she thanked her servant Akila before consuming the poison. Within mere moments, Cleopatra, the last Pharaoh of Egypt, was dead.[6]
Appearances
- Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt (mentioned only)
- Assassin's Creed: Origins comic
References
- ↑ Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt – Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: Cleopatra & Antony
- ↑ Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt – Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: A New Egyptian Empire?
- ↑ Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt – Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: War With Rome
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Origins – Issue #01
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Origins – Issue #02
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Origins – Issue #04