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Timeline
Palaeolithic (c. 250,000 BCE)
The first anatomically modern humans (Homo Sapiens) migrate into the region. They are hunter-gatherers whose presence is evidenced by archaeological remains, notably in AlUla.
Neolithic (c. 6000–5000 BCE)
Livestock farming develops among mobile communities. The first megalithic structures appear, along with rock art depicting humans and animals.
Bronze Age (c. 3,000–1200 BCE)
Funerary constructions multiply, transforming the landscape.
Ancient Kingdoms of Dadan & Lihyan (c. 600 - 500 BCE)
The town of Dadan establishes itself as the capital of the Dadanite and Lihyanite kingdoms. Water management enables the development of agriculture, while the incense trade is a source of prosperity. The earliest North Arabian scripts emerge.
Nabataean Kingdom (c. 400 BCE–106 CE)
Access to the Mediterranean exposes the incense route to new cultural influences. The Nabataean kingdom extends across the region, making Hegra its southern capital. Spectacular tombs are carved into the rock.
Roman presence in Arabia Petraea (c. 100–600 CE)
The Nabataean kingdom is absorbed into the Roman Empire. A small fort is established at Hegra to protect the incense route.
Islamic Period – Qurh & Old Town (c. 650–1100)
Towns emerge: Qurh (c. 650–1100) and then the Old Town (c. 1,200–c. 1980), whose prosperity is driven by both trade and pilgrimages. Irrigation techniques reach their peak, supporting extensive local agriculture.
Advances in Pilgrim Travel (c. 1600 - 1900)
A fortress and other defensive structures are built to protect pilgrims, as well as a railway station and associated structures.
The Cultural Heritage (today)
Archaeological missions are carried out in AlUla. The site's extraordinary heritage is revealed to the entire world as part of a vast cultural promotion and preservation programme.
Codex
Note: "AlUla Oasis" and "Solitary and Stoic" do not reappear from ACMir, neither in name nor content.
A Cultural Hub
General view looking northward across AlUla Old Town, with the reconstructed Overlook Fortress, and beyond to the oasis.
Built in the heart of what became the \"Old Town\" of AlUla, the fort known to some as Musa ibn Nusayr is named after an Arab general and governor who is reported to have died in \"Wadi AlQura\" (the \"Valley of Villages\"), which the AlUla Valley was called in Islamic times. This small fort occupied the top of an outcrop about fifty meters high, offering an exceptional view of not only the town below but also of the valley for kilometers to the north and south. It is an exceptional position of observation and defense. The fort has endured significant changes over time, including restoration works in the 1990s.
Excavations around the monolithic basin and stone-lined well at the main Dadan sanctuary and processing archaeological finds at the Dadan Archaeological Project's basecamp.
The beginning of the 20th century was a period of renewal for AlUla: a railway for Muslim pilgrims was built, connecting Damascus to Medina via AlUla, which revitalised local life. The area’s extraordinary cultural heritage attracted more travellers and scientists, notably the French Dominican priests and scholars Jaussen and Savignac, who travelled here between 1907 and 1910. The documentary wealth they assembled became the foundation of the modern archaeological research at Dadan and Hegra that followed. \n\nA century later, in 2008, the site of Hegra was inscribed as Saudi Arabia’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site, and it remains its most spectacular. In 2017, the Saudi entity, The Royal Commission for AlUla (RCU) was created, taking charge of exploration and study of the area’s natural and cultural heritage, in addition to tourism and other economic development hand-in-hand with conservation and protection. The following year, France joined the endeavour through an intergovernmental agreement. \n\nMore than ever, the work of research, preservation, and promotion of this extraordinary cultural heritage continues. Archaeological survey, excavation and associated studies extend well beyond the initial sites, periods and aspects of study, to now range from the Stone Age through to the Islamic, and to include the dynamic involvement of human activity in the landscape.
A Natural Wonder
The spectacular landscape of AlUla features beautiful yardangs, sandstone formations sculpted by wind erosion, set against expanses of sandy plains.
The Ramm Valley, east of Dadan and the AlUla Oasis, is a series of sandstone canyons carved by the winds and rain over tens of thousands of years, to create extraordinary shapes with a magical and mysterious character. \nStanding here 500 million years ago, this landscape did not exist, as these rocks had not even begun to form. At this time, there was no life on land, and enormous rivers flowed for hundreds of miles. These rivers dropped huge amounts of sediment, that built up over millennia. The fine sediment, which was mostly small grains of quartz, was buried deep underground, where heat and pressure transformed it into rock. The enormous amount of rock lay buried, as plate tectonics slowly moved it northwards, for several hundreds of millions of years. Around 30 million years ago, the Red Sea began to open, thrusting up this rock creating a massive sandstone plateau. Over millennia, wind and rain have slowly broken down this plateau, creating the spectacular landscape of \"yardangs\" we see today.\n\nToday, this area is called \"Wadi AlFann\", which literally means \"Valley of Art\". It is becoming an open-air exhibition area of contemporary art and other installations.
A unique specimen of horseshoe crab fossil.
Most of the sandstones in AlUla were formed by sediments of enormous rivers 500 million years ago. There was no life on land, or in the rivers at this time, so we don’t find any fossils. But towards the north of AlUla the sandstones were formed from sediments in shallow seas around 465 million years ago. And here, in the rocks, there is evidence of past life. \n\nThere are dozens of areas where we can find clues left by a huge number of species of marine animals. Footprints, burrows, and even feeding traces are incredibly well preserved. \n\nSomething spectacular in these rocks is the oldest fossil discovered in AlUla, which is an extinct species of horseshoe crab. This unique fossil has only been found here and nowhere else in the world. It is the largest horseshoe crab of the time, at least ten times larger than other species of the period. \n\nIt is also unusual because it is well preserved and upside down. From the fossils and the features in the rocks, we think that these horseshoe crabs were gathering in very large numbers, perhaps to mate, and large storms washed them onto the beach. Many were turned upside down and their bodies sunk into the sediment. Fortunately, most were apparently able to lift their body and tail and flip themselves. But sadly, some were never able to flip the right way round again. After they died, the body and tail usually snapped off, and their upside down heads were buried by sediment, and exposed 465 million years later.
Elephant Rock and the Rainbow Arch, two of the most iconic sandstone formations of AlUla.
As the Red Sea opened around 30 million years ago, it thrust up sandstone that had lay hidden beneath the surface for hundreds of millions of years. An enormous sandstone plateau spread for hundreds of miles in all directions. But this plateau was not perfect. \n\nBuried underground for so long, it was slightly over-cooked. Cracks and fissures cut through the rock like a loaf of bread sliced by a child. Now exposed, these cracks were the rock’s weak spots. Wind and rain slowly worked their way into the cracks, grain by grain. Over hundreds of thousands of years, these cracks became larger, and wider, until in some places vast areas of sand stand where rock once was. \n\nErosion is random. It doesn’t follow a pattern or a path. It will break down the rock wherever it hits it first. Nature blindly sculpts the landscape. And this can create some spectacular shapes. Perhaps one of the most well known is Jabal Alfil, also called Elephant Rock because this single rock outcrop, that was once connected to an enormous sandstone plateau, now stands alone, with the uncanny shape of an elephant in the middle of the desert.
Date palm and umbrella-thorn acacia are among the most prolific tree species in AlUla.
Thanks to its extraordinary natural setting—particularly its underground water resources, enhanced by human activity over millennia—the AlUla oasis is home not only to a rich and varied native flora, but the main valley has proven to be especially well suited to diversified agriculture, giving rise to the oasis there. Date palms play a decisive role: beyond their famous fruit, these trees are essential for providing shade, protection from the wind, and materials for building shelters, making furniture, producing rope, or even crafting jewellery. The groves and orchards of other kinds of fruit, especially citrus—lemons, oranges, and others—have been characteristic of the area since the Islamic period.\n\nBecause of high summer heat, the most effective approach to cultivation is tiered: the date palm canopy provides dappled shade for other fruit trees to thrive below and vine plus other crops grow well at ground level. Among the other notable plants of the region is Moringa peregrina, a graceful small tree whose fruits yield ben oil, prized for its properties since antiquity. Native trees such as the umbrella thorn and grey-haired acacia also shape the broader ecosystem, acting as keystone species that stabilise soils, fix nitrogen, and sustain wildlife from insects to the Arabian oryx.
Large Arabian ostrich engraving in the sandstone, along with carvings of camels in the rocks in AlUla.
The Arabian ostrich (Struthio camelus syriacus) historically occupied an extensive arc across the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula, from southern Syria and Jordan through northwest Arabia and into interior deserts. \n\nArabian ostriches were once prized by AlUla’s ancient civilizations, with many egg shell fragments found across archaeological sites in the region. . Wadi AlNaam – ‘The Valley of the Ostriches’ – displays rock art of ancient horseback hunting scenes in pursuit of these huge birds. Nearly 8000 ostrich depictions have been recorded in AlUla, some dating back to the Bronze Age (3000 – 1300 BCE). The birds were likely an important source of meat, eggshells (as containers and for bead production), and decorative feathers. \n\nUnfortunately, the Arabian ostrich was driven to extinction by the middle of the 20th century. Today, the Arabian ostrich’s closest genetic cousin, the North African or red-necked ostrich, is being used for reintroduction efforts in Arabia, including in AlUla.
Connecting the World
Two sandstone incense burners of different types: a Lihyanite one bearing three animal friezes; and a Roman one with a Latin inscription confirming the presence of the Third Legion Cyrenaica in Hegra.
Frankincense, or olibanum resin, is extracted from trees of the Boswellia genus. When the bark is incised, small tears of fresh resin form, which then harden and are collected. The renown of frankincense dates back thousands of years, and its trade even inspired the name of the famous Incense Route(s), which enabled distribution northward, westward and eastward. Although its demand may have declined over time, its use has never ceased, through a wide range of practices distinct from one another, such as purification rites, offerings during religious ceremonies, sacrificial practices, medicinal uses, and simply for its fragrance. One of the most common ways of using frankincense is burning it, and the cultures that once inhabited AlUla left behind numerous burners, which are today important archaeological artefacts: study of the resides recovered from some demonstrate that frankincense was just one of many aromatics burned in them.
Elements showing Ancient Greek influence in AlUla: two bronze coins inspired by the Athenian currency depicting owls; and a Medusa head carved on the facade of a tomb.
AlUla was not only a succession of diverse cultures over time. As a cultural crossroads, the area also gave rise to original contemporary combinations — long-distance merchants, other travellers, and artisans converged there, for example during the Nabataean period. As a result, Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Hellenistic (Greek, 323 BCE – 32 BCE, between Alexander the Great and the Roman Empire) stylistic references appear integrated into the facades of the majestic tombs of Hegra, together adapted and transformed into a rich and multifaceted local identity. Faces of the Medusa type, inspired by the fearsome Gorgon of Greco-Roman mythology, are a good example. Carved on the facades of certain tombs, they may have served a talismanic function, warding off evil—or intruders!
Life in the Oasis
Tightly packed mudbrick houses of AlUla Old Town and examples of wall paintings that decorate many interiors.
The \"Old Town\" of AlUla is a maze of lanes lined with mudbrick houses. What stands today emerged during the later Islamic era on the remains of older occupation. Far from being an isolated village, it was a prosperous town center fueled by local agricultural activities and caravan trade. It was also an important stop on a Muslim pilgrimage route to Mecca and Medina. Even today, you can feel the magic and dynamism of this unique place by wandering through the lanes of Old Town! \n\nSome of the decoration on the buildings that appear in the game, such as the green and blue tiles, are not historically accurate but were added to differentiate parts of the town. Also, the large market, wide streets and big open areas differ from Old Town of today – we don’t yet know how the urban layout was and changed over time. Archaeologists are working hard to figure that out!
A classic tayyarah extending across a street of the Old Town.
AlUla Old Town developed over time, becoming a maze of narrow lanes lined with small two-storey houses built side-by-side. This arrangement, with limited space to expand individual houses, gave rise to a particularly original and ingenious way to extend, the tayyarah: with the consent of the neighbour opposite, construction of a room on the upper floor that spans the street provided an additional room for the house owner who built it. A side benefit was the shade provided for the lane below.
The Tantora sundial determined the start of the water distribution practice in AlUla at the winter solstice.
On the east side of AlUla Old Town stands the tantora. Built of stone and set atop a wall, it is a sundial that was most useful annually, in December, on the winter solstice, when about midday its shadow reaches a certain rock fixed in the ground of the open area in front of it. For the inhabitants, this signalled the start of a 40-day period for planting fields crops, such as wheat and barley, which need cooler weather and irrigation to grow. \n\nCommunity leaders carefully managed the distribution system of water to ensure every farmer received his fair share of the vital resource. Even though the introduction of mechanical pumping brought the complex underground and surface channeling system and distribution practice to an end, the elders of AlUla still hold the ceremony on the winter solstice, which is attended and celebrated by many locals and visitors and marks the start of the Winter at Tantora Festival instituted by The Royal Commission for AlUla.
This selection of pottery from Islamic times shows simple, everyday bowls and some finer pieces depicting animals—such as a bowl painted with a hare and a dish decorated with a fish and leafy sprays.
Since the earliest times of antiquity, the inhabitants of AlUla have enjoyed a rich and varied diet, largely foraged or produced locally. In the Oasis, this consisted of crops such as cereals and fruits, especially dates from palm trees, and eventually a wide variety of citrus. Alongside these came products from the herding of livestock such as sheep and goats, as well as camels. Hunting augmented the meat diet, for example gazelle and hare. Caravan trade further diversified the diet, introducing a wide range of products and different culinary practices. The presence of fish and shellfish from the Red Sea, for example, has even been documented.
Music is represented in different ways across these two images: rock art may depict at the far right a local form of harp engraved on stone in the 1st millennium BCE, while a fragmentary dish is painted with the figure of a musician.
Music in the medieval Islamic world was organised around the modal melodic system, built from short groups of notes whose intervals and motifs shape the melody. A mode sets a starting note, common melodic routes, and points of tension and rest, guiding how a melody develops over time. Performance was largely improvisatory, with musicians elaborating these rules through memorised patterns, gradual development, and movement between related modes. Musical knowledge was mainly transmitted orally rather than through notation, with instruments such as the lute and zither (strings), the flute (wind), and percussion supporting melody and rhythm. Modes were associated with particular emotions, acting upon the soul.\n\nFrom a shared tradition, regional styles gradually developed, with Arab, Persian, and later Islamic music focusing on different ways of using modes. Abbasid theorists such as al-Farabi (d. 951 CE) integrated Greek musical theory, especially Pythagorean ideas, into the Arabic framework. In the Great Book on Music, for example, scales are presented in tables of pitches, numerical values, and intervals, accompanied by symbols resembling Greek notation.
The unique night sky at one of Hegra monumental tombs.
Stargazing, the observation of the sky—especially the stars and the moon—has played a fundamental role in oasis and caravan cultures. The lunar cycle marks the months and the passage of time, while the brightest stars provide crucial guidance for orientation and travel across desert landscapes. Valued since antiquity, astronomy experienced a flourishing period during the Islamic Golden Age, in the 8th-13th centuries, with significant advances in observation, measurement, and calculation, symbolized by the refinement and widespread adoption of the astrolabe. Today, observing the night sky has become more challenging due to light pollution, which increasingly affects our environment. \n\nRecently awarded Dark Sky Certification, AlUla offers a unique opportunity to contemplate the night sky as it was experienced for thousands of years before the invention of electricity.
Honoring the Dead
The iconic diwan, at the entrance of a narrow passage (siq) in Hegra.
The triclinium, now called the diwan, is among the most fascinating features of Nabataean architecture at Hegra. Inspired by Greco-Roman practices, the triclinium was a rectangular banquet hall carved directly from the rock, which included a stone couch along each of the three walls (hence the name), the fourth side being open. It was a place to host guests and share meals while reclining “in the Roman style,” expressing high social status and strengthening community bonds. The triclinium also hosted funerary meals in honor of ancestors, ceremonies linked to deities and local cults, and probably collective celebrations associated with rites of passage or community festivals, sometimes within the framework of confraternities. Situated in close proximity to the majestic necropolises of Hegra, this interaction between the world of the living and that of the dead seems to have facilitated engagement of the community with its ancestors.
Nabataean inscription carved on the Tomb of Kamkam bint Wai'lat (IGN 39), a tomb which belong to her and her daughhter. All those entitled to be buried in it are women. Whoever does not do so will be cursed and will have to pay a fine to the priest.
Carving the monumental tombs of Hegra required unique expertise and a highly methodical process. The master builders probably assessed the quality of the sandstone and only selected the most suitable rock faces. Other factors, such as visibility from the city, seem also to have played a part. Based on a preestablished plan, the stone masons worked from top to bottom and used scaffolding or eventually stood on the ledge that was naturally created as they carved the rock face downwards. They began by roughly outlining features of the facade followed by the slow and careful carving of the elements—pediment, cornice, columns, etc, and sculptural elements with protective or religious symbolism. The work was carried out with simple yet effective tools such as chisels, picks, and hammers. \n\nThe funerary chamber and the niches for the bodies were excavated in an interior space left undecorated. Funerary inscriptions were included above some tomb entries, naming the owner of the tomb, the reigning Nabataean king during its construction, curses directed at anyone who might violate the proprietary use... and sometimes the chief mason or sculptor.
Welcome to AlUla, a land marked by ancient civilisations and shaped by a unique natural evolution.
You need to decipher an ancient inscription. It appears to be written in the language of the Nabataeans, one of the civilisations that occupied this land many centuries ago.
Travel across the valley, gain knowledge and help people in the region. In exchange, they will provide you with fragments of different inscriptions that you can use to decipher the ancient inscription.
"Toast_Map_Start_1": {
"english": "Hello, I am Roshan and I will guide you throughout your missions.",
"Toast_Map_Start_2": {
"english": "When you are ready, check your map and head to the diwan of Ithlib Mountain to start your first mission. ",
"TUT_Map_Objective_Content_1": {
"english": "In order to decipher the ancient Nabataean inscription, you will have to complete eight missions, helping different people across AlUla. In return, they will give you fragments of other inscriptions, which you will have to use to decipher the ancient Nabataean inscription. \n\n\nOnce completed, each mission will be marked as completed in the mission tracker.",
"TUT_Map_Objective_Content_2": {
"english": "Each mission takes place in a different location on the map. The icons across the map show where the locations are. \n\nIn each location, you will gain the knowledge needed to complete the mission. ",
Mission 1
The Dinner
Diwan of Ithlib Mountain
In the diwan of Ithlib Mountain, a woman named Inaya needs your assistance. She is preparing a feast for a group of merchants who have just arrived and asks for your help.\n\nIf you help, she is happy to give you a fragment of ancient Nabataean inscription.
The Meal
Inaya begins by asking which meal you think would be most appropriate for her to serve to her guests.
You suggest that a dish of dates and roasted lamb would be perfect for the dinner.
This is the ideal choice; the ingredients for this dish are local and readily available. She smiles at your idea and immediately sets out to gather the ingredients she will need.
You suggest that you think a light dinner of fish and salad would be nice.
Although it would be possible to get hold of fish in AlUla, it would be very expensive as it needs to be transported to AlUla. She looks concerned and thanks you for the suggestion. Local ingredients, such as dates and roasted lamb, would have been a better choice.
You suggest that a tomato-based dish would be good to serve at the dinner.
As you explain your idea, she looks at you in confusion. She has never seen a tomato, and they are not grown anywhere near the region. Local ingredients, such as dates and roasted lamb, would have been a better choice.
Egg
She tells you that she is also going to prepare an ostrich egg for the dinner, but she wants to know from you a way of putting the large shells to use later on.
You suggest that she could fashion the shells into containers for storage and transporting items.
She nods in agreement smiling at the idea. The eggshells are thick and hard; they will make an excellent vessel. This is a perfectly suited suggestion.
You suggest that as the shells are hard, they could be turned into a ball for children to play with.
She agrees that the shells are tough enough, but they are not round and would make a bad ball. She explains that it would be more sensible to make containers out of them.
You suggest that it might be possible to make some clothing from them.
She frowns and tells you that the shells are extremely thick and hard. They would be completely unsuitable for any clothing. She explains that it would be more sensible to make containers out of them.
Entertainment
Inaya wants to make the evening fun for the guests and wants to have some music with dinner. She asks what you think she should tell the musicians to play.
You suggest letting them play whatever melodies they feel fit best, based on a specific idea or emotion.
You know that musicians prefer to play improvised melodies based on a theme rather than following a set score - this is the best approach to suggest.
You recommend letting them play some music based on a specific set of modes so that she has control of the structure.
She says that it is possible but may upset the musicians, as they normally like to improvise. It would have been better to advise letting the musicians improvise based on ideas or emotions.
To ensure that they play something suitable for the dinner, she should provide them with a specific piece of music.
Music in the region is not fixed or written down; whilst she thanks you for your suggestion, she will stick to the traditional way of improvising based on a theme.
Outcome
You have provided exceptional help and advice. Inaya passes on the fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription and says that you are welcome to come back any time.
Despite the occasional confusion, your help and advice are appreciated. Inaya passes on the fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription.
Inaya appreciates your efforts to help, but your suggestions have made it more difficult for her. She still passes on the fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription and is glad to see you leave.
Mission 2
The Merchant
The Old Town
A merchant asks for your help to find his way around. He is knowledgeable about other languages and offers to give you a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription in exchange for your assistance.
The Market
The merchant introduces himself as Saad ibn Yasir. He asks you where he can find the main market in the town.
You direct him to head outside the town walls.
Whilst he will undoubtedly encounter some merchants, you would have been better to tell him that markets can be found both inside and outside the town walls.
You tell him to go both to the town centre and just outside the walls of the town; he will encounter some merchants in both locations.
You explain that he will find open-air markets both in the town centre and outside the town walls. He smiles, grateful for your insight and guidance.
You apologise and explain that you do not know where the market is.
He looks frustrated but continues the conversation. To help him you should have directed him both to the town centre and outside the town walls.
The Tomb
Pointing into the distance, outside the city, he asks what the large tomb that stands alone is.
You explain that it is one of the great Nabataen masterpieces in Hegra, the tomb of Hayyan ibn Kuza.
Looking out at the horizon, Saad looks pleased at your knowledge. This was the perfect answer.
You explain that he is probably referring to the Nabataean tombs of the AlBanat Mountain.
Whilst visible from the city, the tombs of AlBanat Mountain are a cluster of structures. Hayyan ibn Kuza is the tomb that stands alone. You hope that the confusion will not cause Saad problems in the future.
You explain that you do not know about the tomb but that it is probably very old.
He looks irritated by your lack of local knowledge but asks you another question.
The Town
Turning his attention back to the merchandise he is transporting, Saad explains that the goods are valuable and asks if the area is adequately defended from raiders.
You point to the Overlook Fortress that sits on an outcrop in the centre of the town.
With good visibility of the surrounding area, the Overlook Fortress provides a clear and far-reaching defense for merchants and travelers through the AlUla valley. Saad is relieved to hear this. It was the perfect choice.
You point to the defensive wall created around the town by the buildings.
Whilst the wall protects the town itself, Saad is more concerned with the area surrounding it. You should have highlighted the Overlook Fortress and its ability to protect a large zone.
You explain that the region and its trade routes are mostly peaceful, and he should not worry.
Saad is clearly unconvinced by your statement. He is an experienced merchant and knows that there are many dangers, from bandits to wild animals. You should have highlighted the Overlook Fortress and its ability to protect a wide area.
Outcome
You have provided valuable help and insights to the merchant. Saad ibn Yasir is in your debt and happily gives you a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription.
Your knowledge of the town and local area, though imperfect, was of help to the merchant. He thanks you and gives you a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription.
Though Saad ibn Yasir acknowledges that you tried your best to help, your local knowledge was insufficient. However, he respects his side of the deal and gives you a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription.
Mission 3
The Farmer
The Oasis
You meet a young farmer called Harith ibn Ghayth, outside the town. He explains that he is the first in his family to try farming and asks for your help to learn how to grow crops in the Oasis. He is willing to share a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription in exchange for your help.
Spring and Summer
Harith explains that he needs to know what to plant. He asks what crops are the best to grow during the spring and summer months.
You suggest that with the warm sun of spring and summer, growing dates would be a good choice.
You recall that dates need a lot of sun to grow and ripen, making them a good choice to plant in spring or summer. This is a perfect suggestion.
As wheat is needed all year round for making bread and other staple foods, you suggest that he should begin by planting that.
Harith looks doubtful. Wheat is a winter crop, needing cooler conditions and more water than the summer provides. Dates would have been a better suggestion as they need the bright sunlight of summer to ripen.
You suggest that potatoes would be a perfect crop to plant in spring or summer.
He has never heard of a potato and looks at you with a confused expression. Potatoes have not been introduced into the region during this period. You would have done well to suggest dates as they need a lot of sun to ripen.
Winter
He looks over the nearby fields and then asks what he should do in the winter after he harvests the first crop.
You suggest that in winter he should plant a grain such as wheat or barley.
You have correctly recalled that crops like wheat and barley need both cooler conditions and more water. They are the perfect choice for winter crops.
Dates are a known delicacy of the region, and you suggest that he should grow them in the winter.
Harith seems doubtful but smiles at your suggestion. Dates, whilst common in the region, are not suitable to be planted in the winter. You would have done better to suggest that he plant wheat or barley.
You suggest that the best choice would be oryx.
Harith looks confused at your suggestion and explains that whilst the oryx is common in the region, it is an animal, not a crop! Wheat and barley would have been a more sensible recommendation.
The Changing Seasons
After you answer, Harith has another question, he wonders how he will know when it is time to change crops at the beginning of Winter.
You recommend that the best way to know if it is winter is to use the Tantora.
The Tantora is a sundial located in the Old Town. It casts a shadow which reaches a rock fixed in the ground on the first day of the winter solstice. This is the ideal suggestion to know when winter begins.
You recommend that he waits for the festival of the Winter Solstice before planting his winter crops.
Harith is not fully convinced, since the festival lasts several days. You would have been better to suggest that he use the Tantora sundial to know exactly when the Winter Solstice begins.
You recommend that he waits for it to get cold. That way he will know it is time to plant his winter crops.
Harith responds that the winter would indeed likely be colder than the summer and that his problem is knowing when the season has changed. You would have been better to suggest that he use the Tantora sundial as that shows exactly when the Winter Solstice begins.
Outcome
You have provided exceptional help and advice to Harith ibn Ghayth. He gives you a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription in thanks. He also invites you to come back to enjjoy his first harvest of dates.
Though Harith will likely seek some more advice on some of the challenges he faces, he is grateful for the information you have provided. He thanks you and gives you a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription.
Harith ibn Ghayth appreciates your attempts to help even though he doubts the usefulness of your answers. He passes on the fragment of the ancient Nabataean inscription as promised and walks off muttering under his breath.
Mission 4
The Artist
Lion Tombs
An artist visiting the Lion Tombs asks for information about the carvings there. He is writing a detailed account of them in a manuscript. \n\nHe says that he would be more than happy to give you a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription if you assist him with his research.
Sculptures
The artist introduces himself as Fahim. Gesturing to a carving that he has been studying, he asks if you know how the artisans went about creating such large sculptures.
You explain that in order to create a sculpture of this size the artist would have roughly outlined all of it first then added details later on.
Fahim shakes his head. That technique would have been extremely difficult to use on sculptures of this scale. The artists most likely began at the top and worked their way down.
After a moment's consideration, you suggest that the artists likely began at the bottom of the sculptures and worked their way upward.
Fahim laughs at your suggestion, explaining that it would have been a very difficult approach. Instead, the carvers would have begun at the top of the sculptures and worked their way down.
After a moment's consideration, you suggest that the artists likely began at the top of the sculptures and worked their way down.
Fahim nods approvingly as you explain your reasoning. Smiling, he says that this is exactly how he would approach carving a sculpture of this scale. You have found the perfect answer.
Creatures
Fahim is fascinated by the process of carving tomb façades and wants to learn more about the fantastical imagery they feature. He recalls seeing a carving of a snake-haired woman on Al-Banat Mountain and asks what might have inspired such a striking sculpture.
You explain that the creature depicted could be from Greek mythology.
Fahim is impressed by your knowledge of cultures beyond the region. This is the perfect answer.
Maybe the creatures are simply the result of the artist's imagination.
Fahim remarks that he is often amazed by the vivid imaginations of artists, but he is certain he has seen creatures like this depicted in Greek mythology.
Perhaps creatures like this used to live in the region in the past.
The artist does not seem convinced, but smiles politely. The correct answer was that they are from Greek mythology.
The Carvings
Fahim explains that he hopes to create a detailed account of the carvings in the area to go along with his research into ancient methods. He asks if you know of anywhere else where he could see large numbers of carved tomb façades.
You recommend that he heads north to the tombs at Hegra, to see the carved facades.
You explain that Hegra contains nearly one hundred carved tomb facades, the great masterpieces of the Nabataeans. Fahim is thrilled at the prospect of seeing them. This was the perfect recommendation.
You recommend that he heads north to see the inscriptions at Mount Ikmah.
Fahim is familiar with Mount Ikmah and explains that whilst the inscriptions are fascinating, he is interested in carvings. It would be better for him to head north to Hegra.
You recommend that he heads to Elephant Rock, which is a rock carved into a huge elephant form.
He politely explains that whilst it is impressive, the Elephant Rock was formed naturally by the historical effects of erosion. There was no carving. To ensure that he can see more carvings you should have recommended heading north to Hegra.
Outcome
Fahim closes his manuscript with a smile and a sense of a job well done. He is extremely pleased with the progress he has made. He gratefully passes on the fragment of ancient Nabataean inscription.
Fahim closes his manuscript with a decisive gesture. Your help and insights are appreciated, despite the occasional confusion. He hands over the fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription as agreed.
Fahim closes his manuscript with a resigned sigh. He has more work to do! You hope that his work has not been impacted too badly by your lack of knowledge. He still gives you a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription as promised.
Mission 5
The Guard
Elephant Rock
A caravan guard asks you to join the caravan he is with and provide him with advice on traveling in the region. The caravan is currently at Elephant Rock. \n\nThe guard agrees to share a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription in return.
Navigation
The guard introduces himself as Asim ibn Najm and begins by asking you for advice on the best way to navigate in the desert.
You recommend that he look up at the night sky, and use the brightest stars to orient himself and find the right direction to follow.
Asim nods at the wisdom of your suggestion. Your advice is perfect. The brightest stars in the sky are able to provide crucial guidance for orientation and travel across desert landscapes.
You suggest he looks at a map of the region, to find his bearings and the right direction to follow.
Whilst a map provides some good information, there is little detail. It would have been better to suggest that Asim use the stars to navigate as they can provide crucial guidance for orientation and travel across desert landscapes.
You tell Asim that you think the best solution would be to follow the tracks of the other caravans.
The tracks of the other caravans could swiftly be blown away in the sand and offer no guidance. It would have been far better to suggest that Asim uses the stars to navigate.
Shelter
Thinking ahead in his journey, Asim also asks what you would suggest he use for shelter when traveling.
You suggest using tents made of woven goat or camel hair.
You reply that he should find a tent like those used by the Bedouins of the desert. It will provide shelter, keep him warm at night, and be easy to carry. This is the perfect suggestion.
You suggest camping in caves along the route.
Asim immediately shakes his head at your suggestion, explaining that although caves are common in the region, his caravan will spend many days crossing the open desert. A tent would have been far more useful.
You suggest carrying simple wooden shacks that can be disassembled for easy transport.
Asim seems impressed, but reminds you that space and weight are vital for ensuring that a caravan is profitable. You would have been better off suggesting that he take a tent.
Dangers
Asim explains that he has heard the life of a caravan guard can be dangerous, but no one will tell him why. He asks what dangers he should be prepared for.
You warn him of the danger posed by leopards.
You explain that the Arabian Leopard is an ambush predator, well adapted to remote, rugged terrain and able to take down larger prey. However, they favor wild prey such as gazelles and ibex, so you would have been better off warning him about the threat of bandits.
You warn him about bears.
Asim looks at you with a puzzled expression on his face before explaining that he knows that there are no bears in the region. Whilst there are leopards that would have posed some danger, the most common threat would likely be bandits.
You tell him to be mindful of the many bandits who are likely to be lurking along the trade routes.
Despite protection offered by the military forces from AlUla, bandit attacks are common in the region as they prey on the rich trading caravans. Your advice is perfect and will help Asim stay safe.
Outcome
Asim looks visibly relieved by the depth and wisdom of your advice. Thanking you profusely, he presents you with a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription as a token of his gratitude. He then insists that you join him and the other new guards for dinner, eager for them to benefit from your knowledge as well.
Asim thanks you for your thoughtful advice and gladly gives you a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription. Your advice was mostly sound, and you are confident that the other guards traveling with him will make up for any mistakes.
Asim rewards you with a fragment of ancient Nabataean inscription and you thank him. You realise that your advice was not always sound and hope it will not cause him harm on his travels.
Mission 6
The Runaway
Tent Encampment
You receive a request for help from a young man named Ghassan, who is staying at the tent encampment. Posing as a merchant who has fled an arranged betrothal, he is in need of your assistance.\nA scholar of ancient languages, he promises to reward your help with a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription.
AlUla
To pass as a merchant, Ghassan needs to know more about AlUla. He begins by asking what the main source of AlUla's prosperity is, beyond trade.
You tell him that you believe that the prosperous town is also fueled by local agricultural activities.
You correctly recall that the thriving town depended as much on the oasis farms as on the caravans that passed through it. Ghassan nods, committing your words to memory. This is the perfect answer.
You tell him that you believe that the wealth of AlUla partially comes from pilgrims stopping in AlUla before continuing their journey.
Ghassan looks uncertain. Whilst travelers do pass through the town on pilgrimage, this is not what fills its stores and markets. You would have helped him more by explaining that the town's wealth also comes from the agricultural activities in the oasis.
You tell him that you believe that AlUla has a strong manufacturing industry that contributes to its prosperity.
Ghassan frowns at your suggestion. The town's craftsmen serve local needs, but no merchant would speak of AlUla as a place of industry. You would have helped him more by explaining that the town's wealth also comes from the agricultural activities in the oasis.
Frankincense
Ghassan plans to pose as a merchant transporting valuable frankincense. Sheepishly, he admits he is not entirely sure why it is so highly prized.
You explain that you think frankincense was prized for the pleasant aroma it released when burned.
You correctly explain that frankincense is prized for the extraordinary fragrance it releases when burned, and it is traded at great price across vast distances. Ghassan smiles, now able to speak of his wares with confidence. This was the perfect answer.
You suggest that frankincense might be used in construction.
Whilst frankincense is indeed a resin, it is in no way suitable for construction. You would have helped him better if you had explained that it is due to the extraordinary fragrance it releases when burned.
You explain that you think frankincense can be used to dye clothes.
Frankincense is not colored and cannot be used to dye clothes. You would have helped him better if you had explained that it is due to the extraordinary fragrance it releases when burned.
Tomb of Hinat
To make his disguise convincing, Ghassan must appear familiar with the route through AlUla and its famous landmarks. One of the best known is the Tomb of Hinat. He asks you to tell him more about it.
You explain that it was built for Hinat, her children and her descendants.
The inscription specifically states that the tomb was created for Hinat, her children and her descendants, forever. Your answer is correct.
You tell him that it was created specifically for her enemies.
The inscription specifically states that the tomb was for Hinat, her children and her descendants, forever. You hope this mistake will not arouse suspicion.
You suggest it was made for her brothers and sisters.
The inscription specifically states that the tomb was for Hinat, her children and her descendants. You hope this mistake will not arouse suspicion.
Outcome
Your advice was perfect, and Ghassan is visibly relieved, now feeling fully prepared to pose as a merchant. Before setting off, he gratefully entrusts you with a fragment of ancient Nabataean inscription and thanks you for your help.
Your advice has given Ghassan greater confidence, and he now feels better prepared to pose as a merchant, despite the challenges that may still lie ahead. Before he departs, he gives you a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription.
Your advice to Ghassan may have caused more harm than good, and he remains clearly anxious about posing as a merchant. Before he departs, he absent-mindedly hands you a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription.
Mission 7
The Engineer
AlBanat Mountain
You come across an engineer who has come to AlUla to learn about its interesting and innovative constructions. He asks you meet him at the famous AlBanat Mountain. \n\nHe offers to give you a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription in exchange for your help.
Elevated Structures
The engineer greets you and introduces himself as Tayyib ibn Wasi. He thanks you for your assistance and begins by asking what the elevated structures that appear above the streets of the Old Town are.
You suggest that the structures are built to provide shade for those in the streets below.
Whilst the small amount of shade would likely be appreciated by some, this is an accidental effect of the construction of these Tayyarahs. These rooms on the upper floor, spanning the street, provide additional space for the house owner.
You explain that these structures are upper-floor rooms built over the street.
You correctly identify the Tayyarahs: upper-floor rooms that span the street, providing additional living space. This is the correct answer.
You suggest that these structures help support the buildings on either side of the street.
These structures are built between already constructed buildings and offer no support benefits. You should have explained that they are Tayyarahs, elevated rooms that span the street and provide additional space for the house owner.
Water for Farming
Tayyib turns his attention to the oasis and the farms it sustains. He wonders how farmers channelled water from the aquifer to fields lying at a lower elevation, without the use of pumps.
You explain that they use qanats, a system of underground channels that carry water using only the natural slope of the land.
You correctly recall the qanat system, underground channels that draw water from the aquifer and carry it to the fields below using gravity alone. Tayyib is delighted by the elegance of the solution. This was the perfect answer.
You explain that wells were dug throughout the oasis, allowing people to draw water by hand.
Tayyib acknowledges that many wells were indeed dug to reach the water table. But wells alone could not supply the distant fields. That was the role of the qanats—underground channels that carried water by gravity, making large-scale farming possible.
You suggest that the farmers rely on the seasonal rains to water their crops.
Tayyib reminds you that rainfall in the region is far too unpredictable to rely upon. The farmers use qanats instead, underground channels that carry water from the aquifer to the fields using gravity.
Water at Ithlib Mountain
Finally, Tayyib turns to the sacred spaces carved into Ithlib Mountain, where no wells exist. He asks how the Nabataeans brought water to such a dry and isolated place.
You explain that they built a system of channels, cisterns and a reservoir to collect and store rainwater.
You correctly describe the ingenious system of channels, cisterns and a reservoir that captured and stored rainwater, supplying the sacred site with water. Tayyib nods, impressed by their foresight. This was the ideal answer.
You suggest that there must have been a concealed well somewhere within the rocks.
Tayyib shakes his head. The area is known to have no wells at all. The water was in fact supplied by a system of channels, cisterns, and a reservoir that collected rainwater.
You guess that water was carried up from the oasis whenever it was needed.
Tayyib doubts that enough water could have been carried over such a distance for every gathering. In reality, the site was supplied by an ingenious system of channels, cisterns and a reservoir that captured and stored rainwater.
Outcome
Tayyib ibn Wasi is thrilled by the depth of your understanding of the region's ingenuity. He thanks you warmly and presents you with a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription, certain that your shared discoveries will enrich his studies.
Tayyib ibn Wasi is grateful for your help, despite a few moments of confusion along the way. He leaves you with a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription before setting off to continue his studies.
Tayyib ibn Wasi appreciates your attempt to help, but is left with more questions than answers. He entrusts you with a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription before setting off in search of other sources.
Mission 8
The Scholar
Ikmah Mountain
You come across a scholar at Jabal Ikmah, the great open-air library of the valley, who has spent years studying the hundreds of inscriptions carved into its stones. She is gathering the valley's history into a single record, in order to create a perpetual source of knowledge. \n\nShe asks you to help her complete her work. In exchange, she is happy to give you a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription.
The Mother of Letters
The scholar introduces herself as Lubna bint Aws. She tells you these stones bear centuries of prayers, including those of farmers asking for abundant rain. Then she asks you a difficult question. As these rocks bear many different scripts, she wants to discover which one gave rise to the Arabic script used today.
You explain that the Arabic script used today evolved from Nabataean script.
You correctly recall that the Arabic script developed from Nabataean script. Lubna smiles: the very script you have been tracing across the valley is the ancestor of the Arabic script used today. It was the perfect answer.
You answer that the Arabic script must have originated from Greek script brought by distant traders.
Lubna shakes her head. Greek inscriptions can be found among the stones of the valley, brought here through trade, but the Arabic script used today developed from Nabataean script.
You answer that the Arabic script descended from the ancient Dadanitic script carved into these rocks.
\"A good guess,\" Lubna admits, \"as many of these inscriptions are indeed written in the ancient Dadanitic script. But that script disappeared with the kingdom that used it. The Arabic script used today developed instead from Nabataean script—the very one you have been learning to recognise.\"
Soldiers from afar
Lubna shows you an inscription in Latin, the script of distant Rome. She asks if you know why Roman soldiers once garrisoned a fort at Hegra, so far from the heart of their empire.
You explain that, after Rome annexed the Nabataean kingdom, a garrison was stationed at Hegra to protect the trade routes and collect taxes.
You correctly recall that, after Emperor Trajan annexed the Nabataean kingdom, Rome stationed a garrison at Hegra to protect the caravan route and collect customs duties along it. It may even have been the easternmost outpost of the entire empire. Lubna is delighted. It was the perfect answer.
You suggest that the fort was a base from which Rome planned to conquer all of Arabia.
Lubna explains that no Roman legions ever marched to conquer the deep desert. Instead, after Rome annexed the Nabataean kingdom, a garrison was stationed at Hegra to protect the caravan route and collect customs duties along it.
You suggest that the fort housed soldiers who had been posted there as a punishment.
Lubna laughs and admits that soldiers stationed so far from home may well have felt they were being punished. In fact, after Rome annexed the Nabataean kingdom, a garrison was stationed at Hegra to protect the caravan route and collect customs duties along it.
The Creature in the Stone
Finally, Lubna shows you her strangest find: the fossil of a great shelled creature embedded in the rock, lying on its back. She says she has found others like it, and every one of them is upside down. She asks how you think they came to be here.
You explain that these are the remains of creatures that lived in a shallow sea which covered this land in an age beyond memory. When they died, their shells were overturned and buried beneath the seabed, where they became fossils.
You correctly recall that the rocks in the north of the valley preserve the fossilised remains of sea creatures from an age long before any people walked this land. Many were overturned by powerful storms and buried on their backs. Lubna gazes at the fossils with a new sense of wonder. It was the perfect answer.
You suggest it must be a carving, cut by the same hands that made the inscriptions.
Lubna points out that there are no chisel marks on the rock, and no carver would have carved every creature upside down. In fact, the shape is the fossilised remains of a creature that lived in an ancient sea which once covered this land.
You suggest that wind and rain shaped it by chance, just as they carved the great canyons of the Ramm Valley.
Lubna agrees that wind and rain can sculpt remarkable landscapes, as the canyons of the Ramm Valley show. But the weather could never create the same creature over and over again, always lying on its back. In fact, it is the fossilised remains of a creature that lived in an ancient sea which once covered this land.
Outcome
Lubna bint Aws closes her record with deep satisfaction. Your knowledge has enriched a work that will speak to generations yet to come. She gladly hands over the fragment of ancient Nabataean inscription. You now have everything you need to decipher it.
Lubna bint Aws thanks you for your help, despite a few moments of confusion along the way. She passes on a fragment of an ancient Nabataean inscription. You now have everything you need to translate the inscription.
Lubna bint Aws thanks you for your efforts, though your answers did little to help her complete her record. True to her word, she honours your bargain and hands over a fragment of ancient Nabataean inscription. You now have everything you need to decipher it.
Finale
"End_Screen_Contents": {
"english": "Congratulations! You have deciphered the inscription and completed your journey in AlUla. \n\nIf you want to replay the story and continue to explore AlUla, please go to the Settings menu and clear your progress.",
"Toast_FinalGame_1": {
"english": "Well done! You have gathered all the fragments you will need to decipher the ancient Nabataean inscription. Click on the button at the centre to start. ",
"Final_inscription": {
"english": "May the descendants who have come to this place listen to the masons who built the tomb for eternity, and hold them in good remembrance.",
"Inscription_1": {
"english": "This is the tomb which Khln the physician, son of Wʾln, created for himself and his children and his descendants",
"Inscription_2": {
"english": "May any man who went to Hegra be safe",
"Inscription_3": {
"english": "Rabîbel the strategos took possession of this place",
"Inscription_4": {
"english": "ʿAbdʿubdat son of Wahballâhî and Hâniʾû son of ʿAbîda and Afṣâ son of Ḥawṭû, the masons, created it",
"Inscription_5": {
"english": "This is the grave which Kamkam daughter of Waʾilat daughter of Ḥarâmû and Kulaybat, her daughter, made for themselves",
"Inscription_6": {
"english": "This is the tomb which ʿydw son of K{h}[y]{l}w son of ʾlksy created for himself",
"Inscription_7": {
"english": "Let it not be opened over them forever",
"Inscription_8": {
"english": "Good remembrance for Zydw",
"Word_1_Correct": {
"english": "descendants",
"Word_1_Wrong_1": {
"english": "river",
"Word_1_Wrong_2": {
"english": "man",
"Word_2_Correct": {
"english": "went",
"Word_2_Wrong_2": {
"english": "open",
"Word_2_wrong_1": {
"english": "sun",
"Word_3_Correct": {
"english": "this place",
"Word_3_incorrect_1": {
"english": "carve",
"Word_3_incorrect_2": {
"english": "tree",
"Word_4_Correct": {
"english": "the masons",
"Word_4_Wrong_1": {
"english": "rain",
"Word_4_Wrong_2": {
"english": "travel",
"Word_5_Correct": {
"english": "made",
"Word_5_Incorrect_1": {
"english": "moon",
"Word_5_Incorrect_2": {
"english": "journey ",
"Word_6_Correct": {
"english": "the tomb",
"Word_6_Wrong_1": {
"english": "remembrance",
"Word_6_Wrong_2": {
"english": "stars",
"Word_7_Correct": {
"english": "forever",
"Word_7_Incorrect_1": {
"english": "when",
"Word_7_Incorrect_2": {
"english": "good",
"Word_8_Correct": {
"english": "remembrance",
"Word_8_Incorrect_1": {
"english": "descendants",
"Word_8_Incorrect_2": {
"english": "son",
"TUT_Inscription_Content_1": {
"english": "At the bottom of the screen, you will find the fragments with the words you collected after completing each mission, along with their possible translations.\n\nAt the top of the screen, you will find the inscriptions these words come from, along with their full translations.",
"TUT_Inscription_Content_2": {
"english": "\nFirst, drag the word from the bottom of the screen onto the matching symbol in the inscription at the top. \n \nUse the arrow buttons to look at the different inscriptions at the top of the screen. ",
"TUT_Inscription_Content_3": {
"english": "Once you have identified the matching symbol, select its correct meaning using the full translation of the inscription at the top.",
Misc
"Toast_FirstMissionFinished_1": {
"english": "Excellent work! You need to complete seven more missions to be able to decipher the ancient inscription.",
"Toast_FirstMissionFinished_2": {
"english": "Check the remaining locations on your map to start your next mission. ",
"Toast_FourMissionsFinished_1": {
"english": "Fantastic progress! You are halfway through gathering the fragments of inscriptions you need to translate the ancient inscription.",
"Toast_FinalMissionActive_1": {
"english": "Good job! You only need one more fragment to be able to translate the ancient inscription. ",
"Toast_FinalMissionActive_2": {
"english": "There is a scholar at Ikmah Mountain that needs your help. Head to the area I have marked on your map to complete the last mission. ",
