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| affiliates = Castile-Aragon Union
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'''Ferdinand II of Aragon''' ({{Wiki|Argonese language|Aragonese}}: ''Ferrando''; {{Wiki|Catalan language|Catalan}}: ''Ferran''; {{Wiki|Basque language|Basque}}: ''Errando''; {{Wiki|Spanish language|Spanish}}: ''Fernando''; {{Wiki|Italian language|Italian}}: ''Ferdinando''; 1452 – 1516) was the King of [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]], [[Sicily]], [[Naples]], [[Valencia]], [[Sardinia]], and [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]]. As the husband to [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella I]], he was King of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] through marriage. After her death, he continued to serve as regent in Castile on behalf of their daughter {{Wiki|Joanna of Castile|Joanna}} for much of the rest of his life.
'''Ferdinand II of Aragon''' ({{Wiki|Argonese language|Aragonese}}: ''Ferrando''; {{Wiki|Catalan language|Catalan}}: ''Ferran''; {{Wiki|Basque language|Basque}}: ''Errando''; {{Wiki|Spanish language|Spanish}}: ''Fernando''; {{Wiki|Italian language|Italian}}: ''Ferdinando''; 1452 – 1516) was the King of [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]], [[Sicily]], [[Naples]], [[Valencia]], [[Sardinia]], and [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]]. As the husband to [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella I]], he was King of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] through marriage. After her death, he continued to serve as regent in Castile on behalf of their daughter {{Wiki|Joanna of Castile|Joanna}} for much of the rest of his life.<ref>{{WP}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
===''Reconquista''===
===''Reconquista''===
In 1478, Ferdinand and Isabella, seeking further religious unity, requested permission from the [[Papacy|Pope]] to establish an [[Spanish Inquisition|inquisition]]. Pope [[Sixtus IV]] permitted them to appoint priests as inquisitors.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1478</ref>
In 1478, Ferdinand and Isabella, seeking further religious unity, requested permission from the [[Papacy|Pope]] to establish an [[Spanish Inquisition|inquisition]]. Pope [[Sixtus IV]] permitted them to appoint [[priest]]s as inquisitors.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1478</ref>


By 1491, members of both the [[Assassins|Assassin]] and [[Templars|Templar Orders]] had infiltrated Ferdinand and Isabella's close circle in an attempt to obtain influence over the royal house. Ferdinand's own finance minister, [[Luis de Santángel]], was a member of the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Spanish Brotherhood of Assassins|Brotherhood]], as was Isabella's treasurer [[Raphael Sánchez]].<ref name="AC2D">''[[Assassin's Creed II: Discovery]]'' – [[Survive the Ambush]]</ref>
By 1491, members of both the [[Assassins]] and [[Templars]] had infiltrated Ferdinand and Isabella's close circle in attempts to influence the [[Spain|Spanish]] royal house: Ferdinand's finance minister [[Luis de Santángel]] and Isabella's treasurer [[Raphael Sánchez]] were [[Spanish Brotherhood of Assassins|Spanish Assassins]],<ref name="AC2D">''[[Assassin's Creed II: Discovery]]'' – [[Survive the Ambush]]</ref> while the [[Spanish Rite of the Templar Order|Spanish Templars]]' leading [[Master Templar]]<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: The Official Movie Novelization]]'' – Chapter 13</ref> [[Tomás de Torquemada]] was Isabella's personal confessor and had been close to her ever since her youth.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II: Discovery]]'' – [[Protect Civilians from Inquisitors]]</ref>  


The following year, Ferdinand and his wife bore witness to the [[Auto-da-fé|public execution]] of heretics in [[Seville]], during which the Spanish [[Mentor]] [[Benedicto]] was burned at the stake by [[Tomás de Torquemada]]. However, the two other Assassins, [[Aguilar de Nerha]] and [[María]], managed to escape their predicament, leading Ferdinand and his wife to quickly flee the scene.<ref name="ACF">[[Assassin's Creed (film)|''Assassin's Creed'' (film)]]</ref>
The following year, Ferdinand and his wife bore witness to an ''[[auto-da-fé]]'' of heretics in [[Seville]], during which Torquemada ordered the Spanish [[Mentor]] [[Benedicto]], [[Aguilar de Nerha]], and [[María]] be burned at the stake. However, the latter two managed to escape their bonds and fight back, forcing Ferdinand and Isabella to quickly flee the scene.<ref name="ACF">[[Assassin's Creed (film)|''Assassin's Creed'' (film)]]</ref>


===Italian Wars===
===Italian Wars===
In 1503, Ferdinand hired [[Bartolomeo d'Alviano]] to help the [[Spanish Army]] defeat the [[France|French]] [[French Army|forces]] in the Kingdom of Naples.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Database: Bartolomeo d'Alviano (Assassin's Creed II)|Database: Bartolomeo d'Alviano]]</ref> In 1504, Ferdinand and Isabella made an arrangement with Pope [[Julius II]] to have [[Cesare Borgia]] locked up inside the [[Castillo de la Mota]] near Valencia.<ref name="ACB novel">[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' novel]] – {{Cite|20 Jan 2021. Chapters needed}}</ref>
In 1503, Ferdinand hired [[Bartolomeo d'Alviano]] to help the [[Spanish Army]] defeat the [[France|French]] [[French Army|forces]] in the Kingdom of Naples.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Database: Bartolomeo d'Alviano (Assassin's Creed II)|Database: Bartolomeo d'Alviano]]</ref> In 1504, Ferdinand and Isabella arranged with Pope [[Julius II]] to have [[Cesare Borgia]] locked up inside the [[Castillo de la Mota]] near Valencia.<ref>[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' novel]] – Chapter 49</ref>


Unbeknownst to both Ferdinand and Isabella, the Assassins had secretly been poisoning the latter after Luis de Santángel uncovered her ties to the [[House of Borgia|Borgia]]. Due to Luis' death in 1498,<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)#Barcelona|Contracts]]: "Picking Up the Pieces"</ref><ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Contracts (Project Legacy)#Barcelona, Spain|Contracts]]: "Picking Up the Pieces"</ref> a team of [[Italian Brotherhood of Assassins|Italian Assassins]] sent from [[Rome]] completed his mission and enlisted the help of one of Isabella's servants to administer a lethal dose of poison, resulting in the queen's death in November 1504.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)#Barcelona|Contracts]]: "Closure"</ref><ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Contracts (Project Legacy)#Barcelona, Spain|Contracts]]: "Closure"</ref> The next year, Ferdinand took over the Kingdom of Naples, which became part of Spain.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Database: Napoli]]</ref>
Unbeknownst to the royal couple, the Assassins had secretly been [[poison]]ing the latter after Luis uncovered her ties to the [[House of Borgia]]. Due to Luis' death in 1498,<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)#Barcelona|Contracts]]: "Picking Up the Pieces"</ref><ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Contracts (Project Legacy)#Barcelona, Spain|Contracts]]: "Picking Up the Pieces"</ref> a team of [[Italian Brotherhood of Assassins|Italian Assassins]] sent from [[Rome]] completed his mission and enlisted the help of one of Isabella's servants to administer a lethal dose of poison, resulting in the queen's death in November 1504.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)#Barcelona|Contracts]]: "Closure"</ref><ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Contracts (Project Legacy)#Barcelona, Spain|Contracts]]: "Closure"</ref> The next year, Ferdinand took over the Kingdom of Naples, which became part of Spain.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Database: Napoli]]</ref>


In 1507, Ferdinand waged war with [[John III of Navarre]] to conquer the lands of Navarre. During the [[Siege of Viana]], John III gave command over his forces to his brother-in-law Cesare Borgia, who had escaped from the Castillo de la Mota in the previous year. [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]], the [[Mentor]] of the Italian Assassins, killed Cesare during the battle, greatly aiding Ferdinand's forces, although the Navarrese still won a pyrrhic victory.<ref name="ACB novel" />
In 1507, Ferdinand waged war with [[John III of Navarre]] to conquer the lands of Navarre. During the [[Siege of Viana]], John III gave command over his forces to his brother-in-law [[Cesare Borgia]], who had escaped from the Castillo de la Mota in the previous year.<ref>[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' novel]] – Chapter 63</ref> The [[Italian Brotherhood of Assassins|Italian Assassins]]' Mentor [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]] killed Cesare during the battle, greatly aiding Ferdinand's forces, although the Navarrese still won a pyrrhic victory.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Pax Romana]]</ref>


Intending to curb the [[Venice|Venetian]] influence in northern [[Italy]], Ferdinand joined fellow monarchs [[Louis XII of France]] and [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximillian I]] in the [[War of the League of Cambrai|League of Cambrai]] created by Pope Julius II. The League was initially a success as an anti-Venetian alliance, but the friction between Julius and Louis caused it to collapse by 1510.<ref name="ACID">''[[Assassin's Creed: Identity]]'' – [[Database: War of the League of Cambrai]]</ref>
Intending to curb the [[Venice|Venetian]] influence in northern [[Italy]], Ferdinand joined fellow monarchs [[Louis XII of France]] and [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximillian I]] in the [[War of the League of Cambrai|League of Cambrai]] created by Pope Julius II. The League was initially a success as an anti-Venetian alliance, but the friction between Julius and Louis caused it to collapse by 1510.<ref name="ACID">''[[Assassin's Creed: Identity]]'' – [[Database: War of the League of Cambrai]]</ref>
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===Legacy===
===Legacy===
In 2012, Ferdinand was one of the many historical people included in the [[Glyphs|Glyph]] puzzles the late Assassin [[Clay Kaczmarek]] left behind in the [[Animus]] as messages for his successor [[Desmond Miles]] to decipher. Desmond did so in September of that year.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[The Desmond Files]]</ref> Desmond solved this puzzle, which was part of a set titled "Instruments of Power", where Ferdinand was excluded from a list of historic individuals revealed by Clay to have wielded [[Staves of Eden]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Glyphs|Glyph #5]]: "Instruments of Power"</ref> Later that year, Ferdinand was also included in a mnemonic set in [[Abstergo Industries]]' [[Project Legacy]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Mnemonic sets]]</ref>
In 2012, the Assassin [[Clay Kaczmarek]] collected details on Ferdinand's life while [[Abstergo Industries]] held him captive at their [[Animus Project laboratory]] in [[Rome]]. He then hid the information within the [[Animus|Animus 1.28]] in [[Glyphs|Glyph]] puzzles for his successor, [[Desmond Miles]], to find.<ref name="Glyphs">''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Glyphs|Glyph]] #5: "Instruments of Power"</ref> Sometime in early September,<ref name="Initiates">''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[The Desmond Files]]</ref> Desmond solved the puzzle set titled "Instruments of Power", in which Ferdinand was excluded from a list of historic individuals who wielded [[Staves of Eden]].<ref name="Glyphs" /> Later that year, Ferdinand was also included in a mnemonic set in [[Abstergo Industries]]' [[Project Legacy]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Mnemonic sets]]</ref>


==Behind the scenes==
==Behind the scenes==
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==Appearances==
==Appearances==
*''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' {{C|Glyphs only}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' {{1st}} {{Io|painting}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed II: Discovery]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed II: Discovery]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' {{C|Mnemonic set only}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' {{Mdat}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' {{Mdat}}
*[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' novel]] {{Mo}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' {{Mo}}
*[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' novel]] {{Mo}}
*[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' novel]] {{Mo}}
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[[Category:Order of the Sacred Garter]]
[[Category:Order of the Sacred Garter]]
[[Category:Assassin allies]]
[[Category:Assassin allies]]
<!--[es:Fernando II de Aragón]
[fr:Ferdinand II d'Aragon]
[hu:II. Aragóniai Ferdinánd]
[it:Ferdinando II di Aragona]
[zh:阿拉贡的费尔南多二世]-->

Latest revision as of 05:15, 10 July 2026

Ferdinand II of Aragon (Aragonese: Ferrando; Catalan: Ferran; Basque: Errando; Spanish: Fernando; Italian: Ferdinando; 1452 – 1516) was the King of Aragon, Sicily, Naples, Valencia, Sardinia, and Navarre. As the husband to Isabella I, he was King of Castile through marriage. After her death, he continued to serve as regent in Castile on behalf of their daughter Joanna for much of the rest of his life.[1]

Biography[edit | edit source]

Reconquista[edit | edit source]

In 1478, Ferdinand and Isabella, seeking further religious unity, requested permission from the Pope to establish an inquisition. Pope Sixtus IV permitted them to appoint priests as inquisitors.[2]

By 1491, members of both the Assassins and Templars had infiltrated Ferdinand and Isabella's close circle in attempts to influence the Spanish royal house: Ferdinand's finance minister Luis de Santángel and Isabella's treasurer Raphael Sánchez were Spanish Assassins,[3] while the Spanish Templars' leading Master Templar[4] Tomás de Torquemada was Isabella's personal confessor and had been close to her ever since her youth.[5]

The following year, Ferdinand and his wife bore witness to an auto-da-fé of heretics in Seville, during which Torquemada ordered the Spanish Mentor Benedicto, Aguilar de Nerha, and María be burned at the stake. However, the latter two managed to escape their bonds and fight back, forcing Ferdinand and Isabella to quickly flee the scene.[6]

Italian Wars[edit | edit source]

In 1503, Ferdinand hired Bartolomeo d'Alviano to help the Spanish Army defeat the French forces in the Kingdom of Naples.[7] In 1504, Ferdinand and Isabella arranged with Pope Julius II to have Cesare Borgia locked up inside the Castillo de la Mota near Valencia.[8]

Unbeknownst to the royal couple, the Assassins had secretly been poisoning the latter after Luis uncovered her ties to the House of Borgia. Due to Luis' death in 1498,[9][10] a team of Italian Assassins sent from Rome completed his mission and enlisted the help of one of Isabella's servants to administer a lethal dose of poison, resulting in the queen's death in November 1504.[11][12] The next year, Ferdinand took over the Kingdom of Naples, which became part of Spain.[13]

In 1507, Ferdinand waged war with John III of Navarre to conquer the lands of Navarre. During the Siege of Viana, John III gave command over his forces to his brother-in-law Cesare Borgia, who had escaped from the Castillo de la Mota in the previous year.[14] The Italian Assassins' Mentor Ezio Auditore da Firenze killed Cesare during the battle, greatly aiding Ferdinand's forces, although the Navarrese still won a pyrrhic victory.[15]

Intending to curb the Venetian influence in northern Italy, Ferdinand joined fellow monarchs Louis XII of France and Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian I in the League of Cambrai created by Pope Julius II. The League was initially a success as an anti-Venetian alliance, but the friction between Julius and Louis caused it to collapse by 1510.[16]

When Ezio Auditore went on his pilgrimage to Masyaf in 1511 seeking the Library of Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, Ferdinand allowed Ezio safe passage through the southern territories of Italy that he controlled to return the favor of killing Cesare Borgia.[17]

That same year, the Templars planned to assassinate Ferdinand, believing that his death would divide the kingdoms of Aragon and Castile. The Assassins foiled the plot,[18] and eradicated the leaders of the Templar network in Madrid to remove any future threat against the king.[19]

Legacy[edit | edit source]

In 2012, the Assassin Clay Kaczmarek collected details on Ferdinand's life while Abstergo Industries held him captive at their Animus Project laboratory in Rome. He then hid the information within the Animus 1.28 in Glyph puzzles for his successor, Desmond Miles, to find.[20] Sometime in early September,[21] Desmond solved the puzzle set titled "Instruments of Power", in which Ferdinand was excluded from a list of historic individuals who wielded Staves of Eden.[20] Later that year, Ferdinand was also included in a mnemonic set in Abstergo Industries' Project Legacy.[22]

Behind the scenes[edit | edit source]

Ferdinand II is a historical figure first mentioned in the 2009 video game Assassin's Creed II: Discovery and pictured in the Glyph puzzles in Assassin's Creed II. After being mentioned in several other installments of the series, he made his first physical appearance in the 2016 film Assassin's Creed, portrayed by Thomas Camilleri.

Gallery[edit | edit source]

  • Ferdinand in Seville with his wife and Torquemada
    Ferdinand in Seville with his wife and Torquemada
  • Ferdinand in Grand Inquisition by Francisco Rizi
    Ferdinand in Grand Inquisition by Francisco Rizi
  • The Return of Christopher Columbus by Eugène Delacroix
    The Return of Christopher Columbus by Eugène Delacroix

Appearances[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Ferdinand II of Aragon on Wikipedia
  2. ↑ Assassin's Creed DNA – Timeline: 1478
  3. ↑ Assassin's Creed II: Discovery – Survive the Ambush
  4. ↑ Assassin's Creed: The Official Movie Novelization – Chapter 13
  5. ↑ Assassin's Creed II: Discovery – Protect Civilians from Inquisitors
  6. ↑ Assassin's Creed (film)
  7. ↑ Assassin's Creed II – Database: Bartolomeo d'Alviano
  8. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood novel – Chapter 49
  9. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood – Contracts: "Picking Up the Pieces"
  10. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy – Contracts: "Picking Up the Pieces"
  11. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood – Contracts: "Closure"
  12. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy – Contracts: "Closure"
  13. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood – Database: Napoli
  14. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood novel – Chapter 63
  15. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood – Pax Romana
  16. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Identity – Database: War of the League of Cambrai
  17. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Revelations novel – [citation needed]
  18. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Revelations – Mediterranean Defense: "Just Following Orders, Part II"
  19. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Revelations – Mediterranean Defense: "Just Following Orders, Part III"
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Assassin's Creed II – Glyph #5: "Instruments of Power"
  21. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Initiates – The Desmond Files
  22. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy – Mnemonic sets

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