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| {{Era|Realworld}} | | {{DISPLAYTITLE:''{{PAGENAME}}''}} |
| {{Youmay|the Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt|[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Greece]]}} | | {{Era|ACO|Realworld}} |
| {{Stub}}
| | [[File:ACO Discovery Tour Banner.jpg|thumb|250px|Promotional banner]] |
| | | '''''Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt''''' is the ''[[Discovery Tour]]'' educational mode for ''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]''. It was released as a free [[Assassin's Creed: Origins downloadable content|downloadable]] addition on 20 February 2018 and is available for free to those who own the base game, or for purchase as a stand-alone version on PC. In it, players are to free roam the game's map of ancient [[Egypt]] and learn about the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]'s history through a series of guided tours.<ref name="ACO">{{Ubisoft|origins/en-us/news/152-318407-16/this-month-in-assassins-creed%C2%AE-origins-february|This Month in Assassin's Creed: Origins – February|archivedate=20200717111250|subdomain=assassinscreed}}</ref> |
| [[File:ACO_Discovery_Tour_Banner.png|thumb|250px|Promotional banner]] | |
| '''Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt''' is an educational mode for ''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]''. | |
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| The mode was released as a downloadable add-on on 20 February 2018 and is available for free to those who own the base game, or for purchase as a stand-alone version on PC. In it, players are to free roam the game's map of [[Egypt|ancient Egypt]] and learn about the kingdom's history through a series of guided tours.<ref name="ACO">[https://assassinscreed.ubisoft.com/game/en-us/news/152-318407-16/this-month-in-assassins-creed%C2%AE-origins-february This Month in Assassin's Creed: Origins – February]</ref>
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| ==Tours== | | ==Tours== |
| ===Egypt=== | | ===Egypt=== |
| ====The Major Regions of Egypt====
| | {|class="article-table sortable" |
| Learn about the major regions of Egypt.
| | |[[Tours: The Major Regions of Egypt|The Major Regions of Egypt]] |
| | | |[[Tours: Bringer of Life, The Nile River|Bringer of Life, The Nile River]] |
| <tabber>
| | |[[Tours: Deserts of Egypt|Deserts of Egypt]] |
| |-|Lower & Upper Egypt=
| | |[[Tours: The Qattara Depression|The Qattara Depression]] |
| [[File:DT_-_The_Nile_2004.jpg|thumb|150px|The Nile, Egypt]]
| | |- |
| ''Life in ancient [[Egypt]] was concentrated along the shores of the [[Nile]], and divided into two regions.''
| | |[[Tours: Siwa|Siwa]] |
| | | |[[Tours: The Faiyum|The Faiyum]] |
| ''Lower Egypt (north) was situated on the Nile Delta near the Mediterranean, and Upper Egypt was at the south reaching into Africa.''
| | |[[Tours: The City of Memphis|The City of Memphis]] |
| | | |[[Tours: Rediscovering Egypt|Rediscovering Egypt]] |
| ''Due to its proximity to the Mediterranean, temperatures in Lower Egypt were less extreme than in Upper Egypt.''
| | |- |
| {{-}} | | |[[Tours: Natron|Natron]] |
| |-|Two Pharaohs & Crowns= | | |[[Tours: Fauna of Ancient Egypt|Fauna of Ancient Egypt]] |
| [[File:DT - MentuhotepII.jpg|thumb|250px|Relief of [[Mentuhotep II|Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II]] and the Goddess [[Hathor]]]]
| | |[[Tours: Flora of Ancient Egypt|Flora of Ancient Egypt]] |
| ''Until 3100 BCE and the unification of Egypt, each region had its own pharaoh and crown.''
| | |[[Tours: Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs|Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs]] |
| | | |- |
| ''Lower Egypt's crown was red, and marked with symbols of papyrus and bees.''
| | |[[Tours: Jean-François Champollion|Jean-François Champollion]] |
| | | |[[Tours: The Founding of Cyrene|The Founding of Cyrene]] |
| ''Upper Egypt's crown was white with symbols of lotus and sedge grass.''
| | |[[Tours: The Agora & Thermal Baths|The Agora & Thermal Baths]] |
| |-|Memphis and Thebes=
| | |[[Tours: The Temple of Zeus in Cyrene|The Temple of Zeus in Cyrene]] |
| [[File:DT - Temple of Ptah.png|thumb|250px|Temple of Ptah, Memphis]]
| | |- |
| ''Both regions had competing major cities, most notably [[Memphis]] in Lower Egypt, and Thebes in Upper Egypt.''
| | |[[Tours: Important Monuments of Cyrene|Important Monuments of Cyrene]] |
| | | |[[Tours: The Acropolis of Cyrene|The Acropolis of Cyrene]] |
| ''There were different religious cults in both regions, each worshipping their own major gods.''
| | |[[Tours: The Gladiator Arena|The Gladiator Arena]] |
| {{-}}
| | |[[Tours: Major Exports of Cyrene|Major Exports of Cyrene]] |
| |-|Representation in Temples=
| | |} |
| [[File:DT_-_Perfume_burner.jpg|thumb|150px|Perfume burner, composite, with stand]]
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| ''Many of the temples were designed in such a way as to represent the two regions, and ceremonies often incorporated Upper and Lower Egypt in their rituals.''
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| {{-}}
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| </tabber>
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| ====Bringer of Life, The Nile River====
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| Learn about the river Nile and it's importance to the development of ancient Egyptian civilization.
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| <tabber>
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| |-|Topology=
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| [[File:DT_-_Nile_river.jpg|thumb|250px|The Nile River]]
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| ''The ancient [[Egypt]]ians called the dark fertile soil of the [[Nile]] "the black lands," and the surrounding desert was referred to as "the red lands."''
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| ''The dramatic difference of productive land opposed to barren desert had a deep influence on cultural ideology, mythology and religion.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Three Seasons= | |
| [[File:Martin Deschambault - ACO Nile.png|thumb|250px|The Nile]] | |
| ''The Nile determined much of Egyptian civilization. For example, the seasonal cycle of the Nile was so consistent that ancient Egyptians created their calendar around it.''
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| ''The flood season, or Akhet, was when the departing floodwaters left arable soil for crops. It was followed by the growing and harvesting seasons known as Peret and Shemu.''
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| ''These regular seasons along with abundant wildlife and rich soil meant that Egypt's denizens were able to nourish themselves, and their country’s strength in trade.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Ribbon of Life= | |
| [[File:DT_-_Memphis_Nile.jpg|thumb|250px|Memphis]]
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| ''The river Nile, flowing from the south to the north, neatly traversed through both Upper and Lower Egpyt.''
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| ''All of Egypt's major cities were built along this narrow ribbon of life.''
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| ''Protected by mountain ranges and deserts which acted as natural barriers to enemies, and sustained by the Nile's plants and wildlife, Egyptian civilization enjoyed economic and cultural prosperity for over 4000 years.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Hapi, Neilos, Nile=
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| [[File:DT - The Nile 2004.jpg|thumb|150px|The Nile, Egypt]]
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| ''Both ancient Egyptians and ancient [[Greece|Greeks]] referred to the Nile as "the river" in their respective languages.''
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| ''Stretching a distance of over 6700 kilometers, the Nile is one of the longest rivers in the world. It flows south to north, spanning eleven countries.''
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| ''The river Nile originates in the region of the great subequatorial lakes, including one of the largest in the world, {{Wiki|Lake Victoria}} near {{Wiki|Tanzania}}.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Geography=
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| [[File:Martin Deschambault - Nile 2015.png|thumb|250px|The Nile]] | |
| ''The river flows through African equatorial forests, swamps, volcanic lands, steppes and deserts, splitting apart for a while, and picking up various sediments from each region and carrying them all the way to Egypt.''
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| ''Its main artery, known as the White Nile, rejoins with the Blue Nile in {{Wiki|Khartoum}}. This is where it weaves through rich deposits of silt and nutrients, carrying them along in its wake.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Cataracts of the Nile=
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| [[File:DT - Nile cataract Nubia.png|thumb|250px|View of the second cataract, from [[Nubia]]]]
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| ''The Nile crosses six cataracts from the south to the north, creating natural obstacles between the various sections of the river.''
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| ''The cataracts are long zones of about 100 kilometers where the bubbling and rapidly
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| swirling waters advance tumultuously amid enormous heaps of rocks and benches of hard stone.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|The Nile of Egypt= | |
| [[File:DT - Nile cataract Egypt.png|thumb|250px|View of the first cataract, from {{Wiki|Philae}}]]
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| ''It is after crossing Nubia and the first cataract that the river officially returns to Egypt, In {{Wiki|Aswan}}.''
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| ''There are still a thousand kilometers before it reaches [[Cairo]] and the [[Nile|Delta]], bringing life to those living on its shores, before it eventually empties into the Mediterranean Sea.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Water Sources=
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| [[File:DT_-_The_Nile_2004 (Cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|The Nile, Egypt]]
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| ''Ancient Egyptian irrigation and water use was centered around the Nile. However, they also had access to streams and rivers, as well as several large lakes.''
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| ''The Delta, situated at the north end of the Nile also known as Lower Egypt, is a large irrigated area where the river splits into several tributaries.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Lakes=
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| [[File:DT_-_Tomb_of_Menna.jpg|thumb|[[Menna (official)|Menna]] and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna]] | |
| ''The Delta had several major brackish coastal lakes, bodies of water separated from the sea by thin strips of land.''
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| ''A mix of deep to shallow waters, salt swamps and sand plains, these lakes were refuge to a wealth of species, as well as water and land plants.''
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| ''The occasional [[Bandits|bandit]] could also be found, sheltering within the denser reeds, waiting for the unwary traveler.''
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| {{-}}
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| </tabber>
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| | |
| ====Deserts of Egypt====
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| Learn about the deserts which cover 94% of Egypt.
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| <tabber>
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| |-|Western & Eastern Deserts= | |
| [[File:DT_-_Wadi_Al-Hitan.jpg|thumb|150px|Wadi Al-Hitan (The Valley of Whales), by Véronique Dauge]]
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| ''Reaching out on either side of the lush [[Nile]] are the harsh arid Western Desert and the mountainous Eastern Desert. They cover nearly 94% of Egypt.''
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| ''Each of these parent deserts have their own microclimate, and contain several smaller deserts with a distinct fauna and flora.''
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| ''[[Whale]] fossils were discovered within the depths of the Sahara. Known as the Valley of the Whales, this location is evidence of the seas which once covered the area.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|White Desert= | |
| ''The [[White Desert]] in the northeast of the Sahara owes its name to its limestone soil contrasting with the yellow sand.''
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| ''The wind has eroded the rocks of the White Desert into stone mushrooms, the most famous of which is referred to as the Finger of God.''
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| |-|Oceans of Sand=
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| [[File:DT - The Nile 2004.jpg|thumb|150px|The Nile, Egypt]] | |
| ''The Great Sand Sea is a large unbroken desert that reaches out through western Egypt and eastern [[Libya]].''
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| | |
| ''It is home to a unique geological formation known as Libyan [[silica]] glass. The pale yellowish-green material ranges from pebble-sized fragments to glass rocks the size of rough boulders.''
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| {{-}}
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| </tabber>
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| | |
| ====The Qattara Depression====
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| Learn about the Qattara Depression, in north-western Egypt.
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| <tabber>
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| |-|Sand and Salt=
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| [[File:DT_-_Dust_storm_Egypt.jpg|thumb|200px|Dust Storm in Egypt]]
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| ''The [[Qattara Depression]] is located in the northwest part of [[Egypt]].''
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| | |
| ''Reaching 18,000 square kilometers, the basin is 133 meters below sea level and covered with salt.''
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| ''It is the second lowest point in [[Africa]], after the {{Wiki|Afar Triangle|Afar Depression}}.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Inhospitable Environment= | |
| ''The climate is very arid, with average temperatures reaching 36 degrees Celsius.''
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| ''The famous [[Siwa|Siwa Oasis]] is located on the protected southwestern region.''
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| | |
| ''Today, the Qattara Depression is utilized for oil exploration.''
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| </tabber>
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| | |
| ====Siwa====
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| Learn about the geography and importance of the oasis of Siwa.
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| <tabber>
| |
| |-|Introduction=
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| [[File:DT_-_Siwa_acropolis.jpg|thumb|250px|Aerial view of Siwa]] | |
| ''The [[Siwa|Siwa Oasis]] is in the Western Desert of [[Egypt]].''
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| | |
| ''Geographically, the Siwan Oasis is located in a depression 20 meters below sea level. Its natural springs and warm climates aided in the bountiful production of date trees.''
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| ''Though clearly influenced to some degree by Egyptian and [[Africa]]n culture, the area's isolation resulted in a unique society and language.''
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| ''While they worshipped the same deities, Siwan temple architecture differed from traditional Egyptian temples.''
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| |-|Oases=
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| [[File:DT - Louis Maurice Siwa.png|thumb|250px|General View of the Siwa Oasis]]
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| ''Old Kingdom Egyptians referred to the Oasis as cauldron, due to its unique geographical structure.''
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| | |
| ''Oases were crucial for nomadic tribes and carvans. Without them, there was no chance of survival in an otherwise harsh landscape.''
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| | |
| ''As such, oases quickly became hubs for trade, as well as areas of political control.''
| |
| |-|North-South Orientation= | |
| [[File:DT - The Nile 2004 (Cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|The Nile, Egypt]] | |
| ''Because of the dry climate there is very little rainfall to sustain the oases. Instead, underground rivers flood the natural basins.''
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| | |
| ''Since many oases have a north-south orientation parallel to the Nile, some geologists suggest they were once tributaries of the mighty river.''
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| ''There is evidence that some ancient Egyptians attempted to create some oases.''
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| |-|Libyan Oases=
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| [[File:DT_-_Dust_storm_Egypt_(cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|Dust Storm in Egypt]] | |
| ''The Libyan oases are the best known, as they are geographically and culturally linked to the Nile Valley and the Delta.''
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| | |
| ''These western oases have a distinct geology from the other regions of Egypt.''
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| ''The most famous and important oases are {{Wiki|Kharga Oasis|Kharga}}, {{Wiki|Dakhla, Western Sahara|Dakhla}}, {{Wiki|Farafra, Egypt|Farafra}}, {{Wiki|Bahariya|Baharia}} and Siwa.''
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| |-|Cleopatra's Bath=
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| [[File:DT - Siwa_Oasis,_Qesm_Siwah,_Matrouh_Governorate,_Egypt.jpg|thumb|250px|Siwa Oasis, Qesm Siwah, Matrouh Governorate, Egypt]]
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| ''The Spring of the Sun is one of the many thermal sources in Siwa with the particularity that [[Cleopatra]] would have bathed in this one, giving it its name.''
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| ''The presence of the source beneath was attested already by [[Herodotos|Herodotus]] during the 5th century BCE, when the oasis was called Ammoneion by the [[Greece|Greeks]] of [[Cyrene]].''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Oracle of Amun= | |
| [[File:DT_-_Zeus_Ammon_on_throne.jpg|thumb|150px|Zeus Ammon on a throne]] | |
| ''[[Pythia|Oracles]] predicted the future, delivered omens that could be more or less obscure, and offered divine guidance.''
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| ''The Siwan Oracle was considered of the three greatest of the ancient world, alongside the oracles of [[Sanctuary of Delphi|Delphi]] and {{Wiki|Dodoni}}.''
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| ''Because of the Greek colonies in [[Cyrenaica]], the temple associated Zeus with the worship of Amun.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Alexander the Great, Son of Ammon=
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| [[File:DT_-_Alexander_the_Great_Pharaoh.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Alexander the Great]] as Pharaoh, [[Karnak]], [[Temple of Amun|Temple of Amon]], by Jean Binot]] | |
| ''It is no wonder that [[Alexander the Great]] made the perilous journey to Siwa in order to consult the oracle, emulating the actions of mythical heroes such as [[Herakles|Hercules]] and [[Perseus]].''
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| ''This action earned the approval of the oracle, who validated his claim as Pharaoh of Egypt.''
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| ''He was confirmed as the son of [[Amun|Ammon]], conferring upon him the most legitimate claim to date of all Egypt's foreign invaders.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Predicting Victory=
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| [[File:DT - Oracle of Siwa.jpg|thumb|250px|Oracle of Siwa]] | |
| ''The powerful and the rich would send gifts or travel great distances in order to ensure their good fortune by gaining the blessing of the Oracle of Siwa. Every successful blessing only increased the soothsayer's prestige.''
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| ''Runner [[Eubotas of Cyrene|Eubotas]], a famous citizen of Cyrene, consulted the Oracle in order to win the 93rd Olympic games race in 408 BCE. He did, enhancing the standing of the Siwan Oracle in the process.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|The Ram-Headed Sphinxes= | |
| [[File:DT_-_Amun_protecting_King_Taharqa.jpg|thumb|250px|Colossal statue of Amun protecting King Taharqa]] | |
| '''Behind the scenes'''<br />
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| ''The temple of the Oracle of Amun was built in the 6th Century BCE, by Pharaoh [[Amasis II|Amasis]].''
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| ''In the game, its entrance is guarded by ram-headed sphinxes, the animal representing Amun. They were inspired by a similar statuary located at the {{Wiki|British Museum}}.''
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| ''Another option would have a Greek-influenced representation of Zeus-Ammon: a human-headed sphinx with horns. This representation of Zeus-Ammon was very popular in Siwa.''
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| {{-}}
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| </tabber>
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| ====The Faiyum====
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| <tabber>
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| |-|The Oasis=
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| |-|Lake Moeris=
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| |-|Transports on Water=
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| |-|Amenemhat III's Pyramid=
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| |-|Recreating the Pyramid=
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| |-|Krokodilopolis=
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| |-|Town of Sobek=
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| |-|Sobek or Soukhos=
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| </tabber>
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| ====The City of Memphis====
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| <tabber>
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| |-|Cities and Regions=
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| |-|Memphis, Thebes & Sais=
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| |-|The First Capital=
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| |-|The White Walls=
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| </tabber>
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| ====Rediscovering Egypt====
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| <tabber>
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| |-|Mass Pillaging=
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| |-|Early Organization=
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| |-|The Dawn of Scientific Archeology=
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| |-|A Unique Contribution=
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| |-|The Art of Jean-Claude Golvin=
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| |-|A New Era for Egyptology=
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| |-|Excavations Today=
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| </tabber>
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| ====Natron====
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| ====Fauna of Ancient Egypt====
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| ====Flora of Ancient Egypt====
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| <tabber>
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| |-|A Wide Variety of Plants=
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| The climate and unique geography of the Nile
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| Delta offered a wide variety of plant species.
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| Many of these plants served as sustenance for
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| ancient Egyptians, and as crops for trade.
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| The Nile's consistent seasons allowed Egypt to
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| sustain itself for centuries.
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| |-|Papyrus=
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| Possibly the most useful of the plants was the
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| papyrus. This tall sedge plant grew in abundance
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| along the water's edge of the Nile.
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| Commontly known for its use as paper, the ancient
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| Egyptians found many other functions for it,
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| including rope, sandals and mats.
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| Papyriform boats made from the plant are seen in
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| paintings and reliefs, and were used in ritualistic
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| ceremonies.
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| |-|Fruit Trees=
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| There were many types of trees along the river
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| Nile, such as the date palm, carob and tamarisk.
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| The earliest fruit tree cultivated was the fig tree,
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| followed by apple, pomegranate and eventually
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| olive trees during the era of the New Kingdom.
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| Mango cultivation was the result of a late import
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| from Asia during the Middle Ages.
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| |-|Embodiments of Divinity=
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| Some trees were associated with gods, such as
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| the acacia with Horus.
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| The divinities Thoth and Seshat were depicted
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| inscribing the reign of the king into a persea tree.
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| The sycamore was connected with the goddess
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| Iset, patron of the Ritual of Life.
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| </tabber>
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| ====Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphs====
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| ====Jean-François Champollion====
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| ====The Founding of Cyrene====
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| Learn about the city of Cyrene.
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| <tabber>
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| |-|Cyrenaica=
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| [[File:DT_-_Map_of_the_World_by_Eratosthenes_of_Cyrene.jpg|thumb|250px|Map of the world by Eratosthenes of Cyrene, circa 240 BCE]]
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| ''[[Cyrenaica]] stretches across the coast of northwest [[Africa]]. It was known as Pentopolis in antiquity, a reference to the five main cities that formed the [[Greece|Greek]] colonies.''
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| <br />
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| ''Built on a lush plateau of the [[Green Mountains]] in what is present day [[Libya]], a colony of Greek settlers formed the city in 630 BCE.''
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| <br />
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| ''[[Cyrene]]'s population quickly grew, spreading out across the terraces of the plateau, making it the first and largest of the five colonies.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Cyrene=
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| [[File:DT - Arcesilaus Cup.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Arcesilaus II of Cyrene|Arcesilaus II]], king of [[Cyrene]], supervising the weighing and storage of [[silphium]].]]
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| ''The city of Cyrene was founded by [[Battos Aristottle]], guided by the [[Pythia|Oracle of Delphi]].''
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| <br />
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| ''Overcrowded and suffering from drought, Battos's home island of [[Thera]] could not sustain its citizens. Battos consulted the oracle who told them to journey to the North African coast in search of arable land.''
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| <br />
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| ''A series of kings reigned over the city in the first two centuries. However, rebellion eventually ended the monarchy and henceforth, the city was governed by the aristocracy.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Cyrene's Key Features= | |
| [[File:DT - Agora of Cyrene.png|thumb|250px|Agora of Cyrene]] | |
| ''The key features of Cyrene were temples dedicated to gods: [[Apollonion of Cyrene|Apollo]], [[Demeter]] and [[Temple of Zeus, Cyrene|Zeus]] alongside Ptolemaic gods such as [[Isis|Iset]] and [[Serapis]].''
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| <br />
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| ''A large [[Agora of Cyrene|agora]] defined the city center, and on the western edge, the famed [[Roman Akropolis|Acropolis]] was built.''
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| <br />
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| ''A fortification wall was added around the harbor at the end of the 2nd century CE. As the city grew, more buildings were constructed beyond the walls.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|An Economic Powerhouse= | |
| [[File:DT_-_Aristippos.jpg|thumb|250px|Two-faced bust, likely Aristippus of Cyrene and his daughter, Arete]] | |
| ''Under Roman influence Cyrene became an economic powerhouse, rising in status
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| throughout the Mediterranean.''
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| <br />
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| ''Cyrene's school of medicine rivaled all others except for that of the Greek city [[Kos|Cos]].''
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| <br />
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| ''Some of the great minds in ancient math, astronomy and geography were born or established in the various schools of the city, which included an institute of philosophy founded by [[Aristippos]], a pupil of [[Sokrates|Socrates]].''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|The Fall of Cyrene=
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| [[File:DT - Cyrene statue.jpg|thumb|150px|Statue of a draped woman, acephalous]]
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| ''From 115 to 117 CE there was a [[Kitos War|revolt]] in the [[Jews|Jewish]] quarter that greatly damaged the city of Cyrene.''
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| <br />
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| ''Over time, a succession of battles, poor management of its silphium crop and earthquakes eventually took their toll on the city.''
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| <br />
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| ''It was completely abandoned in 365 CE.''
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| {{-}}
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| |-|Cyrene & Apollonia=
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| [[File:DT - Cyrene & Apollonia.png|thumb|250px|Apollonia]]
| |
| ''The nearby port of [[Apollonia]] was an ideal location with its natural cove, sheltered by two islands and rocky inlets.''
| |
| <br />
| |
| ''Along with a lighthouse, the port was later equipped with quays and warehouses to accommodate the increased shipping traffic.''
| |
| {{-}}
| |
| |-|Apollonia's Fate=
| |
| [[File:DT_-_Apollonia_ruins.jpg|thumb|250px|Apollonia Ruins On Landscape Against Cloudy Sky]] | |
| ''With its success as a commercial trading port, Apollonia surpassed Cyrene to eventually become the capital of the Pentapolis.''
| |
| <br />
| |
| ''A number of earthquakes gradually shifted the city causing many of its original structures to sink. Some of its ruins can still be seen underwater.''
| |
| {{-}}
| |
| </tabber>
| |
| | |
| ====The Agora & Thermal Baths====
| |
| | |
| ====The Temple of Zeus in Cyrene====
| |
| | |
| ====Important Monuments of Cyrene====
| |
| | |
| ====The Acropolis of Cyrene====
| |
| <tabber>
| |
| |-|The Acropolis Ward= | |
| Located on the western edge of city, Cyrene's
| |
| acropolis was smaller than the one in Athens,
| |
| though its high vantage point provided protection
| |
| for the city.
| |
| | |
| At its entrance was a single door, flanked by two
| |
| towers. An inscription, Legible to this day, states
| |
| that the walls and the citadel were restored in the
| |
| time of Augustus.
| |
| |-|Statuette of Berenice= | |
| A number of statuettes have been excavated from
| |
| the site, including one of Berenice, the daughter
| |
| of Magus the king of Cyrene, and half-brother of
| |
| Ptolemy ll.
| |
| | |
| At the northeast tower, there is a sanctuary
| |
| consisting of two small temples with a vestibule,
| |
| and an altar believed to be that of Serapis and
| |
| Iset.
| |
| | |
| When the temples were excavated,
| |
| archaeologists found traces of fire damage;
| |
| however there are no indications as to when this
| |
| fire occured.
| |
| |-|20th Century Fortification*=
| |
| In the 20th century, a fortification was built above
| |
| the ward, to defend against an invading army.
| |
| | |
| It covered the ancient remains of nearby Roman
| |
| houses entirely, and archaeologists have yet to
| |
| fully excavate them.
| |
| </tabber>
| |
| | |
| ====The Gladiator Arena====
| |
| | |
| ====Major Exports of Cyrene====
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Pyramids=== | | ===Pyramids=== |
| ====The Origin of the Pyramid==== | | {|class="article-table sortable" |
| | | |[[Tours: The Origin of the Pyramid|The Origin of the Pyramid]] |
| ====The Step Pyramid Complex of Djoser====
| | |[[Tours: The Step Pyramid Complex of Djoser|The Step Pyramid Complex of Djoser]] |
| | | |[[Tours: Inside Djoser's Step Pyramid|Inside Djoser's Step Pyramid]] |
| ====Inside Djoser's Step Pyramid====
| | |[[Tours: Sneferu's First Pyramid|Sneferu's First Pyramid]] |
| | | |- |
| ====Sneferu's First Pyramid====
| | |[[Tours: The Bent Pyramid of Dahshur|The Bent Pyramid of Dahshur]] |
| | | |[[Tours: The Red Pyramid of Dahshur|The Red Pyramid of Dahshur]] |
| ====The Bent Pyramid of Dahshur====
| | |[[Tours: Pyramids of the Middle Kingdom|Pyramids of the Middle Kingdom]] |
| | | |[[Tours: An Overview of the Giza Necropolis|An Overview of the Giza Necropolis]] |
| ====The Red Pyramid of Dahshur====
| | |- |
| | | |[[Tours: The Riddles of the Sphinx|The Riddles of the Sphinx]] |
| ====Pyramids of the Middle Kingdom====
| | |[[Tours: Khufu's Funerary Complex|Khufu's Funerary Complex]] |
| <tabber>
| | |[[Tours: The Secrets of the Great Pyramid|The Secrets of the Great Pyramid]] |
| |-|Revival of Pyramids= | | |[[Tours: The Great Pyramid: Subterranean Chamber|The Great Pyramid: Subterranean Chamber]] |
| During the Middle Kingdom era, the powerful
| | |- |
| rulers of the 12th dynasty resumed the tradition
| | |[[Tours: The Great Pyramid of Giza: Upper Chambers|The Great Pyramid of Giza: Upper Chambers]] |
| of elaborate pyramidal tombs. | | |[[Tours: Jean-Pierre Houdin's Theories|Jean-Pierre Houdin's Theories]] |
| | | |[[Tours: Khafre's Funerary Complex|Khafre's Funerary Complex]] |
| For example, Amenemhbat | built a funerary
| | |[[Tours: Menkaure's Funerary Complex|Menkaure's Funerary Complex]] |
| complex in Lisht, and Senwosret |l selected the
| | |} |
| Illahoun site in the Faiyum. Amenemhat |! and
| |
| Sesostris Ill however, cast their favor towards
| |
| Dahshur. Amenembhat III built a pyramid there as | |
| well before moving to Hawara in the Faiyum.
| |
| |-|Smaller & Elaborate=
| |
| The plundering of tombs in troubled times | |
| prompted the architects of the Middle Kingdom to
| |
| devise increasingly complicated means of
| |
| security during construction.
| |
| | |
| Às such, while the architectural plans of the
| |
| Hawara pyramid were simpler than the one at
| |
| Dahshur, the means used to protect it from
| |
| looters were much more elaborate.
| |
| | |
| Beyond the use of blind passages and concealed
| |
| trapdoors, the architects relied on a system of
| |
| stone slabs which were slid into place at the end
| |
| of construction. These massive stone stabs were
| |
| meant to permanently block the passageways
| |
| leading to the funerary chambers.
| |
| |-|The Decline of Pyramids=
| |
| The kings of the 13th Dynasty began building their
| |
| pyramids at Mazghouna, south of Dahshur, then
| |
| moved on to Faiyum and Abydos.
| |
| | |
| The kings of the 17th dynasty, however, satisfied
| |
| themselves with crowning their cave tombs with
| |
| small pyramids of raw brick.
| |
| | |
| The kings of the 18th dynasty gave up the shape
| |
| of the pyramid as a royal tomb entirely. They
| |
| chose a mountain with a pyramidal shape in the
| |
| Valley of Kings, and dug their graves there.
| |
| |-|A Legacy=
| |
| Itwas not until the Nubian pharaohs of the 25th
| |
| dynasty that kings were once again buried under
| |
| pyramidal tombs. In fact today, the area of
| |
| ancient Nubia, modern Sudan, contains a record
| |
| number of 220 known pyramids, to Egypt's 138.
| |
| Despite their slow decline in use and quality,
| |
| pyramids continued to fascinate all and sundry,
| |
| up to the Roman era.
| |
| | |
| They remain to this day a symbol of the religious
| |
| dedication of the Pharaohs, and the grandeur of
| |
| ancient Egypt.
| |
| </tabber>
| |
| | |
| ====An Overview of The Giza Necropolis====
| |
| <tabber>
| |
| |-|The Giza Plateau= | |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''The Giza plateau is located on the West Bank of the Nile, and was considered by ancient Egyptians as the domain of the dead.<br>The pyramidal complexes found there were built over the span of three generations, during the reign of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure.''
| |
| |-|An Immense Funerary Complex=
| |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''The Giza area, now famous for its three pyramidsm is part of a wider grouping of funerary complexes. Rulers from this period generally elected to be buried in the area.<br>The focal point of the entire region was the city of Memphis, chosen as the capital of Egypt at the beginning of the Old Kingdom.''
| |
| |-|A Strict Alignment= | |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''The placement of the Giza monuments and particularly that of the pyramids, followed a practical, yet strict alignment. First they focused on cardinal points, and then they accounted for the natural geology of the plateau.''
| |
| </tabber>
| |
| ====The Riddles of the Sphinx====
| |
| | |
| ====Khufu's Funerary Complex====
| |
| | |
| ====The Secrets of the Great Pyramid====
| |
| | |
| ====The Great Pyramid: Subterranean Chamber====
| |
| | |
| ====The Great Pyramid of Giza: Upper Chambers====
| |
| | |
| ====Jean-Pierre Houdin's Theories====
| |
| | |
| ====Khafre's Funerary Complex====
| |
| | |
| ====Menkaure's Funerary Complex====
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Alexandria=== | | ===Alexandria=== |
| ====The Greek Pharaohs==== | | {|class="article-table sortable" |
| <tabber>
| | |[[Tours: The Greek Pharaohs|The Greek Pharaohs]] |
| |-|The Divine Pharaoh=
| | |[[Tours: Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt|Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt]] |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''Pharaohs were considered divine incarnations of the gods. As an avatar of the gods living on earth, the pharaoh's role was to preserve fundamental values and universal harmony by removing chaos, isfet, and ensure that justice, maat, prevailed.<br><br>The pharaoh, by divine ancestry and through multiple offerings, was the bond that unites the world of men to the world of the gods and allows the maintenance of the cosmic order.''
| | |[[Tours: The Siege of Alexandria|The Siege of Alexandria]] |
| | | |[[Tours: Introduction to Alexandria|Introduction to Alexandria]] |
| |-|The Ptolemaic Dynasty= | | |- |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''The [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic dynasty]] reigned over Egypt from 305 BCE to 30 BCE.<br><br>The dynasty was called the Ptolemies of the Lagides in recognition of the founder of the Dynasty, [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy Lagos]], a Greek general and close friend of Alexander the Great.<br><br>While [[Makedonia|Macedonian]], Ptolemy Lagos understood that to be accepted by the Egyptian people, he would have to adopt their traditions. Upon assuming the title of pharaoh he changed his name to Ptolemy I Soter, meaning "savior."''
| | |[[Tours: Alexandria: Planning of the City|Alexandria: Planning of the City]] |
| | | |[[Tours: Alexandria: A Commerical Hub|Alexandria: A Commerical Hub]] |
| |-|Alexander The Great=
| | |[[Tours: Alexandria, City of Celebration|Alexandria, City of Celebration]] |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''Born in 356 BCE, Alexander the Great went through a hasty education in the affairs of the kingdom before integrating into the Macedonian army, where he quickly rose through the ranks.<br><br>After his father's assassination in 336 BCE, which some believed was orchestrated by Alexander himself, he became king of Macedonia.<br><br>Rule of a unified kingdom and leader of a large army, Alexander set his sights on conquest. Eager to reclaim Greek cities of [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]], he took on the [[Persia]]n forces, earning victory after victory.''
| | |[[Tours: Education in Alexandria|Education in Alexandria]] |
| | | |- |
| |-|Son of Ammon= | | |[[Tours: The Great Library of Alexandria|The Great Library of Alexandria]] |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''Ever victorious, Alexander the Great marched on, laying siege to city after city, until he reached Egypt, where the Persians were defeated yet again.<br><br>Viewed as a liberator by the Egyptian people, Alexander decided to become pharaoh in blue form. He traveled to [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] to make a sacrifice to [[Apis]], then went to the oasis of [[Siwa]], where he was proclaimed son of [[Amun|Ammon]].<br><br>Official pharaoh of Egypt, Alexander spent much of the winter there, and founded the city of Alexandria.<br><br>Perhaps not coincidentally, being pharaoh allowed Alexander to spread propaganda to prepare further conquests. He resumed his military campaigns in 331 BCE.''
| | |[[Tours: The Mouseion of Alexandria|The Mouseion of Alexandria]] |
| | | |[[Tours: The Serapeion of Alexandria|The Serapeion of Alexandria]] |
| |-|Ptolemy I Soter= | | |[[Tours: The Island of Pharos|The Island of Pharos]] |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''On his deathbed in 323 BCE, Alexander the Great gifted the satrapy of Egypt to Ptolemy Lagos.<br><br>Perfectly aware of the value of Egypt, Ptolemy ensured not only the stability of the country's borders, but also its economic and military development. At the same time, he worked with the Egyptian elite to maintain the interal order of the country.<br><br>By 305 BCE, Ptolemy, well respected both in Egypt and in the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]], was at the head of the largest fleet of the Hellenistic world.<br><br>Ptolemy officially took the title of pharaoh of Egypt in January 304 BCE, on the anniversary of Alexander the Great's death.''
| | |- |
| | | |[[Tours: The Paneion|The Paneion]] |
| |-|The Tomb of Alexander The Great= | | |[[Tours: The Hippodrome of Alexandria|The Hippodrome of Alexandria]] |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''Alexander died in [[Babylon]] in 323 BCE. His remains were placed first in a solid gold sarcophagus, and then within another.<br><br>The casket was carried in a an ornate custom wagon, glided and set with precious stones and pulled by sixty-four mules crowned in gold. The funeral procession was diverted to a [[Tomb of Alexander the Great|grandiose temple]] in Alexandria built in the conqueror's honor, under the orders of Ptolemy I.''
| | |} |
| | |
| |-|The Last Hero of Antiquity=
| |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''[[Julius Caesar]] visited Alexander's tomb at the capture of Alexandria, and the Roman Emperor [[Augustus]] reported placed flowers there.<br><br>However, though many powerful leaders claimed to have visited it, the tomb's location has gone missing from history.<br><br>Some accounts do state that the golden coffin was replaced by a glass sarcophagus, probably by [[Ptolemy X Alexander I|Ptolemy X]]. It is also implied that Cleopatra may have plundered the tomb in a time of financial crisis.''
| |
| | |
| </tabber>
| |
| | |
| ====Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt====
| |
| | |
| ====The Siege of Alexandria====
| |
| | |
| ====Introduction to Alexandria====
| |
| | |
| ====Alexandria: Planning of the City====
| |
| '''Learn about the design and layout of the city of [[Alexandria]].'''
| |
| | |
| <tabber>
| |
| |-|Legendary Site= | |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''[[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s plan to build his great city began with a verse from [[Homer]]'s [[Odyssey]].<br><br>"There is, in front of [[Egypt]], in the sea with many swells, an island called Pharos."<br><br>Guided by these clues, Alexander the Great founded his future city at the western end of the [[Nile|Nile Delta]].''
| |
| | |
| |-|Choosing The Site=
| |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''Though Alexander considered this location ideal for his great city, it presented considerable challenges.<br><br>Too difficult to access during storms, the surrounding swamps threatened disease, and the limestone soil prevented the growth of healthy crops.<br><br>However, due to the influence of his mentor [[Aristotle]], Alexander the Great recognized that the true value was its strategic emplacement.<br><br>Alexander knew that in controlling {{Wiki|Pelusium}} to the east, [[Memphis]] to the south and his crowning glory, Alexandria to the west, he would create a triangular stronghold allowing him to control the entire Delta while giving him access to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]].''
| |
| | |
| |-|The Walls of Alexandria=
| |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''The great walls of Alexandria had a humble beginning. Lacking chalk to outline the future city's foundations, architects were forced to use flour instead.<br><br>Clouds of migrating birds swept down and ate the flour, erasing the plans. This prompted Alexander to seek guidance from the oracles, who reassured him that his future city was destined to feed a large population.''
| |
| | |
| |-|Massive Proportions= | |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''Excavations led by Mahmoud bey El-Falaki in the 19th century revealed that the wall enclosure measured approximately 5.2 kilometers in length, and 2.2 kilometers in width. It was roughly 9 meters in height.''
| |
| | |
| |-|Impregnable Defense=
| |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''These formidable ancient walls would resist a number of attacks, including fending off the {{Wiki|Antiochus IV Epiphanes|king}} of [[Syria]] in 169 BCE.<br><br>It wasn't until 295 CE that they eventually fell to [[Roman Empire|Roman Emperor]] [[Diocletian]], and this only after eight months of relentless assault.''
| |
| | |
| |-|City Design=
| |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''Alexandria's principle architect, {{Wiki|Dinocrates|Deinokrates}}, chose a Hippodamian grid plan.<br><br>The grid maximized functionality, with wide straight roads and canals running beneath them.<br><br>Alexander recognized the military value of the city's design. The wide parallel streets gave him optimal surveilance of the city while allowing the unobstructed flow of troops.''
| |
| | |
| |-|Functional & Beautiful=
| |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''A central corridor ran from the Mediterranean's north port down to [[Lake Mareotis]] to the south. This thoroughfare acted as an unobstructed link for commercial trade and travel between the two ports.<br><br>Many of the streets were bordered with grand buildings and parks, including the Canopic Street with its impressive gate bordering the eastern end.''
| |
| | |
| |-|A Greek City= | |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''Alexandria was most likely built upon an already existing Egyptian village.<br><br>Upon its completion, the Egyptians reviled the city, refusing to call it by its founder's name. Instead, they called it Ra-qed, "the building." as a mark of disdain, which was later Hellenized into Rhakotis.<br><br>Despite this, the name Alexandria would remain.''
| |
| | |
| </tabber>
| |
| | |
| ====Alexandria: A Commercial Hub====
| |
| | |
| ====Alexandria, City of Celebration====
| |
| | |
| ====Education in Alexandria====
| |
| <tabber>
| |
| |-|Essential Knowledge= | |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''The education of young Alexandrians did not differ from the one generally dispensed elsewhere in Ancient Greece.<br>At the age of seven, the child was taken in charge by a tutor, who then became responsible for instilling an elementary education, as well as good moral principles.''
| |
| |-|Sports, but not only= | |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''Teaching was generally done outside, in the open air. In the gymnasium, students were taught not only sports, but also topics such as rhetoric, philosophy, music and poetry - all things deemed essential to ones' education at the time.''
| |
| |-|Inclusive Gameplay*= | |
| *'''Narrator:''' ''Here, both boys and girls are shown attending a class given by one of the rhetoricians of the era.<br>The team made the choice to show both genders attending class within the context of the game world. Even though it is historically innacurate, the team felt it was not necessary to prioritize historical sexism over inclusive gameplay.''
| |
| </tabber>
| |
| | |
| ====The Great Library of Alexandria====
| |
| | |
| ====The Mouseion of Alexandria====
| |
| | |
| ====The Serapeion of Alexandria====
| |
| | |
| ====The Islands of Pharos====
| |
| | |
| ====The Paneion====
| |
| <tabber>
| |
| |-|In Honor of Pan= | |
| The Paneion was a temple built in honor of the | |
| god Pan, divinity of nature.
| |
| | |
| This Greek god, often represented as a half-man,
| |
| half-goat with a beard, horns and goat's hooves,
| |
| was considered the protector of shepherds and
| |
| herds.
| |
| |-|The God With Cloven Hooves=
| |
| Pan's attribute was his namesake musical
| |
| instrument: the pan flute. His temples were
| |
| usually located in caves and on high mountains,
| |
| and were frequented by shepherds.
| |
| | |
| Itis likely that Mediterranean cults adopted the
| |
| imagery of Pan to symbolize the Christian devil.
| |
| |-|An Artificial Hill= | |
| To give proper honor to the god, Alexandrians
| |
| built an artificial hill upon which they housed his
| |
| temple, to compensate for the flat relief of the
| |
| city.
| |
| | |
| The artificial mound had the shape of a spinning | |
| top or a pine cone, which was accessed by a
| |
| spiral staircase. The top had a panoramic view of
| |
| the entire city.
| |
| | |
| Only such heights would be fitting for a mountain
| |
| god.
| |
| </tabber>
| |
| ====The Hippodrome of Alexandria====
| |
| <tabber>
| |
| |-|The Lageion=
| |
| The main hippodrome of the city was called the
| |
| Lageion, in honor of Lagos, the ancestor of the
| |
| Ptolemies.
| |
| | |
| Alexandrians were great lovers of horse racing.
| |
| They were fascinated by the rivalry of these races,
| |
| the agôn as it was said at that time, that every
| |
| competition brought.
| |
| | |
| It was a struggle for glory.
| |
| |-|The Tethrippon= | |
| The most important chariot race was the
| |
| tethrippon. Using four horses, with the quickest
| |
| harnessed to the front right, the charioteer would
| |
| race for twelve laps, with sharp turns at either
| |
| end of the hippodrome.
| |
| | |
| The victors were crowned with garlands of olive
| |
| and received prize money, but the most sought-
| |
| after reward was to be acelaimed by the works of
| |
| poets such as Kallimachos and Pindar.
| |
| |-|Drama & Glory=
| |
| “Ye hymns that rule the lyre! What god, what
| |
| hero, aye, and what man shall we loudly praise?
| |
| Verily Zeus is the lord of Pisa; and Heracles
| |
| established the Olympic festival, [...) while Thêrôn
| |
| must be proclaimed by reason of his victorious
| |
| chariot with its four horses, Thêrôn who is justin
| |
| his regard for guests, and who is the bulwark of
| |
| Acragas, the choicest flower of an auspicious line
| |
| of sires, whose city towers on high, (...) bringing
| |
| wealth and glory to crown their native merits.”
| |
| </tabber>
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Daily Life=== | | ===Daily Life=== |
| ====Osiris, The First Mummy==== | | {|class="article-table sortable" |
| | | |[[Tours: Osiris, The First Mummy|Osiris, The First Mummy]] |
| ====Mummies of Ancient Egypt====
| | |[[Tours: Mummies of Ancient Egypt|Mummies of Ancient Egypt]] |
| | | |[[Tours: The Importance of Mummies|The Importance of Mummies]] |
| ====The Importance of Mummies====
| | |[[Tours: Amulets & Rituals|Amulets & Rituals]] |
| | | |- |
| ====Amulets & Rituals====
| | |[[Tours: Temples & Rituals of Ancient Egypt|Temples & Rituals of Ancient Egypt]] |
| | | |[[Tours: Temples And Priests|Temples And Priests]] |
| ====Temples & Rituals of Ancient Egypt====
| | |[[Tours: Building Ancient Egypt|Building Ancient Egypt]] |
| | | |[[Tours: Workers & Transport|Workers & Transport]] |
| ====Temples And Priests====
| | |- |
| | | |[[Tours: Agriculture & Seasons|Agriculture & Seasons]] |
| ====Building Ancient Egypt====
| | |[[Tours: Ancient Egyptian Cultivation|Ancient Egyptian Cultivation]] |
| | | |[[Tours: Domesticated Animals of Ancient Egypt|Domesticated Animals of Ancient Egypt]] |
| ====Workers & Transport====
| | |[[Tours: Ancient Egyptian Medicine|Ancient Egyptian Medicine]] |
| | | |- |
| ====Agriculture & Seasons====
| | |[[Tours: Leather & Linen in Ancient Egypt|Leather & Linen in Ancient Egypt]] |
| | | |[[Tours: Ancient Egyptian Fashions|Ancient Egyptian Fashions]] |
| ====Ancient Egyptian Cultivation====
| | |[[Tours: Artisans of Ancient Egypt|Artisans of Ancient Egypt]] |
| | | |[[Tours: Evolution of Pottery in Ancient Egypt|Evolution of Pottery in Ancient Egypt]] |
| ====Domesticated Animals of Ancient Egypt====
| | |- |
| <tabber>
| | |[[Tours: The Egyptian Household|The Egyptian Household]] |
| |-|A Very Old Tradition=
| | |[[Tours: Beer & Bread|Beer & Bread]] |
| Agriculture and domesticated livestock were
| | |[[Tours: Wine in Ancient Egypt|Wine in Ancient Egypt]] |
| introduced 6000 years ago. Archaeologists have
| | |[[Tours: Oil in Ancient Egypt|Oil in Ancient Egypt]] |
| found traces of cattle, donkeys, pigs and dogs.
| | |} |
| | |
| Dromedary are thought to have been introduced
| |
| during the Persian invasion.
| |
| |-|Pets=
| |
| Pets were deeply cherished in ancient Egypt. Many
| |
| illustrations of children often include a pet in the
| |
| depiction.
| |
| |-|Introduction to Cats= | |
| One of ancient Egypt's most iconic animals, the
| |
| cat, wasn't adopted into their daily Life until the
| |
| Middle Kingdom.
| |
| | |
| Since they were so highly capable of killing
| |
| snakes and rodents, cats were present
| |
| throughout every period. However, they only
| |
| became pets sometime during the Middle
| |
| Kingdom.
| |
| | |
| Prince Thutmose, son of Amenhotep III, had his
| |
| cat Ta-miu laid to rest in its own sarcophagi.
| |
| |-|Dogs and Family Ties= | |
| The earliest reference to dogs dates back to 5000
| |
| BCE. They were popular pets, as they helped
| |
| hunters and protected herds.
| |
| | |
| They were closely linked to Anubis, the jackal-
| |
| headed god.
| |
| | |
| Baboons, monkeys and even falcons were tamed
| |
| as pets. Each was mummified and buried with as
| |
| much ceremony as any family member.
| |
| </tabber>
| |
| ====Ancient Egyptian Medicine====
| |
| <tabber>
| |
| |-|A Blend of Science and Magic=
| |
| Evidence of advanced medical procedures have
| |
| been found on mummies, and ancient Egyptians
| |
| left detailed medical writings, from diagnosis to
| |
| follow-up treatment.
| |
| | |
| One of the oldest known surgical studies is the
| |
| Edwin Smith Papyrus. It's one of the first
| |
| documents in history that notes an association
| |
| between the integrity of the brain and cognitive
| |
| functions, including cases of ocular
| |
| complications and paralysis following head
| |
| trauma.
| |
| | |
| Vinegar-treated marble stone from Memphis was
| |
| used as an anaesthetic.
| |
| |-|The Ebers Medical Papyrus=
| |
| Another similar document, the Ebers Medical
| |
| Papyrus is over 20 meters long and 30
| |
| centimeters wide. It details treatments of forty-
| |
| eight surgical cases and contains 877 paragraphs
| |
| describing various diseases.
| |
| | |
| Alongside accurate and factual scientific
| |
| approaches, the papyrus has more than 700
| |
| magic formulas and incantations to ward off
| |
| demons and disease. This demonstrates how
| |
| ancient Egyptians believed in a harmonious
| |
| balance between religion and science.
| |
| |-|Medicines of the Time=
| |
| Remedies were considered as medicine, and
| |
| carried by doctors and priests. Village doctors
| |
| often had another job, alongside their medical
| |
| duties and the preparation of medicines.
| |
| | |
| A cure for blindness was made of fermented
| |
| honey, ochre and kohl. The science behind it was
| |
| that honey functioned as an antiseptic and
| |
| antibacterial, while ochre would reduce the
| |
| swelling.
| |
| | |
| All of their knowledge did not always suffice.
| |
| Ramses II died of an infection caused by an
| |
| abscessed tooth.
| |
| </tabber>
| |
| | |
| ====Leather & Linen in Ancient Egypt====
| |
| <tabber>
| |
| |-|Tanning Leather= | |
| Tanning, a process which dates from prehistoric
| |
| times, was present although not highly valued in
| |
| Egypt due to the heat. | |
| | |
| Leather was reserved mainly for things such as
| |
| sandals, leather bags, dagger sheaths, quivers,
| |
| and other similar items.
| |
| | |
| Leopard hides, unlike regular leather, were
| |
| highly valued and usually worn by priests.
| |
| |-|Linen Fabric= | |
| Valued for its coolness and freshness in hot
| |
| weather, linen was the fiber most commontly used
| |
| for fabrics and textiles. It was produced from flax,
| |
| which was plentiful in Egypt.
| |
| | |
| Fibers were usually dyed before weaving. While
| |
| color was used in the production of textiles, dyes
| |
| weren't commonly used for clothing and most
| |
| Egyptians wore white. The color represented
| |
| spiritual purity, a goal to reach for every day of
| |
| one's mortal life.
| |
| |-|Dyeing= | |
| Various shades were achieved using woad, a dye
| |
| produced from the leaves of Isatis Tinctoria.
| |
| | |
| The plant was cultivated for this purpose within
| |
| the Nile Delta, and allowed for the creation of
| |
| various colors. For example, different maceration
| |
| times of the leaves would result in colors ranging
| |
| from red to green, while adding in limestone
| |
| shifted it to blue.
| |
| | |
| During the Greco-Roman period other ingredients
| |
| were found, resulting in a wider range of colors.
| |
| |-|The Tanneries of Fez, Morocco*= | |
| This area's style is strongly influenced by the dye
| |
| baths and tanneries of modern day Fes, in
| |
| Morocco. This helped Ubisoft envision what such
| |
| locations might have been like in ancient Egypt.
| |
| | |
| While this tannery is within the city walls, back
| |
| then they were often found outside the city
| |
| boundaries. The tanner's trade was considered
| |
| off-putting by the Greeks, as all these operations
| |
| resulted in noxious smells.
| |
| </tabber>
| |
| | |
| ====Ancient Egyptian Fashions====
| |
| | |
| ====Artisans of Ancient Egypt====
| |
| | |
| ====Evolution of Pottery in Ancient Egypt====
| |
| | |
| ====The Egyptian Household====
| |
| | |
| ====Beer & Bread====
| |
| | |
| ====Wine in Ancient Egypt====
| |
| <tabber>
| |
| |-|A Gift From Horus= | |
| When the god Horus lost his eye in a war with Set,
| |
| the ancient Egyptians believe the eye turned into
| |
| a vine, and the vine's tears became wine.
| |
| | |
| Early texts dating back to 3150 BCE contain the
| |
| hieroglyph for wine.
| |
| | |
| Regarded as extremely valuable, wine was highly
| |
| sought after by the elite. It was also an essential
| |
| part of many religious ceremonies.
| |
| |-|Wine Production= | |
| A millennia-old tradition, grape cultivation and
| |
| wine production was regimented in the way
| |
| typical of ancient Egyptian bureaucracy.
| |
| | |
| Egyptians kept careful records of winemakers,
| |
| which they clearly identified on labels.
| |
| | |
| Every land owner with a modicum of self-respect
| |
| usually kept a vineyard. This held particularly
| |
| true in the regions of the Faiyum and the Nile
| |
| Delta.
| |
| |-|Protected Designation=
| |
| Documentation shows that only certain craftsfolk
| |
| were allowed to provide the containers required
| |
| to store and transport wine.
| |
| | |
| That and rigorous quality control checks
| |
| established for every step of wine production
| |
| shows that ancient Egypttians knew that the
| |
| quality and longevity of wine could easily be
| |
| affected by any number of variables, which they
| |
| paid careful attention to.
| |
| |-|A Taste for Quality=
| |
| Egyptians had different kinds of wines, most of
| |
| which ranged in quality from good to very good.
| |
| The sweet shedeh, to which honey had been
| |
| added. The soft nedjem, obtained by drying the
| |
| grapes in the sun. The maa, reserved for
| |
| religious cerimonies.
| |
| | |
| And finally there was the paour, the mediocre-rated
| |
| wine, resulting from the second pressing of
| |
| grapes and reserved for a less discerning palate.
| |
| </tabber>
| |
| | |
| ====Oil in Ancient Egypt====
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Romans=== | | ===Romans=== |
| ====Roman Military Equipment==== | | {|class="article-table sortable" |
| <tabber>
| | |[[Tours: Roman Military Equipment|Roman Military Equipment]] |
| |-|The Strength of Rome= | | |[[Tours: Roman Forts|Roman Forts]] |
| The strength of Rome was directly dependent on | | |[[Tours: The Forts of Cyrenaica|The Forts of Cyrenaica]] |
| its military supremacy, and fundamentally
| | |[[Tours: Roman Aqueducts|Roman Aqueducts]] |
| militaristic society.
| | |- |
| | | |[[Tours: Crucifixion|Crucifixion]] |
| Regular citizens, comprised mostly of farmers
| | |} |
| and herders, joined to protect their land and
| |
| families.
| |
| | |
| In return for their service, members of this civic
| |
| army were allowed to vote.
| |
| | |
| Trained to be highly disciplined and obedient to
| |
| superior officers, citizen-soldiers developed a
| |
| deep sense of loyalty to their city.
| |
| |-|Foot Soldiers= | |
| The quality of the armor of a Roman foot soldier | |
| was intrinsically linked to his social status and
| |
| wealth. Chainmail was the most commontly used
| |
| type of armor. Scale armor, made famous in
| |
| today's media, came into use after Caesar's time.
| |
| | |
| Foot soldiers carried large and oblong shields,
| |
| while the cavalry used smaller ones of Greek
| |
| origin.
| |
| | |
| Soldiers were expected to carry their own kit,
| |
| including the tools required for the construction
| |
| of forts and tents. | |
| |-|Legionary's Equipment= | |
| Roman soldiers used the same types of weapons. | |
| The stomach and face were the most targeted
| |
| parts of the body. As such, a legionary was
| |
| equipped with two close-combat weapons: a
| |
| dagger and a short sword known as a gladius.
| |
| | |
| One of the most ingenicus Roman weapons was
| |
| the javelin. Its pyramid-shaped tip pierced the
| |
| body, while its iron shank was designed to break
| |
| upon impact, stopping the enemy from throwing it
| |
| back.
| |
| |-|Adopting the Enemy's Technology= | |
| During their conquests the Romans regularly
| |
| transformed enemy technologies to add to their
| |
| own formidable arsenal.
| |
| | |
| After capturing a Carthaginian vessel, the
| |
| Romans adopted its better features and
| |
| constructed a superior fleet of ships.
| |
| | |
| Adapting heavy artillery designs from Greek
| |
| modeis aided the Romans in building catapults
| |
| and ballistae. The latter became an iconic symbol
| |
| of Roman warfare.
| |
| </tabber>
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Roman Forts====
| |
| <tabber>
| |
| |-|The Castrum=
| |
|
| |
| The size of a Roman military camp, known as a
| |
| castrum, varied significantly depending on how
| |
| many soldiers it needed to accommodate.
| |
| However, they all shared common characteristics
| |
| in design and construction, such as this fort
| |
| before you, located in Cape Chersonesos.
| |
| |-|The Fortifications=
| |
| Rectangular in shape, the forts were heavily
| |
| fortified by ramparts and a ditch system.
| |
|
| |
| The walls were reinforced with parapets,
| |
| essentially an extension at the roofline which
| |
| allowed a protective barrier for patrolling
| |
| soldiers.
| |
|
| |
| Depending on the availability of materials, some
| |
| forts were built with stone, timbers, stacked turf
| |
| and, particularly in the eastern part of the
| |
| Empire, baked brick.
| |
| |-|Spatial Organization=
| |
| Access doors on all four sides were each flanked
| |
| by guard towers.
| |
|
| |
| The commanding officer was positioned in the
| |
| middle of the camp, giving him a clear view of the
| |
| troops and the main gate.
| |
| |-|Thorough Planning=
| |
| Along with sleeping barracks for the soldiers, the
| |
| fort also had a granary that was expected to hold
| |
| rations for a year or longer.
| |
|
| |
| To ensure the health of the soldiers, every camp
| |
| was equipped with medical staff and a hospital.
| |
| A clean water supply with conduits for a
| |
| bathhouse and latrines was included in the
| |
| construction of every fort.
| |
| </tabber>
| |
|
| |
| ====The Forts of Cyrenaica====
| |
| <tabber>
| |
| |-|Ancient Defenders=
| |
| Cyrenaica was a Libyan region under Roman
| |
| control, gifted to Rome by one of Cleopatra's
| |
| ancestors.
| |
|
| |
| The remains and foundations of ancient
| |
| fortifications were discovered in the 19th century
| |
| in the south-west of Cyrenaica, as well as a
| |
| Roman garrison dating back to the first century
| |
| CE.
| |
|
| |
| Evidence shows that these forts were of Libyan
| |
| origin, rebuilt and modified by Roman engineers
| |
| when Cyrenaica was part of the Empire.
| |
| |-|A Fortress of Stone*=
| |
| Stone was the most commontly used material to
| |
| build forts in Egypt and Cyrenaica.
| |
|
| |
| Though no real proof of a fortress similar to the
| |
| one before you has been uncovered in that region,
| |
| the team chose to add it as a worthy and awe-
| |
| inspiring end of game challenge for the player.
| |
| |-|Protecting the Main Route*=
| |
| The forts of Cyrenaica were intended to prevent
| |
| invaders from gaining access to the main route
| |
| that lead to the country's five most important
| |
| cities. These forts were built close to coastal
| |
| plains and deserts for added defense.
| |
|
| |
| Three of these cities were recreated by the team:
| |
| Balagrae, Apollonia and Cyrene.
| |
|
| |
| Had it existed, the fort before you would have
| |
| protected the road leading to Balagrae.
| |
| |-|Roman Military Presence=
| |
| Other than reference to an attack around 404 CE
| |
| and a military reorganization by Emperor
| |
| Justinian during the 6th century CE, we still know
| |
| little of the Roman military presence in
| |
| Cyrenaica.
| |
| </tabber>
| |
| ====Roman Aqueducts====
| |
| <tabber>
| |
| |-|Water Management=
| |
| Water management was taken seriously by the
| |
| Romans. Cyrenaica benefited greatly from Roman
| |
| administration, with the construction of
| |
| aqueducts and canals.
| |
|
| |
| The source of water varied depending on the
| |
| location.
| |
|
| |
| Many aqueducts were built at the foot of the
| |
| mountains, offering greater flow from the
| |
| melting snow.
| |
| |-|Aqueducts=
| |
| The ability to transport water over a greater
| |
| distance increased agricultural production.
| |
|
| |
| Some aqueducts were reported to be over 7
| |
| kilometers in length.
| |
|
| |
| Where the Greeks of Libya originally focused
| |
| mainly on olive trees and figs, which required
| |
| less water, the advent of Roman aqueducts
| |
| allowed for a far greater crop diversity. Every
| |
| farm's water use was carefully scheduled.
| |
| |-|Advanced Construction Techniques=
| |
| The engineering methods used to create
| |
| aqueducts were constantly reviewed, with a clear
| |
| focus on exploiting the local environment.
| |
| Materials, water usage, cleaning regulations and
| |
| a deep understanding of how to exploit gravity
| |
| itself were all important concerns.
| |
|
| |
| Several fortresses were built to protect the
| |
| aqueducts, basins and cisterns.
| |
| |-|Bringing Water to the City=
| |
| Additional water was collected with wells and
| |
| cisterns, but aqueducts were the main supply of
| |
| fresh water.
| |
|
| |
| The water was distributed based on the collective
| |
| needs of the city, before the private needs of an
| |
| individual.
| |
| |-|Cleaning the Streets=
| |
| Almost all aqueducts ended in a fountain where
| |
| the water circulated to clean the streets, and
| |
| supply bathhouses and latrines, thus improving
| |
| the cleanliness of Cyrenaica's cities.
| |
| </tabber>
| |
|
| |
| ====Crucifixion====
| |
| <tabber>
| |
| |-|Roman Capital Punishment=
| |
| In terms of the severity of Roman justice,
| |
| crucifixion was at the top of the list of corporal
| |
| punishment, followed by death by fire and
| |
| decapitation.
| |
|
| |
| The upper class considered crucifixion unworthy
| |
| of their position. Those lucky enough to have
| |
| Roman citizenship were also exempt from such
| |
| treatment.
| |
| |-|A Popular Entretainment=
| |
| Easily accessible, crucifixions were popular
| |
| entertainment among the citizenry.
| |
|
| |
| Unlike throwing victims to wild animals, which
| |
| required an arena, crucifixions did not require
| |
| any particular setting.
| |
| |-|The Condemned=
| |
| Those subjected to crucifixion were almost
| |
| always slaves, traitors and lower class citizens.
| |
|
| |
| Roman deserters were crucified because the
| |
| betrayal of the soldiers was perceived as
| |
| endangering the lives of Roman citizens.
| |
| |-|Spartacus=
| |
| In 71 BCE, a major slave uprising in Italia was
| |
| repressed by the Roman army.
| |
|
| |
| This resulted in the crucifixion of 6000 men
| |
| including their leader, a slave and former
| |
| gladiator known as Spartacus.
| |
| </tabber>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Characters== | | ==Characters== |
| {|class="wikitable sortable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="800px" style="text-align:center;" | | {| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" width="700px" style="text-align:center;" |
| !width="1%" |Image | | ! width="1%" |Image |
| !width="1%" |Name | | ! width="1%" |Name |
| !width="5%" |Description | | ! width="5%" |Description |
| |- | | |- |
| |[[File:ACO_DT_Bayek.png|thumb|100px|center]] | | |[[File:ACO_DT_Bayek.png|thumb|100px|center]] |
| Line 1,148: |
Line 136: |
| |[[File:ACO DT Cleopatra.PNG|thumb|100px|center]] | | |[[File:ACO DT Cleopatra.PNG|thumb|100px|center]] |
| ![[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII Philopator]] | | ![[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII Philopator]] |
| |Descendant of [[Alexander the Great]]'s general, [[Ptolemy I Soter]]. Queen of [[Egypt]]. | | |Descendant of [[Alexander the Great]]'s general, [[Ptolemy I Soter]]. Queen of [[Egypt]]. |
| |- | | |- |
| |[[File:ACO DT - William Miles render.png|thumb|100px|center]] | | |[[File:ACO DT - William Miles render.png|thumb|100px|center]] |
| Line 1,188: |
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| |[[File:ACO_DT_Egyptian_Nobleman.png|thumb|100px|center]] | | |[[File:ACO_DT_Egyptian_Nobleman.png|thumb|100px|center]] |
| !Egyptian Nobleman | | !Egyptian Nobleman |
| |Real |Wearing clothing typical of the nobility of Ancient Egypt. | | | Real |Wearing clothing typical of the nobility of Ancient Egypt. |
| |- | | |- |
| |[[File:ACO_Egyptian_Noblewoman.png|thumb|100px|center]] | | |[[File:ACO_Egyptian_Noblewoman.png|thumb|100px|center]] |
| Line 1,242: |
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| |-|Promotional media= | | |-|Promotional media= |
| <gallery position="center" widths="180" captionalign="center"> | | <gallery position="center" widths="180" captionalign="center"> |
| Discovery Tour.jpg|Discovery Tour Ancient Egypt | | ACO Discovery Tour Text Banner.png|Discovery Tour's Text banner |
| </gallery> | | </gallery> |
| |-|Screenshots= | | |-|Screenshots= |
| Line 1,265: |
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| {{Reflist}} | | {{Reflist}} |
| {{ACO}} | | {{ACO}} |
| | | {{DTAE}} |
| [[zh:发现之旅：古埃及]]
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| [[es:Modo Descubrimiento]]
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| [[Category:Assassin's Creed: Origins DLC]] | | [[Category:Assassin's Creed: Origins DLC]] |
| | [[Category:Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]] |
| | <!--[zh:发现之旅：古埃及] |
| | [es:Modo Descubrimiento] |
| | [fr:Discovery Tour : Égypte ancienne]--> |
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