Welcome to Assassin's Creed Wiki! Log in and join the community.

Man O' War: Difference between revisions

From the Assassin's Creed Wiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
m Text replacement - "\[\[pt-br:(.+)\]\]" to "<!--[pt-br:$1]-->"
 
(58 intermediate revisions by 28 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Era|AC3|AC4|ACP|ACRG|4book}}
{{Era|Transportation}}{{WP-REAL|Man-of-war}}
{{WP-REAL|Man-of-war}}
{{Youmay|the ship class|the [[Men o' War|memory]] of a similar name}}
{{Youmay|the ship class|the [[Men o' War|memory]] of a similar name}}
[[File:AC4 El Arca Del Maestro.png|thumb|250px|A Man O' War, ''El Arca del Maestro'']]
[[File:AC4 El Arca Del Maestro.png|thumb|250px|A Spanish Man O' War, ''El Arca del Maestro'']]
The '''Man O' War''' (plural: '''Men O' War'''), or '''Galleon''' – as the class was known in non-[[United Kingdom|English]] speaking countries – was a class of [[Ships|warship]] operated by, among others, the [[Royal Navy|British]], [[French Navy|French]], [[Spanish Navy|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Navy|Portuguese]] navies. They often functioned as flagships for fleets due to their firepower and durability.
The '''Man O' War''' (plural: '''Men O' War''') was a type of large [[Ship|warship]] operated by, among others, the [[Royal Navy|British]], [[French Navy|French]], [[Spanish Navy|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Navy|Portuguese]] navies. The term "Man O' War" itself was not a strict naval classification, unlike [[frigate]], [[brig]], or [[schooner]], and was instead casual terminology used for any grand, imposing ships purposed built for warfare, boasting multiple gun decks, and crewed by heavily armed professional soldiers.
 
Most {{Wiki|Man-of-war|Men O' War}} of the 18th century were properly classified as {{Wiki|ship of the line}}; they often functioned as {{Wiki|flagship}}s for fleets due to their tremendous firepower and durability.


==History==
==History==
During the [[Golden Age of Piracy|early 18th century]], the Man O' War was among the most well-armed class of warship in operation throughout the [[Caribbean]]. Each ship of the class bore three masts, and was capable of fielding up to a hundred guns over three decks; on top of this, they were fitted with mortars, chain-shot, heavy shot and fire barrels, and the sheer amount of material used in their construction made them extremely robust. However, despite all of these major advantages, Men O' War possessed a major weakness in terms of their speed. As they were very slow, a well-armed, smaller ship could outmaneuver their broadsides and still land hits to destroy them.<ref name="AC4">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]''</ref>
===Golden Age of Piracy===
====West Indies====
During the [[Golden Age of Piracy]] in the early 18th century, the Man O' War was among the most well-armed class of warship in operation throughout the [[Caribbean]]. Each ship of the class bore three masts, and was capable of fielding up to a hundred guns over three decks; on top of this, they were fitted with mortars, chain-shot, heavy shot and fire barrels, and the sheer amount of material used in their construction made them extremely robust. However, despite all of these major advantages, Men O' War possessed a major weakness in terms of their speed. As they were very slow, a well-armed, smaller ship could outmaneuver their broadsides and still land hits to destroy them.<ref name="AC4">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]''</ref>


One of the few Men O' War to fly the pirate colors was [[Bartholomew Roberts]]' ''[[Royal Fortune]]''. It was also outfitted with stern cannons, coupled with the ones positioned on its sides and bow, ensuring that it could return fire from any direction.<ref name="AC4"/> To mark them out from each other, British Man O' Wars had yellow and black painted hulls, while Spanish ones had a reddish-brown coloration.
[[File:AC4 The Royal Fortune.png|left|thumb|250px|The ''Royal Fortune'']]
One of the few Men O' War to fly the [[Piracy|pirate]] colors was [[Bartholomew Roberts]]' ''[[Royal Fortune]]'', which had originally belonged to the [[Portuguese Navy]] before being stolen by Roberts and his crew with the assistance of [[Edward Kenway]]. In addition to its side and bow artillery, the ship was also outfitted with stern cannons, ensuring that it could return fire from any direction.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Black Bart's Gambit]]</ref>


Some time later, during the [[Seven Years' War]] between [[British Empire|Britain]] and [[France]], [[Templars|Templar]] [[Shay Cormac]] faced numerous Men O' War in the North Atlantic with his ship, the ''[[Morrigan]]''. Most notably, Cormac fought against French and Assassin warships, being allied with both the British and Templar Order. Men O' War were extremely uncommon in the [[River Valley]], as the waters were too shallow for a ship of that size. Near the end of the war, the French managed to get a Man O' War into the River Valley, using its mortars to bolster their firepower in the region.<ref name="ACRG">''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]''</ref>
To mark them out from each other, British Men O' War typically had yellow and black painted hulls, while Spanish ones had a reddish-brown coloration. Although not as common, [[Bounty hunter|pirate hunter]] Men O' War also existed and were distinguished by their red and black hulls and red sails.<ref name="AC4" />


[[James Cook]] was the captain of a Man O' War, [[HMS Pembroke|HMS ''Pembroke'']], during the Seven Years' War. Shay was the helmsman of the Man O' War during the [[Siege of Louisbourg|Battle of Louisbourg]].<ref name="ACRG"/>
====Southeast Asia====
Men O' War also operated in other regions of the world, such as the {{Wiki|South China Sea}}. In 1725, the crews of the ''[[Fenghuang]]'' and a [[Dutch East India Company]] ship captained by [[Jan van Aert]] were attacked by two Spanish Men O' War near the [[Philippines]], forcing them to surrender and head to [[Manila]] to be arrested by the Spanish authorities.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]'' [[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple Episode 50|Episode 50]]</ref>


In the years surrounding the [[American Revolutionary War]], the [[Assassins|Assassin]] [[Ratonhnhaké:ton|Connor]] faced many Men O' War along the East Coast with his ship, the ''[[Aquila]]'', and was able to destroy them all, making the trade routes along the coast safer. These Men O' War possessed a significant weakness to chain-shot, which could destroy their masts and cripple them, leaving them an easy target.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed III]]''</ref>
[[File:ACFT - Company Man O' War.png|thumb|190px|An East India Company Man O' War]]
Several Men O' War also formed part of the British [[East India Company]] fleet commanded by the [[Templars|Templar]] [[Grand Master of the Templar Order|Grand Master]] [[Alan Jacob]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple Episode 109|Episode 109]]</ref> However, most of them were sunk, alongside the rest of the Company fleet, during a naval clash near the coast of {{Wiki|Indochina}}, where they had formed a blockade in an ultimately futile attempt to prevent the [[Zhawang Corporation|Zhang Wei Union]] from reaching the mainland.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple Episode 116|Episode 116]]</ref>
 
The Union's fleet itself counted several Men O' War among its numbers, which belonged to either the Dutch East India Company or the pirates recruited by Edward Kenway in [[Jakarta|Batavia]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple Episode 111|Episode 111]]</ref>
 
===Seven Year's War===
During the [[Seven Years' War]] between [[British Empire|Britain]] and [[France]], the Templar [[Shay Cormac]] faced numerous Men O' War in the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic]] with his ship, the ''[[Morrigan]]''. Most notably, Shay fought against French and [[Assassins|Assassin]] warships, due to the Templars being allied with the British during the war.<ref name="ACRG">''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]''</ref>
 
Despite their abundance in the North Atlantic, Men O' War were extremely uncommon in the [[River Valley]], as the waters were too shallow for a ship of that size. Near the end of the war though, the French managed to get a Man O' War into the River Valley, using its mortars to bolster their firepower in the region.<ref name="ACRG"/>
 
[[File:ACRG-Ship battle.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The HMS ''Pembroke'' fighting in the Battle of Louisbourg]]
[[James Cook]] was the captain of a Man O' War, [[HMS Pembroke|HMS ''Pembroke'']], during the Seven Years' War. Shay briefly served as the helmsman of the ''Pembroke'' during the [[Siege of Louisbourg|Battle of Louisbourg]], leading the British fleet to victory against the French.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]'' – [[Men o' War]]</ref>
 
During this period, similarly to the early 18th century, most Men O' War had specific color schemes based on their allegiance. British Men O' War retained their previous color scheme, while French Men O' War had blue and white painted hulls with white sails, and Assassin Men O' War had brown hulls and orange sails.<ref name="ACRG"/>
 
===American Revolution===
In the years surrounding the [[American Revolutionary War]], the Assassin [[Ratonhnhaké:ton]] faced many Men O' War along the East Coast with his ship, the ''[[Aquila]]'', and was able to sink them all, making the trade routes along the coast safer. These Men O' War possessed a significant weakness to chain-shots, which could destroy their masts and cripple them, making them an easier target.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed III]]''</ref>


==Legendary ships==
==Legendary ships==
{{Main|Legendary ship}}
During the early 18th century, there were five "legendary" Men O' War that roamed the four corners of the Caribbean, each with their unique naval warfare styles and construction. Three of them belonged to the Royal Navy while two sailed under the flag of the Spanish Navy.<ref name="AC4"/>
During the early 18th century, there were five "legendary" Men O' War that roamed the four corners of the Caribbean, each with their unique naval warfare styles and construction. Three of them belonged to the Royal Navy while two sailed under the flag of the Spanish Navy.<ref name="AC4"/>


These five ships were significantly more well-armed, faster and armored than any other Men O' War in the Caribbean, and provided a significantly greater challenge to any would-be attacker. Their distinguishing characteristics made them notorious throughout the Caribbean, and they were feared by servicemen and [[Piracy|pirates]] alike.<ref name="AC4"/>
These five ships were significantly more well-armed, faster and armored than any other Men O' War in the Caribbean, and provided a significantly greater challenge to any would-be attacker. Their distinguishing characteristics made them notorious throughout the Caribbean, and they were feared by servicemen and pirates alike.<ref name="AC4"/>


Each of these legendary ships was eventually sunk by [[Edward Kenway]]'s ''[[Jackdaw]]'', and their supply of gold, 20,000 reales on average, claimed by the pirate's crew.<ref name="AC4"/>
[[File:AC4 El Impoluto.png|thumb|250px|''El Impoluto'', one of the legendary ships encountered by Edward Kenway]]
Each of these legendary ships was eventually sunk by Edward Kenway's ''[[Jackdaw]]'', and their supply of gold—20,000 [[real]]es on average—claimed by the pirate's crew.<ref name="AC4"/>


Another pirate, [[Alonzo Batilla]], also encountered several legendary ships, as he traveled across the West Indies. Each ship contained a great sum of coins and occasionally a [[Lost files|lost file]] could be found after a ship had been sunk.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Pirates]]''</ref>  
Another pirate, [[Alonzo Batilla]], also encountered several legendary ships as he traveled across the West Indies. Each ship contained a great sum of coins, and occasionally a [[Lost files|lost file]] could be found after a ship had been sunk.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Pirates]]''</ref>


Years later, around the time of the Seven Years' War, there were seven more of these ships roaming the corners of the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic]], all equipped with heavy armaments and supported by other ships. One of these ships was the fearsome ''[[Storm Fortress]]'', under control of the Assassins. However, Shay Cormac defeated her and the other five ships by using the ''Morrigan''.<ref name="ACRG"/>
Years later, around the time of the Seven Years' War, there were seven more of these ships roaming the corners of the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic]], all equipped with heavy armaments and supported by other ships. One of these ships was the fearsome ''[[Storm Fortress]]'', the flagship of the Assassins' navy. However, Shay Cormac defeated her and the other five ships using the ''Morrigan''.<ref name="ACRG"/>


==Notable Men O' War==
==Notable Men O' War==
Line 33: Line 56:
*[[HMS Courage|HMS ''Courage'']]
*[[HMS Courage|HMS ''Courage'']]
*[[HMS Pembroke|HMS ''Pembroke'']]
*[[HMS Pembroke|HMS ''Pembroke'']]
*''[[King George]]''
*''[[King George (Man O' War)|King George]]''
*''[[Royal Fortune]]''
*''[[Royal Fortune]]''


===Legendary ships===
===Legendary ships===
*''[[Argonaut]]''
*Encountered by [[Edward Kenway]]:
*''[[Cauldron]]''
**''[[El Impoluto]]''
*''[[Couronne]]''
**''[[La Dama Negra]]''
*''[[El Impoluto]]''
**[[HMS Fearless|HMS ''Fearless'']]
*''[[Formidable]]''
**[[HMS Prince|HMS ''Prince'']]
*''[[HMS Devonshire]]''
**''[[Royal Sovereign]]''
*[[HMS Fearless|HMS ''Fearless'']]
*Encountered by [[Alonzo Batilla]]:
*[[HMS Ormonde|HMS ''Ormonde'']]
**[[HMS Devonshire|HMS ''Devonshire'']]
*[[HMS Pembroke (1710)|HMS ''Pembroke'' (1710)]]
**[[HMS Ormonde|HMS ''Ormonde'']]
*[[HMS Prince|HMS ''Prince'']]
**[[HMS Pembroke (1710)|HMS ''Pembroke'']]
*''[[L'Alexandre]]''
**''[[L'Alexandre]]''
*''[[L'Amazone]]''
**''[[L'Amazone]]''
*''[[La Dama Negra]]''
**''[[Le Protée]]''
*''[[Le Protée]]''
**''[[Princesa do Céu]]''
*''[[Pilgrim]]''
**''[[Red Ruin]]''
*''[[Princesa do Céu]]''
**''[[San Pedro]]''
*''[[Red Ruin]]''
**''[[Stalwart]]''
*''[[Royal Sovereign]]''
**''[[Triunfo]]''
*''[[San Pedro]]''
**''[[William Rex]]''
*''[[Sceptre]]''
*Encountered by [[Shay Cormac]]:
*''[[Stalwart]]''
**''[[Argonaut]]''
*''[[Storm Fortress]]''
**''[[Cauldron]]''
*''[[Triunfo]]''
**''[[Couronne]]''
*''[[William Rex]]''
**''[[Formidable]]''
**''[[Pilgrim]]''
**''[[Sceptre]]''
**''[[Storm Fortress]]''


==Trivia==
==Trivia==
*Although the plural for "Man O' War" is "Men O' War", in the ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'' memory "[[Biddle's Hideout]]", [[Richard Clutterbuck]] referred to them as "Man O' Wars".
*In the ''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'' memory "[[Biddle's Hideout]]", [[Richard Clutterbuck]] erroneously referred to the plural of Man O' War as "Man O' Wars", as opposed to the correct term "Men O' War".
*Historically, the official name for Man O' War is Ship-of-the-line and the term was used mainly for British and Colonial Navies.
*Weaker classed Men O' War often lacked front cannons.{{Fact|June 2019}}
*In [[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag|''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'']] and ''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue|Rogue]]'', regular Men O' War can be either level 36, level 49, or level 60, while legendary ships are level 75 (except for the ''Storm Fortress'', which is level 99).
**Also in ''Rogue'', after beating the main story, there are no more Men O' War at level 60 that can be found in the open sea, as only the Assassins are in control of level 60 Men O' War and the order is eradicated at the end of the campaign. They can still be recruited into Shay's fleet by replaying the memory "Cold Fire" in Sequence 6. Shay must ignore the objective and sail straight to Assassin controlled Anticosti where a level 60 Man O' War and level 29 Frigate will spawn, as this memory takes place prior to the destruction of the Colonial Order. Shay must be quick as these ships have a tendency to spawn and immediately despawn unless the Morrigan does damage to them as soon as they spawn.
*In ''Black Flag'', British Men O' War are painted in a colour scheme reminiscent of {{Wiki|HMS Victory|HMS ''Victory''}}, Admiral [[Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson|Horatio Nelson]]'s flagship at the {{Wiki|Battle of Trafalgar}}. HMS ''Victory'' remains a registered Royal Navy vessel and is kept in permanent dry dock in Portsmouth, where she remains the only surviving ship of her class in the world.
 
==Gallery==
<gallery captionalign="center" position="center" widths="180">
AC4 Pirate Hunter Man O War.png|A pirate hunter Man O' War
ACFT - Spanish Men O' War.png|Two Spanish Men O' War
ACFT - Zhang Wei Union fleet.png|Various pirate Men O' War
</gallery>
 
==Appearances==
*''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'' {{1st}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Pirates]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Rebellion]] – [[Dead Men's Gold]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]''


==References==
==References==
Line 71: Line 115:
{{ACP}}
{{ACP}}
{{ACRG}}
{{ACRG}}
{{ACFT}}
<!--[pt-br:Man O' War]-->
[[Category:Men O' War| ]]
[[Category:Men O' War| ]]

Latest revision as of 02:11, 13 May 2026

This article is about the ship class. You may be looking for the memory of a similar name.
A Spanish Man O' War, El Arca del Maestro

The Man O' War (plural: Men O' War) was a type of large warship operated by, among others, the British, French, Spanish and Portuguese navies. The term "Man O' War" itself was not a strict naval classification, unlike frigate, brig, or schooner, and was instead casual terminology used for any grand, imposing ships purposed built for warfare, boasting multiple gun decks, and crewed by heavily armed professional soldiers.

Most Men O' War of the 18th century were properly classified as ship of the line; they often functioned as flagships for fleets due to their tremendous firepower and durability.

History[edit | edit source]

Golden Age of Piracy[edit | edit source]

West Indies[edit | edit source]

During the Golden Age of Piracy in the early 18th century, the Man O' War was among the most well-armed class of warship in operation throughout the Caribbean. Each ship of the class bore three masts, and was capable of fielding up to a hundred guns over three decks; on top of this, they were fitted with mortars, chain-shot, heavy shot and fire barrels, and the sheer amount of material used in their construction made them extremely robust. However, despite all of these major advantages, Men O' War possessed a major weakness in terms of their speed. As they were very slow, a well-armed, smaller ship could outmaneuver their broadsides and still land hits to destroy them.[1]

The Royal Fortune

One of the few Men O' War to fly the pirate colors was Bartholomew Roberts' Royal Fortune, which had originally belonged to the Portuguese Navy before being stolen by Roberts and his crew with the assistance of Edward Kenway. In addition to its side and bow artillery, the ship was also outfitted with stern cannons, ensuring that it could return fire from any direction.[2]

To mark them out from each other, British Men O' War typically had yellow and black painted hulls, while Spanish ones had a reddish-brown coloration. Although not as common, pirate hunter Men O' War also existed and were distinguished by their red and black hulls and red sails.[1]

Southeast Asia[edit | edit source]

Men O' War also operated in other regions of the world, such as the South China Sea. In 1725, the crews of the Fenghuang and a Dutch East India Company ship captained by Jan van Aert were attacked by two Spanish Men O' War near the Philippines, forcing them to surrender and head to Manila to be arrested by the Spanish authorities.[3]

An East India Company Man O' War

Several Men O' War also formed part of the British East India Company fleet commanded by the Templar Grand Master Alan Jacob.[4] However, most of them were sunk, alongside the rest of the Company fleet, during a naval clash near the coast of Indochina, where they had formed a blockade in an ultimately futile attempt to prevent the Zhang Wei Union from reaching the mainland.[5]

The Union's fleet itself counted several Men O' War among its numbers, which belonged to either the Dutch East India Company or the pirates recruited by Edward Kenway in Batavia.[6]

Seven Year's War[edit | edit source]

During the Seven Years' War between Britain and France, the Templar Shay Cormac faced numerous Men O' War in the North Atlantic with his ship, the Morrigan. Most notably, Shay fought against French and Assassin warships, due to the Templars being allied with the British during the war.[7]

Despite their abundance in the North Atlantic, Men O' War were extremely uncommon in the River Valley, as the waters were too shallow for a ship of that size. Near the end of the war though, the French managed to get a Man O' War into the River Valley, using its mortars to bolster their firepower in the region.[7]

The HMS Pembroke fighting in the Battle of Louisbourg

James Cook was the captain of a Man O' War, HMS Pembroke, during the Seven Years' War. Shay briefly served as the helmsman of the Pembroke during the Battle of Louisbourg, leading the British fleet to victory against the French.[8]

During this period, similarly to the early 18th century, most Men O' War had specific color schemes based on their allegiance. British Men O' War retained their previous color scheme, while French Men O' War had blue and white painted hulls with white sails, and Assassin Men O' War had brown hulls and orange sails.[7]

American Revolution[edit | edit source]

In the years surrounding the American Revolutionary War, the Assassin Ratonhnhaké:ton faced many Men O' War along the East Coast with his ship, the Aquila, and was able to sink them all, making the trade routes along the coast safer. These Men O' War possessed a significant weakness to chain-shots, which could destroy their masts and cripple them, making them an easier target.[9]

Legendary ships[edit | edit source]

Main article: Legendary ship

During the early 18th century, there were five "legendary" Men O' War that roamed the four corners of the Caribbean, each with their unique naval warfare styles and construction. Three of them belonged to the Royal Navy while two sailed under the flag of the Spanish Navy.[1]

These five ships were significantly more well-armed, faster and armored than any other Men O' War in the Caribbean, and provided a significantly greater challenge to any would-be attacker. Their distinguishing characteristics made them notorious throughout the Caribbean, and they were feared by servicemen and pirates alike.[1]

El Impoluto, one of the legendary ships encountered by Edward Kenway

Each of these legendary ships was eventually sunk by Edward Kenway's Jackdaw, and their supply of gold—20,000 reales on average—claimed by the pirate's crew.[1]

Another pirate, Alonzo Batilla, also encountered several legendary ships as he traveled across the West Indies. Each ship contained a great sum of coins, and occasionally a lost file could be found after a ship had been sunk.[10]

Years later, around the time of the Seven Years' War, there were seven more of these ships roaming the corners of the North Atlantic, all equipped with heavy armaments and supported by other ships. One of these ships was the fearsome Storm Fortress, the flagship of the Assassins' navy. However, Shay Cormac defeated her and the other five ships using the Morrigan.[7]

Notable Men O' War[edit | edit source]

Legendary ships[edit | edit source]

Trivia[edit | edit source]

  • In the Assassin's Creed III memory "Biddle's Hideout", Richard Clutterbuck erroneously referred to the plural of Man O' War as "Man O' Wars", as opposed to the correct term "Men O' War".
  • Weaker classed Men O' War often lacked front cannons. [citation needed]
  • In Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag and Rogue, regular Men O' War can be either level 36, level 49, or level 60, while legendary ships are level 75 (except for the Storm Fortress, which is level 99).
    • Also in Rogue, after beating the main story, there are no more Men O' War at level 60 that can be found in the open sea, as only the Assassins are in control of level 60 Men O' War and the order is eradicated at the end of the campaign. They can still be recruited into Shay's fleet by replaying the memory "Cold Fire" in Sequence 6. Shay must ignore the objective and sail straight to Assassin controlled Anticosti where a level 60 Man O' War and level 29 Frigate will spawn, as this memory takes place prior to the destruction of the Colonial Order. Shay must be quick as these ships have a tendency to spawn and immediately despawn unless the Morrigan does damage to them as soon as they spawn.
  • In Black Flag, British Men O' War are painted in a colour scheme reminiscent of HMS Victory, Admiral Horatio Nelson's flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar. HMS Victory remains a registered Royal Navy vessel and is kept in permanent dry dock in Portsmouth, where she remains the only surviving ship of her class in the world.

Gallery[edit | edit source]

Appearances[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]