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'''Bastienne Josèphe''' (1690s – before 1776) was the madam of [[La Dame en Rose]], a [[brothel]] in [[Port-au-Prince]], during the 1730s, and a supporter of [[Augustin Dieufort]]'s [[Maroon rebellion]]. She was the mother of [[Babatunde Josèphe]], grandmother of [[Eseosa]], and an ancestor to [[Milton Jones]].
'''Bastienne Josèphe''' (born 1690s) was the madam of [[La Dame en Rose]], a [[brothel]] in [[Port-au-Prince]], during the 1730s, and a supporter of [[Augustin Dieufort]]'s [[Maroon rebellion]]. Through her relationship with the [[Assassins|Assassin]] [[Adéwalé]], she became the mother of [[Babatunde Josèphe]], grandmother of [[Eseosa]], and an ancestor to [[Milton Jones]].


==Biography==
==Biography==
Line 14: Line 14:
Born to a prostitute at [[La Dame en Rose]], Bastienne grew up in the brothel she would later own. When she was young, she allowed outside children to spy on the brothel's illicit activities for a price. Entering her teens, her training in reading, writing, and financial management made her an indispensable assistant to the brothel's madam. During this time, she came to understand that the business could be used for great political gain, as deal-making, scandals, and exchanges of information were common at the brothel.<ref name="Database">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[Database: Bastienne Josèphe]]</ref>
Born to a prostitute at [[La Dame en Rose]], Bastienne grew up in the brothel she would later own. When she was young, she allowed outside children to spy on the brothel's illicit activities for a price. Entering her teens, her training in reading, writing, and financial management made her an indispensable assistant to the brothel's madam. During this time, she came to understand that the business could be used for great political gain, as deal-making, scandals, and exchanges of information were common at the brothel.<ref name="Database">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[Database: Bastienne Josèphe]]</ref>


Though Bastienne was at one point engaged, she ultimately forewent marriage to inherit La Dame en Rose when the previous madam passed. Her skill with finances allowed her to double the business' profits, a portion of which she used to buy the freedom of slaves in [[Port-au-Prince]]. She then began acting as an informant for the Maroon rebellion, using her [[courtesan]]s to gather information on their politically powerful clients.<ref name="Database" />
Though Bastienne was at one point engaged, she ultimately forewent marriage to inherit La Dame en Rose when the previous madam passed. Her skill with finances allowed her to double the business' profits, a portion of which she used to buy the freedom of slaves in [[Port-au-Prince]]. She then began acting as an informant for the [[Maroon rebellion]], using her [[courtesan]]s to gather information on their politically powerful clients.<ref name="Database" />


At some point during her time as madame, Bastienne became acquainted with the [[Templars|Templar Order]], working for them as a courier of sorts, and using the money they gave her to free slaves. She also became an informant for the [[Maroon rebellion]] led by [[Augustin Dieufort]], and maintained a friendship with [[Pierre, Marquis de Fayet]], the [[France|French]] governor of [[Haiti|Saint-Domingue]], which was just a ruse to acquire more information to further the Maroon cause.<ref name="FC">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]''</ref>
At some point during her time as madame, Bastienne became acquainted with the [[Templars|Templar Order]], working for them as a courier of sorts and using the money they gave her to free slaves. She also became an informant for the Maroon rebellion led by [[Augustin Dieufort]], and maintained a friendship with [[Pierre, Marquis de Fayet]], the [[France|French]] governor of [[Haiti|Saint-Domingue]], which was just a ruse to acquire more information to further the Maroon cause.<ref name="Common Enemy">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[A Common Enemy]]</ref>


===Working with Adéwalé===
===Working with Adéwalé===
{{Dialogue2|Adéwalé|I fear worse things now. No Templar plot can equal your wrath.|Bastienne|You try to make light, at a time like this?|Only to lighten my sorrow at leaving.|Bastienne and Adéwalé shortly before the latter's departure, 1737.|Freedom Cry|De Fayet's Last Stand}}
{{Dialogue2|Adéwalé|I fear worse things now. No Templar plot can equal your wrath.|Bastienne|You try to make light, at a time like this?|Only to lighten my sorrow at leaving.|Bastienne and Adéwalé shortly before the latter's departure, 1737.|Freedom Cry|De Fayet's Last Stand}}
In 1735, Bastienne met [[Adéwalé]], an [[Assassins|Assassin]] who had been shipwrecked on Saint-Domingue following the loss of his [[brig]], the ''[[Victoire]]''. Adéwalé had intercepted a Templar parcel being delivered to her and refused to hand it over until Bastienne proved she was trustworthy. Bastienne soon convinced the Assassin to aid the growing Maroon resistance and, though their relationship was initially rocky, they grew close over the following years.<ref name="Common Enemy">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[A Common Enemy]]</ref>
In 1735, Bastienne met [[Adéwalé]], an [[Assassins|Assassin]] who had been shipwrecked on Saint-Domingue after the loss of his [[brig]], the ''[[Victoire]]''. Adéwalé had intercepted a Templar parcel being delivered to her and refused to hand it over until Bastienne proved she was trustworthy. Bastienne soon convinced the Assassin to aid the growing Maroon resistance and, though their relationship was initially rocky, the two grew closer over the following months.<ref name="Common Enemy" />


[[File:A Scientific Inquiry 1.png|thumb|250px|Bastienne and Adéwalé in La Dame en Rose]]
[[File:A Scientific Inquiry 1.png|thumb|250px|Bastienne and Adéwalé in La Dame en Rose]]
When de Fayet became inexplicably strict in his enforcement of the [[Code Noir]], Bastienne tasked Adéwalé to infiltrate the governor's mansion by posing as a slave in order to spy on him. Adéwalé learned that de Fayet was sponsoring an expedition headed by a scientist named [[Louis Godin]], which concerned Bastienne, as none of her informants had told her of such an expedition.<ref name="Lifting the Veil">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[Lifting the Veil]]</ref>  
When de Fayet became inexplicably strict in his enforcement of the [[Code Noir]], Bastienne tasked Adéwalé to infiltrate the governor's mansion by posing as a slave in order to spy on him. Adéwalé initially opposed the plan due to the risks of being discovered and captured, but nonetheless followed Bastienne's intructions. Through his investigation, he learned that de Fayet was sponsoring an expedition headed by the scientist [[Louis Godin]], which concerned Bastienne, as none of her spies had told her of such an expedition.<ref name="Lifting the Veil">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[Lifting the Veil]]</ref>  


Following further investigations, Adéwalé discovered that the expedition's intended goal was to map the circumference of the Earth, so as to provide the French with accurate geographical knowledge far surpassing that of its national rivals. While this intrigued the Assassin, who believed that the knowledge gained from the expedition would greatly benefit his Order, Bastienne was not impressed by how little Adéwalé had learned and dismissed him.<ref name="Scientific Inquiry">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[A Scientific Inquiry]]</ref>
After further investigations, Adéwalé discovered that the expedition's intended goal was to map the circumference of the Earth, so as to provide the French with accurate geographical knowledge far surpassing that of its national rivals. While this intrigued the Assassin, who believed that the knowledge gained from the expedition would greatly benefit his Order, Bastienne was not impressed by how little Adéwalé had uncovered and dismissed him.<ref name="Scientific Inquiry">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[A Scientific Inquiry]]</ref>


Eventually, Bastienne's anger subsided and, in order to help the Maroons and fulfill her promise to Augustin, she came up with a plan to replace the expedition's illiterate slaves with literate ones that could then pass the information to the Maroons. She gave Adéwalé a forged manifest listing the literate slaves' names, which the Assassin procedeed to swap with the real one, ensuring the right people joined the expedition.<ref name="Plant the Seeds">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[Plant the Seeds]]</ref>
Eventually, Bastienne's anger subsided and, in order to help the Maroons and fulfill her promise to Augustin, she came up with a plan to replace the expedition's illiterate slaves with literate ones that could then pass the information to the Maroons. She gave Adéwalé a forged manifest listing the literate slaves' names, which the Assassin proceeded to swap with the real one, ensuring the right people joined the expedition.<ref name="Plant the Seeds">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[Plant the Seeds]]</ref>


[[File:Down with the Ship 11.png|left|thumb|250px|Augustin consoling Bastienne]]
[[File:Down with the Ship 11.png|thumb|250px|left|Augustin consoling Bastienne]]
By 1737, the French had grown concerned over the increasingly strong Maroon resistance and the number of slaves being liberated by Adéwalé. In response, they began to impose stricter curfews, as well as harsher and more frequent punishments for slaves. Bastienne tried to dissuade Adéwalé from continuing his attacks against the French, but he angrily dismissed her.<ref name="Down with the Ship">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[Down with the Ship]]</ref>
By 1737, the French had grown concerned over the increasingly strong Maroon resistance and the number of slaves being liberated by Adéwalé and the rebels. In response, they began to impose stricter curfews, as well as harsher and more frequent punishments for slaves. Bastienne, concerned about the slaves' well-being, tried to dissuade Adéwalé from continuing his attacks against the French, but the Assassin angrily dismissed her.<ref name="Down with the Ship">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[Down with the Ship]]</ref>


However, they both soon witnessed de Fayet's cruelty when a French vessel, acting under the governor's orders, opened fire on a [[slave ship]] which had been disabled by Adéwalé, to prevent the slaves from escaping. Although Adéwalé managed to rescue some of the slaves, most drowned and were subsequently buried by Bastienne, Adéwalé, and Augustin. While Bastienne mourned their loss and was appalled by the extent of de Fayet's heartlessness, Adéwalé set out to kill the governor, claiming that his [[The Creed|Creed]] demanded it.<ref name="Down with the Ship" />
However, they both soon witnessed de Fayet's cruelty when a French vessel, acting under the governor's orders, opened fire on a [[slave ship]] which had been disabled by Adéwalé, to prevent the slaves onboard from escaping. Although Adéwalé managed to rescue some of the slaves, most drowned and were subsequently buried by Bastienne, Adéwalé, Augustin, and the Maroons. While Bastienne mourned their loss and was appalled by the extent of de Fayet's heartlessness, Adéwalé set out to assassinate the governor, claiming that his [[The Creed|Creed]] demanded it.<ref name="Down with the Ship" />


[[File:De Fayet's Last Stand 8.png|thumb|250px|Bastienne and Adéwalé bidding each other goodbye]]
[[File:De Fayet's Last Stand 8.png|thumb|250px|Bastienne and Adéwalé bidding each other goodbye]]
After Adéwalé assassinated de Fayet, he was forced to leave Port-au-Prince, since remaining would call both his and the Maroons' safety into question. Before leaving, he visited Bastienne one last time to say goodbye and give her the contents of the Templar parcel: a [[Precursor box]]. As Bastienne had no one left to sell it to anymore, she elected to keep the box as a memento.<ref name="Last Stand">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[De Fayet's Last Stand]]</ref>
After Adéwalé killed de Fayet, he was forced to leave Port-au-Prince, since his continued presence would call both his and the Maroons' safety into question. Before his departure, he visited Bastienne one last time to say his goodbyes and give her the contents of the Templar parcel: a [[Precursor box]]. As Bastienne had no one left to sell it to anymore, she elected to keep the box as a memento.<ref name="Last Stand">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[De Fayet's Last Stand]]</ref>


===Later life===
===Later life===
At some point after de Fayet's death in 1737, Bastienne and Adéwalé shared a night of passion, leading to the eventual birth of a son, Babatunde. Adéwalé met Babatunde in 1751 while visiting Port-au-Prince to offer aid following an [[1751 Port-au-Prince earthquake|earthquake]], and recruited him to the Assassins. Babatunde would later father Eseosa, who also joined the Assassins and eventually became an influential participant of the [[Haitian Revolution]].<ref name="Letters">''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Eseosa's Codex|Letters to the Dead]]</ref>
{{Quote|If the child is destined to be raised by lunatics, then there are lunatics aplenty here in Saint-Domingue.|Bastienne, on her son's potential future with the Assassins.|Assassin's Creed: Initiates|Eseosa's Codex}}
At some point after de Fayet's death in 1737, Bastienne and Adéwalé shared a night of passion; seeing it as a mistake, they agreed to never speak of it again and went their separate ways. However, the encounter unknowingly left Bastienne pregnant and, nine months later, she gave birth to a boy, naming him [[Babatunde Josèphe|Babatunde]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Eseosa's Codex|Letters to the Dead]]: "A Moment of Weakness"</ref>


By November 1751, Bastienne's Precursor box was in the possession of [[François Mackandal]], the [[Mentor]] of the [[Saint-Domingue Brotherhood of Assassins]]. It would subsequently be stolen, alongside the [[Voynich manuscript]], by the [[Master Templar]] [[Lawrence Washington]], who took both artifacts to the [[United States|British colonies in America]].<ref name="ACRG">''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]''</ref>
Not wanting to make Adéwalé choose between [[West Indies Brotherhood of Assassins|his Brotherhood]] and a new commitment, Bastienne concealed their son's existence from him, and likewise did not inform Babatunde of his father's identity. As her son grew into a restless and wild teenager, however, she began telling him about Adéwalé, the Assassins, and their Creed, hoping to keep him in line and out of trouble.<ref name="ACI">''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Eseosa's Codex|Letters to the Dead]]: "Take Your Son to Work"</ref>


Bastienne passed away at some point before 1776.<ref name="Letters" />
In 1751, Bastienne was reunited with Adéwalé when the latter returned to Port-au-Prince to offer aid after the [[1751 Port-au-Prince earthquake|great earthquake]], and introduced him to Babatunde, who was subsequently trained by Adéwalé to become an Assassin.<ref name="ACI"/><ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]'' – [[Database: Adéwalé (Rogue)|Database: Adéwalé]]</ref> Bastienne was initially opposed to this decision, believing the Brotherhood was not a suitable environment to raise a child, but eventually accepted it after seeing that Babatunde's meeting with Adéwalé had changed the former's life for the better.<ref name="ACI"/>
 
By this time, Bastienne had renounced her Precursor box, giving it to [[François Mackandal]], a Maroon leader and the [[Mentor]] of the [[Saint-Domingue Brotherhood of Assassins|Saint-Domingue Assassins]].<ref name="Lessons and Revelations">''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]'' – [[Lessons and Revelations]]</ref><ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]'' – [[War Letters]]: "Family Vacation"</ref> Bastienne later became a grandmother when Babatunde fathered a son, [[Eseosa]], in 1757. While her grandson was growing up, Bastienne would tell him stories about Babatunde's childhood and his recruitment to the Assassins,<ref name="ACI"/> until her death sometime prior to 1776.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Eseosa's Codex|Letters to the Dead]]: "A Family Vow"</ref>


==Behind the scenes==
==Behind the scenes==
Bastienne's character is based on the historical figure of the same name, a free business woman of color who ran a brothel in French-occupied Saint-Domingue during the 18th century.<ref>[http://www.themarysue.com/game-changer-jill-murray/ The Mary Sue | Game Changer: Writer and Narrative Designer Jill Murray Talks Making Personal Games, the Importance of Communication and Researching Coffee]</ref>
Bastienne Josèphe is a character introduced in ''[[Freedom Cry]]'', a [[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag downloadable content|downloadable]] expansion for the 2013 video game ''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'', where she was voiced by [[Canada|Canadian]] actress [[Mariah Inger]]. Bastienne's character is based on a real historical figure from the 18th century, a free businesswoman of color who ran a brothel in French-occupied Saint-Domingue.<ref>[http://www.themarysue.com/game-changer-jill-murray/ The Mary Sue | Game Changer: Writer and Narrative Designer Jill Murray Talks Making Personal Games, the Importance of Communication and Researching Coffee]</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
Line 62: Line 65:
*''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]] – [[Freedom Cry]]'' {{1st}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]] – [[Freedom Cry]]'' {{1st}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' {{Mo}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]'' {{Imo}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]'' {{Mdat}}


==References==
==References==
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{{FC}}
{{FC}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Josèphe, Bastienne}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Josèphe, Bastienne}}
[[pt-br:Bastienne Josèphe]]
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[[Category:1690s births]]
[[Category:1690s births]]
[[Category:Individuals]]
[[Category:Individuals]]

Latest revision as of 02:11, 13 May 2026

Bastienne Josèphe (born 1690s) was the madam of La Dame en Rose, a brothel in Port-au-Prince, during the 1730s, and a supporter of Augustin Dieufort's Maroon rebellion. Through her relationship with the Assassin Adéwalé, she became the mother of Babatunde Josèphe, grandmother of Eseosa, and an ancestor to Milton Jones.

Biography[edit | edit source]

Early life[edit | edit source]

Born to a prostitute at La Dame en Rose, Bastienne grew up in the brothel she would later own. When she was young, she allowed outside children to spy on the brothel's illicit activities for a price. Entering her teens, her training in reading, writing, and financial management made her an indispensable assistant to the brothel's madam. During this time, she came to understand that the business could be used for great political gain, as deal-making, scandals, and exchanges of information were common at the brothel.[1]

Though Bastienne was at one point engaged, she ultimately forewent marriage to inherit La Dame en Rose when the previous madam passed. Her skill with finances allowed her to double the business' profits, a portion of which she used to buy the freedom of slaves in Port-au-Prince. She then began acting as an informant for the Maroon rebellion, using her courtesans to gather information on their politically powerful clients.[1]

At some point during her time as madame, Bastienne became acquainted with the Templar Order, working for them as a courier of sorts and using the money they gave her to free slaves. She also became an informant for the Maroon rebellion led by Augustin Dieufort, and maintained a friendship with Pierre, Marquis de Fayet, the French governor of Saint-Domingue, which was just a ruse to acquire more information to further the Maroon cause.[2]

Working with Adéwalé[edit | edit source]

Adéwalé: "I fear worse things now. No Templar plot can equal your wrath."
Bastienne: "You try to make light, at a time like this?"
Adéwalé: "Only to lighten my sorrow at leaving."
—Bastienne and Adéwalé shortly before the latter's departure, 1737.[src]-[m]

In 1735, Bastienne met Adéwalé, an Assassin who had been shipwrecked on Saint-Domingue after the loss of his brig, the Victoire. Adéwalé had intercepted a Templar parcel being delivered to her and refused to hand it over until Bastienne proved she was trustworthy. Bastienne soon convinced the Assassin to aid the growing Maroon resistance and, though their relationship was initially rocky, the two grew closer over the following months.[2]

Bastienne and Adéwalé in La Dame en Rose

When de Fayet became inexplicably strict in his enforcement of the Code Noir, Bastienne tasked Adéwalé to infiltrate the governor's mansion by posing as a slave in order to spy on him. Adéwalé initially opposed the plan due to the risks of being discovered and captured, but nonetheless followed Bastienne's intructions. Through his investigation, he learned that de Fayet was sponsoring an expedition headed by the scientist Louis Godin, which concerned Bastienne, as none of her spies had told her of such an expedition.[3]

After further investigations, Adéwalé discovered that the expedition's intended goal was to map the circumference of the Earth, so as to provide the French with accurate geographical knowledge far surpassing that of its national rivals. While this intrigued the Assassin, who believed that the knowledge gained from the expedition would greatly benefit his Order, Bastienne was not impressed by how little Adéwalé had uncovered and dismissed him.[4]

Eventually, Bastienne's anger subsided and, in order to help the Maroons and fulfill her promise to Augustin, she came up with a plan to replace the expedition's illiterate slaves with literate ones that could then pass the information to the Maroons. She gave Adéwalé a forged manifest listing the literate slaves' names, which the Assassin proceeded to swap with the real one, ensuring the right people joined the expedition.[5]

Augustin consoling Bastienne

By 1737, the French had grown concerned over the increasingly strong Maroon resistance and the number of slaves being liberated by Adéwalé and the rebels. In response, they began to impose stricter curfews, as well as harsher and more frequent punishments for slaves. Bastienne, concerned about the slaves' well-being, tried to dissuade Adéwalé from continuing his attacks against the French, but the Assassin angrily dismissed her.[6]

However, they both soon witnessed de Fayet's cruelty when a French vessel, acting under the governor's orders, opened fire on a slave ship which had been disabled by Adéwalé, to prevent the slaves onboard from escaping. Although Adéwalé managed to rescue some of the slaves, most drowned and were subsequently buried by Bastienne, Adéwalé, Augustin, and the Maroons. While Bastienne mourned their loss and was appalled by the extent of de Fayet's heartlessness, Adéwalé set out to assassinate the governor, claiming that his Creed demanded it.[6]

Bastienne and Adéwalé bidding each other goodbye

After Adéwalé killed de Fayet, he was forced to leave Port-au-Prince, since his continued presence would call both his and the Maroons' safety into question. Before his departure, he visited Bastienne one last time to say his goodbyes and give her the contents of the Templar parcel: a Precursor box. As Bastienne had no one left to sell it to anymore, she elected to keep the box as a memento.[7]

Later life[edit | edit source]

"If the child is destined to be raised by lunatics, then there are lunatics aplenty here in Saint-Domingue."
―Bastienne, on her son's potential future with the Assassins.[src]-[m]

At some point after de Fayet's death in 1737, Bastienne and Adéwalé shared a night of passion; seeing it as a mistake, they agreed to never speak of it again and went their separate ways. However, the encounter unknowingly left Bastienne pregnant and, nine months later, she gave birth to a boy, naming him Babatunde.[8]

Not wanting to make Adéwalé choose between his Brotherhood and a new commitment, Bastienne concealed their son's existence from him, and likewise did not inform Babatunde of his father's identity. As her son grew into a restless and wild teenager, however, she began telling him about Adéwalé, the Assassins, and their Creed, hoping to keep him in line and out of trouble.[9]

In 1751, Bastienne was reunited with Adéwalé when the latter returned to Port-au-Prince to offer aid after the great earthquake, and introduced him to Babatunde, who was subsequently trained by Adéwalé to become an Assassin.[9][10] Bastienne was initially opposed to this decision, believing the Brotherhood was not a suitable environment to raise a child, but eventually accepted it after seeing that Babatunde's meeting with Adéwalé had changed the former's life for the better.[9]

By this time, Bastienne had renounced her Precursor box, giving it to François Mackandal, a Maroon leader and the Mentor of the Saint-Domingue Assassins.[11][12] Bastienne later became a grandmother when Babatunde fathered a son, Eseosa, in 1757. While her grandson was growing up, Bastienne would tell him stories about Babatunde's childhood and his recruitment to the Assassins,[9] until her death sometime prior to 1776.[13]

Behind the scenes[edit | edit source]

Bastienne Josèphe is a character introduced in Freedom Cry, a downloadable expansion for the 2013 video game Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, where she was voiced by Canadian actress Mariah Inger. Bastienne's character is based on a real historical figure from the 18th century, a free businesswoman of color who ran a brothel in French-occupied Saint-Domingue.[14]

Gallery[edit | edit source]

Appearances[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]