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{{Era|Organizations}}{{WP-REAL}} | {{Era|Organizations}}{{WP-REAL}} | ||
{{ | {{Quote|The Great Qing breathes and the entire world shivers.|Lee Huiyin, 1725.|Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple|Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple Episode 58}} | ||
{{Regime Infobox | {{Regime Infobox | ||
|title1= | |title1= | ||
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|head_of_government= | |head_of_government= | ||
|legislature= | |legislature= | ||
|military= | |military= {{Wiki|Military of the Qing dynasty|Qing military}} | ||
|ruling_house= | *[[Rattan Shield Company]] | ||
*[[Special Cavalry Unit]] | |||
|ruling_house= {{wiki|House of Aisin-Gioro}} | |||
|affiliation= | |affiliation= | ||
| | |nation= {{wiki|Manchuria}}<br>[[Mongolia]]<br>[[China]] | ||
|languages= {{Wiki|Manchu language|Manchu}}<br>{{Wiki|Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|Mandarin}} | |languages= {{Wiki|Manchu language|Manchu}}<br>{{Wiki|Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)|Mandarin}} | ||
|religion= | |religion= | ||
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|last_ruler={{Wiki|Puyi}} | |last_ruler={{Wiki|Puyi}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Qing dynasty''', officially the '''Great Qing''' (大清), was the last imperial dynasty of [[China]]. The regime was founded by the {{wiki|Jurchen people|Jurchens}} in 1616<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 1">Rowe, William T. (2009). "Conquest". In ''China's Last Empire: The Great Qing''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 11–30.</ref> as the '''Aisin Gurun''' (ᠠᡳ᠌ᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ, 'Golden State') or the '''Jin''' (金, 'Gold') in the {{wiki|Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin}} language,<ref name="Later Jin">{{WP|Later Jin (1616–1636)}}</ref> then a distinct nation.<ref name="Millward 2020"> | The '''Qing dynasty''', officially the '''Great Qing''' (大清), was the last imperial dynasty of [[China]]. The regime was founded by the {{wiki|Jurchen people|Jurchens}} in 1616<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 1">Rowe, William T. (2009). "Conquest". In ''China's Last Empire: The Great Qing''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 11–30.</ref> as the '''Aisin Gurun''' (ᠠᡳ᠌ᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ, 'Golden State') or the '''Jin''' (金, 'Gold') in the {{wiki|Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin}} language,<ref name="Later Jin">{{WP|Later Jin (1616–1636)}}</ref> then a distinct nation.<ref name="Millward 2020">{{Cite web|url=https://jimmillward.medium.com/we-need-a-new-approach-to-teaching-modern-chinese-history-we-have-lazily-repeated-false-d24983bd7ef2|title=We need a new approach to teaching modern Chinese history: we have lazily repeated false narratives for too long|author=[https://gufaculty360.georgetown.edu/s/contact/00336000014RVd0AAG/james-millward Millward, James A.]|date=8 October 2020|publisher=''{{Wiki|Medium (website)|Medium}}''|accessdate=14 May 2023}}</ref> In 1635, the Jin conquered [[Mongolia]], extinguishing the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] once and for all.<ref name="Northern Yuan">{{WP|Northern Yuan}}</ref> The following year, with the invasion of the [[Ming dynasty|Great Ming]] underway, their khan {{wiki|Nurhaci}} renamed their people the {{wiki|Manchu people|Manchus}} and their country the Great Qing for propagandist reasons.<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 1" /><ref group="note" name="note1">The Ming ([[wikt:明|明]]), whose name meant 'brightness', was associated with the {{wiki|Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|classical element}} of fire while the name Jin ([[wikt:金|金]]) referred to the element of metal. Since fire melts metal, the Jin changed their name to Qing ([[wikt:清|清]]), meaning 'clear', and their element to water to signify their inevitable triumph over the Ming.</ref> | ||
Their capture of the Ming capital of [[Beijing]] in 1644 is traditionally taken as the start of their dynasty<ref name="Millward 2020" /> although it would take until 1662 to complete the conquest of China.<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 1" /><ref group="note" name="note2">The completion of the Qing conquest can also be dated to 1681, when they crushed the {{wiki|Revolt of the Three Feudatories}}, or 1683 with the annexation of the {{wiki|Kingdom of Tungning}} in {{wiki|Taiwan}}, where Ming loyalists had fled. This article takes the year 1662, when the {{wiki|Zhu Youlang|last Ming emperor}} was captured and killed in southern China, as the end of the Ming.</ref> Alongside encroachments on its sovereignty by foreign empires,<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 6">Rowe, William T. (2009). " | Their capture of the Ming capital of [[Beijing]] in 1644 is traditionally taken as the start of their dynasty<ref name="Millward 2020" /> although it would take until 1662 to complete the conquest of China.<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 1" /><ref group="note" name="note2">The completion of the Qing conquest can also be dated to 1681, when they crushed the {{wiki|Revolt of the Three Feudatories}}, or 1683 with the annexation of the {{wiki|Kingdom of Tungning}} in {{wiki|Taiwan}}, where Ming loyalists had fled. This article takes the year 1662, when the {{wiki|Zhu Youlang|last Ming emperor}} was captured and killed in southern China, as the end of the Ming.</ref> Alongside encroachments on its sovereignty by foreign empires,<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 6">Rowe, William T. (2009). "Crises". In ''China's Last Empire: The Great Qing''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 149–274</ref><ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 9">Ibid., "Imperialism", pp. 231–252.</ref> the Qing suffered widespread rebellions throughout the 19th century<ref name="Rowe 2009 ch. 7">Ibid., "Rebellion", pp. 175–200.</ref> and was finally overthrown in the 1911 {{Wiki|Xinhai Revolution}} that led to the founding of the [[Republic of China]].<ref name="Rowe 2009 ch. 10">Ibid., "Revolution", pp. 253–283.</ref> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
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At some point prior to 1715, a daughter of Chinese rebels named [[Jing Lang]] married the son of a Qing general. Joining the [[Templars|Templar Order]], she served as a political advisor for a time before a political shift prompted her to become a [[Piracy|pirate]].<ref name="Orchid BF">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Database: Jing Lang]]</ref><ref name="Orchid Ini">''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: The Orchid]]</ref> | At some point prior to 1715, a daughter of Chinese rebels named [[Jing Lang]] married the son of a Qing general. Joining the [[Templars|Templar Order]], she served as a political advisor for a time before a political shift prompted her to become a [[Piracy|pirate]].<ref name="Orchid BF">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Database: Jing Lang]]</ref><ref name="Orchid Ini">''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: The Orchid]]</ref> | ||
The Qing maintained diplomatic relations with the [[Portuguese Empire]] via [[Macau]], where a mansion complex known as the [[Mandarin's House]] acted as a home for visiting Qing officials and their allies. One of these allies, the merchant [[Madam Lee]], moved into the mansion in February 1725, after which she purchased a | The Qing maintained diplomatic relations with the [[Portuguese Empire]] via [[Macau]], where a mansion complex known as the [[Mandarin's House]] acted as a home for visiting Qing officials and their allies. One of these allies, the [[merchant]] [[Lee Huiyin|Madam Lee]], moved into the mansion in February 1725, after which she purchased a bulk order of [[alcohol]] and [[tea]] from the Qing.<ref name="FT 10">''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple Episode 10|Episode 10]]</ref> | ||
Under the Qing regime, the {{wiki|Han Chinese}} people suffered heavy [[1720s Chinese Assassin purge|persecution]], including Madam Lee and many members of the [[Chinese Brotherhood of Assassins]]. This led the Brotherhood's [[Mentor]], [[Xiao Han]], to resent the Manchus and seek to remove them from power in order to establish a new dynasty under which the Han people might thrive again.<ref name="FT 40">''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple Episode 40|Episode 40]]</ref> To this end, Xiao Han and two of his fellow Assassins, [[Liu Qing]] and [[Xue Yan]], searched for a [[Southeast Asian Pieces of Eden|set]] of three [[Piece of Eden|Pieces of Eden]],<ref name="FT 34">''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple Episode 34|Episode 34]]</ref> and later formed an alliance with Madam Lee, who believed that she would benefit greatly if the Qing were to be overthrown.<ref name="FT 40" /> | |||
Although the Qing court forbade all trade with foreign entities in the early 18th century, numerous merchant companies, such as the one led by Madam Lee, took advantage of the political instability within the empire to disobey this law. It was through these clandestine deals that [[Europe]]an powers like the [[Spanish Empire]] managed to acquire goods of Chinese origin, including pottery, [[silk]] and tea.<ref name="FT 58">''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple Episode 58|Episode 58]]</ref> | |||
While not directly involved in the Chinese Assassins and Madam Lee's search for the Pieces of Eden, the Qing Empire's resources nonetheless benefitted the group's efforts. Lee used her vast influence to recruit both the Empire's [[Rattan Shield Company]] and [[Special Cavalry Unit]] to her cause,<ref name="FT 81">''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple Episode 81|Episode 81]]</ref><ref name="FT 85">''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple Episode 85|Episode 85]]</ref> and even arranged for an entire Qing fleet to be placed under the command of her right-hand woman, Admiral [[Zheng]].<ref name="FT 58" /> | |||
==Appearances== | ==Appearances== | ||
*''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' {{Mdat}} | *''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' {{1stm}} {{Mdat}} | ||
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' {{Mdat}} | *''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' {{Mdat}} | ||
*''[[Assassin's Creed Chronicles: China]]'' {{Mdat}} | *''[[Assassin's Creed Chronicles: China]]'' {{Mdat}} | ||
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]'' {{ | *''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]'' {{1st}} | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
[[Category: | {{ACFT}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Dynasties of China]] | ||
[[Category:Chinese governments]] | |||
<!--[zh:清朝]--> | |||
Latest revision as of 05:13, 14 May 2026
The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing (大清), was the last imperial dynasty of China. The regime was founded by the Jurchens in 1616[1] as the Aisin Gurun (ᠠᡳ᠌ᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ, 'Golden State') or the Jin (金, 'Gold') in the Mandarin language,[2] then a distinct nation.[3] In 1635, the Jin conquered Mongolia, extinguishing the Yuan once and for all.[4] The following year, with the invasion of the Great Ming underway, their khan Nurhaci renamed their people the Manchus and their country the Great Qing for propagandist reasons.[1][note 1]
Their capture of the Ming capital of Beijing in 1644 is traditionally taken as the start of their dynasty[3] although it would take until 1662 to complete the conquest of China.[1][note 2] Alongside encroachments on its sovereignty by foreign empires,[5][6] the Qing suffered widespread rebellions throughout the 19th century[7] and was finally overthrown in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that led to the founding of the Republic of China.[8]
History[edit | edit source]
After the Qing seized Beijing, they enthroned the six-year-old Aisin-Gioro hala-i Fulin as the Shunzhi Emperor on 30 October 1644, by which he became the first Qing ruler in China.[1] It is known from a series of cryptic puzzles left behind by Assassin Clay Kaczmarek for Desmond Miles in the Animus that the Shunzhi Emperor did not possess a Staff of Eden.[9]
At some point prior to 1715, a daughter of Chinese rebels named Jing Lang married the son of a Qing general. Joining the Templar Order, she served as a political advisor for a time before a political shift prompted her to become a pirate.[10][11]
The Qing maintained diplomatic relations with the Portuguese Empire via Macau, where a mansion complex known as the Mandarin's House acted as a home for visiting Qing officials and their allies. One of these allies, the merchant Madam Lee, moved into the mansion in February 1725, after which she purchased a bulk order of alcohol and tea from the Qing.[12]
Under the Qing regime, the Han Chinese people suffered heavy persecution, including Madam Lee and many members of the Chinese Brotherhood of Assassins. This led the Brotherhood's Mentor, Xiao Han, to resent the Manchus and seek to remove them from power in order to establish a new dynasty under which the Han people might thrive again.[13] To this end, Xiao Han and two of his fellow Assassins, Liu Qing and Xue Yan, searched for a set of three Pieces of Eden,[14] and later formed an alliance with Madam Lee, who believed that she would benefit greatly if the Qing were to be overthrown.[13]
Although the Qing court forbade all trade with foreign entities in the early 18th century, numerous merchant companies, such as the one led by Madam Lee, took advantage of the political instability within the empire to disobey this law. It was through these clandestine deals that European powers like the Spanish Empire managed to acquire goods of Chinese origin, including pottery, silk and tea.[15]
While not directly involved in the Chinese Assassins and Madam Lee's search for the Pieces of Eden, the Qing Empire's resources nonetheless benefitted the group's efforts. Lee used her vast influence to recruit both the Empire's Rattan Shield Company and Special Cavalry Unit to her cause,[16][17] and even arranged for an entire Qing fleet to be placed under the command of her right-hand woman, Admiral Zheng.[15]
Appearances[edit | edit source]
- Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (first mentioned) (mentioned in Database entry only)
- Assassin's Creed: Initiates (mentioned in Database entry only)
- Assassin's Creed Chronicles: China (mentioned in Database entry only)
- Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple (first appearance)
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ The Ming (明), whose name meant 'brightness', was associated with the classical element of fire while the name Jin (金) referred to the element of metal. Since fire melts metal, the Jin changed their name to Qing (清), meaning 'clear', and their element to water to signify their inevitable triumph over the Ming.
- ↑ The completion of the Qing conquest can also be dated to 1681, when they crushed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, or 1683 with the annexation of the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan, where Ming loyalists had fled. This article takes the year 1662, when the last Ming emperor was captured and killed in southern China, as the end of the Ming.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rowe, William T. (2009). "Conquest". In China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 11–30.
- ↑
Later Jin (1616–1636) on Wikipedia
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Millward, James A. (8 October 2020). We need a new approach to teaching modern Chinese history: we have lazily repeated false narratives for too long. Medium. Retrieved on 14 May 2023.
- ↑ Northern Yuan on Wikipedia
- ↑ Rowe, William T. (2009). "Crises". In China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 149–274
- ↑ Ibid., "Imperialism", pp. 231–252.
- ↑ Ibid., "Rebellion", pp. 175–200.
- ↑ Ibid., "Revolution", pp. 253–283.
- ↑ Assassin's Creed II – Glyph #5: "Instruments of Power"
- ↑ Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Database: Jing Lang
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Initiates – Database: The Orchid
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple – Episode 10
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple – Episode 40
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple – Episode 34
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple – Episode 58
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple – Episode 81
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple – Episode 85