Maroons: Difference between revisions
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In [[Haiti|Saint-Domingue]], most of the African slaves fled to the [[Montagnes Noires]], a range of mountains in the central part of western Hispaniola,<ref name="Montagnes DB2">''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'' – ''Freedom Cry'' – [[Database: Montagnes Noires]]</ref> following the [[Taíno]] tribes who had done the same before them, fleeing abuse from the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Spanish Empire|Empire]]'s colonies.<ref name="Maroon DB" /> The mountains made it extremely difficult for any surprise attacks from oppressors, and the high altitude was ideal for lookouts.<ref name="Montagnes DB2" /> | In [[Haiti|Saint-Domingue]], most of the African slaves fled to the [[Montagnes Noires]], a range of mountains in the central part of western Hispaniola,<ref name="Montagnes DB2">''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag'' – ''Freedom Cry'' – [[Database: Montagnes Noires]]</ref> following the [[Taíno]] tribes who had done the same before them, fleeing abuse from the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Spanish Empire|Empire]]'s colonies.<ref name="Maroon DB" /> The mountains made it extremely difficult for any surprise attacks from oppressors, and the high altitude was ideal for lookouts.<ref name="Montagnes DB2" /> | ||
Their lives were often based on subsistence agriculture and survival [[hunting]], while the warriors among them fought for independence and the freedom of other slaves. To this effect they would terrorize [[ | Their lives were often based on subsistence agriculture and survival [[hunting]], while the warriors among them fought for independence and the freedom of other slaves. To this effect they would terrorize [[plantation]] owners and overseers, razing crops, looting and conducting [[raid]]s on sugar and coffee plantations. The former slave owners retaliated brutally, with the [[Code Noir]] on their side: plantation slaves were killed, many of the attackers slaughtered, and the death penalty was a common form of punishment.<ref name = "Maroon DB"/> | ||
Though numerous, they were not the only black population in Saint-Domingue at the time, as the island also included both Freedmen, slaves who were freed legally through emancipation or manumission, and ''{{Wiki|Free people of color|Gens de Couleur}}'', those who were born free or freed at birth.<ref name="Maroon DB" /> | Though numerous, they were not the only black population in Saint-Domingue at the time, as the island also included both Freedmen, slaves who were freed legally through emancipation or manumission, and ''{{Wiki|Free people of color|Gens de Couleur}}'', those who were born free or freed at birth.<ref name="Maroon DB" /> | ||
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Sometime prior to 1735, a [[Maroon rebellion|Maroon movement]] in Saint-Domingue was established, led principally by [[Augustin Dieufort]] and supported by [[Bastienne Josèphe]]. On the years following 1735, the rebellion grew in strength and power aided by [[Adéwalé]], a member of the [[Caribbean|West Indies]] [[West Indies Brotherhood of Assassins|Brotherhood]] of [[Assassins]].<ref>''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Freedom Cry'' – [[A Common Enemy]]</ref> Liberated slaves from both the [[slave ship]]s and those sugar plantations attacked by the Assassin joined the rebellion,<ref>''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Freedom Cry'' – [[Laying the First Brick]]</ref> though a confrontation with the Governor of [[Port-au-Prince]], [[Pierre de Fayet]], would put an end to this alliance, with Adéwalé leaving Port-au-Prince after assassinating de Fayet in 1737.<ref>''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Freedom Cry'' – [[De Fayet's Last Stand]]</ref> An attempt at freeing the slaves in Saint-Domingue by poisoning the white colonists led to Maroon leader [[François Mackandal]]'s execution in 1758.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed III: Liberation]]'' – [[Database: Agaté]]</ref> | Sometime prior to 1735, a [[Maroon rebellion|Maroon movement]] in Saint-Domingue was established, led principally by [[Augustin Dieufort]] and supported by [[Bastienne Josèphe]]. On the years following 1735, the rebellion grew in strength and power aided by [[Adéwalé]], a member of the [[Caribbean|West Indies]] [[West Indies Brotherhood of Assassins|Brotherhood]] of [[Assassins]].<ref>''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Freedom Cry'' – [[A Common Enemy]]</ref> Liberated slaves from both the [[slave ship]]s and those sugar plantations attacked by the Assassin joined the rebellion,<ref>''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Freedom Cry'' – [[Laying the First Brick]]</ref> though a confrontation with the Governor of [[Port-au-Prince]], [[Pierre de Fayet]], would put an end to this alliance, with Adéwalé leaving Port-au-Prince after assassinating de Fayet in 1737.<ref>''Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Freedom Cry'' – [[De Fayet's Last Stand]]</ref> An attempt at freeing the slaves in Saint-Domingue by poisoning the white colonists led to Maroon leader [[François Mackandal]]'s execution in 1758.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed III: Liberation]]'' – [[Database: Agaté]]</ref> | ||
The Maroons and their Assassin allies in Saint-Domingue ultimately managed a successful [[Haitian Revolution|slave uprising]], the only one to result in the founding of a free state after a century of effort and more than one attempt. Starting in 1791, with the {{Wiki|Haitian Vodou|Vodou}} ceremony at | The Maroons and their Assassin allies in Saint-Domingue ultimately managed a successful [[Haitian Revolution|slave uprising]], the only one to result in the founding of a free state after a century of effort and more than one attempt. Starting in 1791, with the {{Wiki|Haitian Vodou|Vodou}} ceremony at [[Bois Caïman]] led by [[Dutty Boukman]] and calling for a major rebellion.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Eseosa's Codex]] – Entry #5: "Ceremony at Bois Caïman: Bois Caïman, Saint-Domingue, 1791-08-14"</ref> By early 1801, Maroon [[Toussaint Louverture]] declared himself absolute ruler of the island and freed all slaves.<ref>''Assassin's Creed: Initiates'' – Eseosa's Codex – Entry #9: "Absolute Ruler of Saint-Domingue: Cap Français, Saint-Domingue, 1801-07-08"</ref> Though interference by [[France|French]] [[French Empire|Emperor]] [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], by way of his brother-in-law [[Charles Leclerc]], deposed him,<ref>''Assassin's Creed: Initiates'' – Eseosa's Codex – Entry #10: "Leclerc's Expedition: Cap Français, Saint-Domingue, 1802"</ref> Louverture's lieutenant [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] ousted the French from the island, bringing the Revolution to a successful conclusion.<ref>''Assassin's Creed: Initiates'' – Eseosa's Codex – Entry #12: "What Price Freedom: Davenport Manor, British America, 1804-03-01"</ref> | ||
==Maroons in Jamaica== | ==Maroons in Jamaica== | ||
Latest revision as of 21:07, 18 June 2024
The Maroons were people who escaped slavery in the Americas and formed their own settlements away from their oppressors.[1]
Maroons in Haiti[edit | edit source]
In Saint-Domingue, most of the African slaves fled to the Montagnes Noires, a range of mountains in the central part of western Hispaniola,[2] following the Taíno tribes who had done the same before them, fleeing abuse from the Spanish Empire's colonies.[1] The mountains made it extremely difficult for any surprise attacks from oppressors, and the high altitude was ideal for lookouts.[2]
Their lives were often based on subsistence agriculture and survival hunting, while the warriors among them fought for independence and the freedom of other slaves. To this effect they would terrorize plantation owners and overseers, razing crops, looting and conducting raids on sugar and coffee plantations. The former slave owners retaliated brutally, with the Code Noir on their side: plantation slaves were killed, many of the attackers slaughtered, and the death penalty was a common form of punishment.[1]
Though numerous, they were not the only black population in Saint-Domingue at the time, as the island also included both Freedmen, slaves who were freed legally through emancipation or manumission, and Gens de Couleur, those who were born free or freed at birth.[1]
Sometime prior to 1735, a Maroon movement in Saint-Domingue was established, led principally by Augustin Dieufort and supported by Bastienne Josèphe. On the years following 1735, the rebellion grew in strength and power aided by Adéwalé, a member of the West Indies Brotherhood of Assassins.[3] Liberated slaves from both the slave ships and those sugar plantations attacked by the Assassin joined the rebellion,[4] though a confrontation with the Governor of Port-au-Prince, Pierre de Fayet, would put an end to this alliance, with Adéwalé leaving Port-au-Prince after assassinating de Fayet in 1737.[5] An attempt at freeing the slaves in Saint-Domingue by poisoning the white colonists led to Maroon leader François Mackandal's execution in 1758.[6]
The Maroons and their Assassin allies in Saint-Domingue ultimately managed a successful slave uprising, the only one to result in the founding of a free state after a century of effort and more than one attempt. Starting in 1791, with the Vodou ceremony at Bois Caïman led by Dutty Boukman and calling for a major rebellion.[7] By early 1801, Maroon Toussaint Louverture declared himself absolute ruler of the island and freed all slaves.[8] Though interference by French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, by way of his brother-in-law Charles Leclerc, deposed him,[9] Louverture's lieutenant Jean-Jacques Dessalines ousted the French from the island, bringing the Revolution to a successful conclusion.[10]
Maroons in Jamaica[edit | edit source]
Antó, an enslaved Ashanti man in Jamaica escaped with the help of the legendary warrior Kujo. Later, he founded a Maroon community near Kingston, where he ran an Assassin bureau, and established contacts with indigenous traders, who helped coordinate raids on plantations that freed more slaves to join him.[11][12] In 1716, the Welsh pirate Edward Kenway helped Antó liberate other Maroons from Templar captivity.[13]
Appearances[edit | edit source]
- Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag (first appearance)
- Assassin's Creed: Rogue (mentioned only)
- Assassin's Creed: Initiates
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Freedom Cry – Database: Maroons
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Freedom Cry – Database: Montagnes Noires
- ↑ Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Freedom Cry – A Common Enemy
- ↑ Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Freedom Cry – Laying the First Brick
- ↑ Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Freedom Cry – De Fayet's Last Stand
- ↑ Assassin's Creed III: Liberation – Database: Agaté
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Initiates – Eseosa's Codex – Entry #5: "Ceremony at Bois Caïman: Bois Caïman, Saint-Domingue, 1791-08-14"
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Initiates – Eseosa's Codex – Entry #9: "Absolute Ruler of Saint-Domingue: Cap Français, Saint-Domingue, 1801-07-08"
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Initiates – Eseosa's Codex – Entry #10: "Leclerc's Expedition: Cap Français, Saint-Domingue, 1802"
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Initiates – Eseosa's Codex – Entry #12: "What Price Freedom: Davenport Manor, British America, 1804-03-01"
- ↑ Assassin's Creed: Initiates – Database: The Maroon Assassin
- ↑ Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Database: Antó
- ↑ Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Recruiting Maroons
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