Ottoman Empire

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The Ottoman Empire, also known as the Sublime Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish: Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye or Osmanlı Devleti), was a Sunni Muslim and Turkic dominion that ruled the Eastern Mediterranean for an excess of six hundred years.

By 1299, the Byzantines had lost most of the Anatolian provinces, and as a result, Turkish Anatolia was divided into numerous Ghazi emirates. One of these Ghazi emirates was led by Osman I, which the empire would be later be entitled by.

Heading west

After Osman's death, the Ottomans rapidly conquered large territories in Anatolia and Greece that had previously been owned by the Byzantine Empire. Their victory at the Battle of Kosovo ended Serbian power in the region and paved the entrance to Europe. In time, the Ottomans had conquered all the lands around the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, though trouble struck when Timur of the Timurid Empire attacked Anatolia at the Battle of Ankara in 1402. He captured the Sultan and part of the Ottoman territories were lost. However, after a period of temporary disorder, Mehmed I became the Sultan and restored Ottoman power.

Conquest of Constantinople

The grandson of Mehmed was known as Mehmed II al Fatih (the Conqueror). He reorganized the military and state of the Ottoman Sultanate and prepared the final effort to conquer the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. In order to overcome the attack, the Byzantine Empire made an attempt at allegiance with the Pope and the Catholic Kingdoms by negotiating its conversion to Catholicism. However, the conversion was not accepted and Constantinople fell to Ottoman power in 1453, converting the city in the capital of the Ottoman Empire.

Aftermath

Ottoman people used various names for Constantinople including İstanbul, Qistantinya and later on, İslambol (Turkish: lots of İslam). But Qistantiniya (without the first n, Arabic: city of Konstantin) was the name accepted and used by the state during the early years of the city's conquest. It officially took its final name, İstanbul, under the Republic of Turkey reign in 1930. The first Prime Minister of Turkey was Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, widely regarded as the founder of modern Turkey.