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==Grappling hook==
The '''Manual of Style''' is the codified set of standards for writing and formatting across all articles here at the ''Assassin's Creed'' Wiki where we strive for a level of professionalism as diligent as any other academic medium.
A '''grappling hook''' is a tool that consists of multiple hooks attached to a rope.<br />
[expand a little on details?]


During the [[Third Crusade]], the [[Assassins]] favored the device's versatility for their operations. Consequently in 1190, [[Rafik]], the [[Rafik|Keeper]] of [[Dasmascus]] gave a grappling hook to [[Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad]], suggesting that it would be useful should the young Assassin choose to [[freerunning|travel]] by rooftop again. <-- inadequate ending for the sentence?
As with any style guide, the aim of this page is to ensure clarity, coherence, and consistency throughout our articles through efficient organization, thereby rendering our content readily accessible to the audience. Although we share common principles with conventional styles of professional writing, our manual of style is specially adapted to the unique goal of synthesizing ''Assassin's Creed'' lore and presenting it in an encyclopedic format. Those familiar with composing scholarly works need not refrain from drawing strategies from that background when contributing to this wiki. However, it should also be remembered that ''Assassin's Creed'' Wiki is a special platform of its own with distinct standards that have been developed by convention and consensus to best fit our specialty.


[it indeed proved useful in the slums because the buildings collapse?]<br />
==Perspective==
[when pursuing Fajera and the bridge collapsed Altaïr found it esp. useful for crossing the river ~ significant enough to mention?]<br />
More than just a typical guide on a video game series, ''Assassin's Creed'' Wiki is dedicated to compiling and maintaining the lore of the entire franchise. To that end, our first and foremost priority is to synthesize the metanarrative of not only each game, but also across the diverse range of transmedia. We meticulously incorporate every piece of information on the series' universe, no matter how minor, and weave them together into a unifying whole, so that fans may witness how its world truly manifests.
[he would continue to use it throughout his quest for the Chalice to swing himself across gaps he cannot jump]<br />
[employed it as a way of pulling guards towards him. compare with [[Hookblade]] & [[rope dart]]?]


===Reference===
Because our encyclopedia revolves more around the series as a world and less on the series as merely games, it is essential that articles are written from an '''in-universe''' perspective rather than an '''out-of-universe''' one with few exceptions.
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles]]''


==Nazim==
===In-universe===
'''Nazim''' (unknown - 1190) was a [[Templars|Templar]] [[crossbowmen|crossbowman]] that participated in the [[Third Crusade]].
When an article is written from an in-universe perspective, it is roleplaying as a document in the world of ''Assassin's Creed'' itself. Imagine that you are an Assassin who, eager to research the history of the [[Hidden Blade]], consults a digital database which has begun to archive all this information. This database is ''Assassin's Creed'' Wiki, and although it does not actually exist within the series' canon, for our purposes, we act as though it does when writing. We pretend as though we, the writers, are within the universe of ''Assassin's Creed'' rather than fans existing outside of it.


In 1190, he was stationed in [[Tyre]] as part of the defense force for the Templar hospital. Alongside two [[Hospitalier]] soldiers, he was guarding the interior of a restricted building when he encountered the [[Assassins|Assassin]] [[Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad]], who had trespassed en route to the hospital. Though unaware of Altaïr's affiliation, the [[Crusaders]] nevertheless moved to apprehend the intruder, decrying him as a "shameless thief." Nazim had barely just received the order to arm his crossbow when Altaïr overpowered his group and killed them.
This perspective of writing manifests in the following ways:


===Trivia===
*'''All subjects must be treated as though they are non-fictional rather than fictional.'''
Because the video game's levels are designed with improbable architecture, it is impossible to determine the function of the building where Nazim is encountered. The interior of this building consists of naught but a few platforms suspended above a bottomless abyss with disconnected beams for navigation. One side of the building's façade resembles that of a typical church, at least with regards to buttresses and arched windows, the other side lacks these features, which are replaced instead by a large platform that protrudes out over the street.
*'''The ''historical past tense'' is used unless the subject still exists in the present moment in the series.'''
:Under conventional grammar rules, plot summaries for fictional works are written in the literary present tense. Because we imagine the ''Assassin's Creed'' world to be that of reality, however, even fictional characters who have since died in the story (e.g. [[Haytham Kenway]]) are treated as actually having existed at one point before passing away. When writing about them, they should therefore be described in the past tense. Conversely, subjects that still exist at the current time in the story (e.g. the [[Animus]], [[Rebecca Crane]], [[Rome]]) should be described in the present tense as usual.
*'''As a general rule, the current year in the real world is the current year in the series' story even in the absence of a new release in a particular year.'''
 
:The series is essentially set in a parallel universe to that of reality, with every historical event in the story mirroring that of actual history. As a result, if a subject, be it an individual, a city, or a war, currently exists in real-life, even in the absence of an explicit reference to its current status in the ''Assassin's Creed'' universe, its status is presumed to be the same.
 
:Thus, if you are unsure if [[Masyaf]] still stands as a city in the present day of ''Assassin's Creed'' and no source in the series gives a clear answer, refer to its {{wiki|Masyaf|real-world status}} to find out. The exception to this rule is if within ''Assassin's Creed'' lore itself, it has been made explicit that the subject no longer exists even if it still does in the real world. In the event of such a deviation, one must of course defer to the ''Assassin's Creed'' version.
*'''Refrain from describing a detail as "unknown".'''
:Details which are unknown to us may not necessarily be unknown to characters within the ''Assassin's Creed'' world.
*'''Refrain from gameplay language.'''
 
====Avoiding gameplay language====
Note that simply avoiding any explicit references to the subject's fictional status while describing gameplay does not qualify as IU-writing. For instance:
<blockquote>"A Brute's regular attacks could also be countered through a disarm maneuver, which left him open to a lethal, follow-up attack."</blockquote>
In this example, the historical past tense is used as is appropriate, but to write from an in-universe perspective requires more than just correct tense usage; one must ''capture'' the point-of-view with respect to content and rhetoric as well. The sentence alone is not technically out-of-universe, as it is true that within the ''Assassin's Creed'' universe, a regular attack from a Brute can be countered by disarming him, just as in real-life, an attack from a soldier can be countered and disarmed.
 
However, it is not realistic to single out this detail as though it were a unique scenario. What distinguishes a "regular" attack from any other form of attack ''in real-life''? Can't any individual be countered by being disarmed ''in real-life''—is this detail specific to a Brute? Won't any counter leave an enemy open to a follow-up attack ''in real-life''? Would it necessarily always be lethal?
 
Awkward in a non-fictional context, this statement is still in essence written from an OOU-perspective. Its point makes sense only as a matter of describing gameplay mechanics even if it can disguise itself by being technically correct if a Brute were to exist in real-life. In-universe writing should not be superficial.
 
===Out-of-universe===
The opposing counterpart to in-universe is out-of-universe (OOU) where an article is written from the normal perspective of reality. In this case, the writer does not imagine himself as situated within the franchise's universe; the subject matter is approached as part of a fictional work as usual.
 
Although by default, an IU-perspective takes precedence, certain subjects might call for an OOU-perspective to be adopted instead. The articles of such subjects are referred to as real-world pages and deal with game developers; voice actors; the actual games, comics, and novels themselves; etc. Subjects which appear within the ''Assassin's Creed'' universe but which have a real-world equivalent (e.g. [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], [[Firearm]], [[France]]) should still be written from an IU-perspective and should principally be presented in terms of the franchise's lore.
 
All IU articles have a Trivia section at the end which in essence is a less formal equivalent to the Behind the Scene sections of other wikis. As such, items in Trivia may be written from an OOU-perspective even when the article as a whole is not. This is necessary if a trivia point describes gameplay elements of the subject, such as the way it functions or bugs involving it. Because Trivia is a pool for miscellaneous OOU and gameplay points, this is the only section in IU articles which permits OOU-perspective writing.
 
==Real-world lore==
<s>The world of ''Assassin's Creed'' is a mirror of the real world with settings and events heavily inspired by true history. [[Ubisoft]] takes great pains to ensure that the settings remain as accurate to history as possible in spite of the copious science fiction elements and the fictional meta-narrative. Societies such as Renaissance Italy, the British American colonies, and Ptolemaic Egypt are reproduced to the minutest of detail—and even if not so precisely in the games, are assumed to be in the lore.</s>
 
The coherence and premise of ''Assassin's Creed'' lore would not be possible without the implicit assumption that its geopolitical, socioeconomic, and cultural timeline is the same as in our real world—albeit with the Assassin-Templar conflict playing in the background facilitating this identical course of human history. Since ''Assassin's Creed'' is a mirror of the real world, with research conducted in-universe by fictional characters such as [[Shaun Hastings]] being taken from real sources, a vast majority of the "lore" of the real world is by default true in ''Assassin's Creed'' canon unless proven otherwise.
 
Editors may be tempted to incorporate real world information—most often drawn from {{wiki|Wikipedia}}—to expand on articles whose subjects have real world equivalents. ''Assassin's Creed'' is a unique franchise in this regard where its canon can theoretically be supplemented by non-fictional external sources. For this reason, a degree of leniency is allowed for adding content that can be attributed not to ''Assassin's Creed'' sources but to academic sources on real subjects.
 
In some cases, this is absolutely necessary because developers assume many basic details of the ''Assassin's Creed'' world are already known and therefore do not need to be explicitly explained in the source material. Strict adherence to conventional wiki sourcing policy here could lead to awkward gaps in information in articles about events or omission of principal details.
 
Nevertheless, care should be taken to ensure that drawing from external sources is an exception, not a prescription. Restraint must be exercised in
 
<s>Common deviations where events and details are altered are in the precise manner of death of historical individuals, additional parties involved in conspiracies (i.e. Assassins and Templars), and motivations.</s>
 
<s>These include social norms, the state of the economy from one period to the next, which individual ruled which</s>
 
==Naming convention==
When naming an article, abide by the following steps in this order:
#Use a canonical name whenever possible
#Use the legal name of an individual whenever possible, omitting titles and epithets
#If no canonical legal name is known, use a canonical common name.
#If no canonical common name is known, use a canonical nickname and add <nowiki>{{Nickname}}</nowiki> to the top of the page. (e.g. [[Noob]] and [[Numbskull]])
#If the subject has no canonically verifiable name, but it has a real-life equivalent, use its real-life name
#If the subject either does not have a real-life equivalent, or its name in real-life is otherwise unknown, devise a conjectural name and add <nowiki>{{Conjecture}}</nowiki> to the top of the page.
 
This means that if a subject has a real-world counterpart, the name by which it appears in the canonical source takes precedence.
:<u>Example</u>: [[Julius Caesar]] instead of {{wiki|Gaius Julius Caesar}}
 
Whatever the conjectural name, it should be one that can most rationally be identified with the subject (e.g. [[Zhang Zhi's father]]). A descriptive title may therefore be employed instead, but whichever title is chosen, it must still be in-universe. Hence, a character whose name is not given should never include words such as "unnamed" (e.g. "Unnamed Guard Captain") or "character" in its article's title.
 
===Article title format===
In accordance with this wiki's designated language, all titles should be in English to maintain consistency. An exception can be made for the following:
*If the name is romanized, but lacks an anglicized variant. (e.g. [[Ratonhnhaké:ton]]).
*If the name uses the Latin alphabet in its native form, but its anglicized variant is not conventionally used. (e.g. [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] not "Lawrence of the Medici")
*Both the native name and its anglicized and native variants are widely used, but the former is the one used in the subject's most prominent and/or central appearance. (e.g. [[Jeanne d'Arc]] instead of "Joan of Arc")
:*The name used in the latest media takes precedence if there is a contradiction between a character's most central appearance and the greater prominence of another appearance, (e.g. [[Christopher Columbus]] from ''[[Assassin's Creed (film)|Assassin's Creed: The Movie]]'' over "Cristoffa Corombo" from ''[[Assassin's Creed II: Discovery]]'') or if there is some dispute in any other way over the level of authority between multiple sources using different variations of a name ([[Saladin]] from ''[[Assassin's Creed: The Essential Guide]]'' over "Salah Al'din" from ''[[Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade]]'')
 
Titles must also:
*Be at least romanized even if it cannot be anglicized. (e.g. [[Wei Yu]] instead of 魏羽)
*Be a noun or noun phrase.
*Be in singular, not plural case, unless the subject is a ''{{wiki|plurale tantum}}'' (e.g. [[Americas]]), or its very subject matter discusses a class or group. (e.g. administrative subdivisions such as "Nomes of Egypt" or people groups)
*Be in sentence case, i.e. with only proper nouns and the first word capitalized.
*Avoid including a {{wiki|article (grammar)|grammatical article}}, definite or indefinite, at its beginning except when it is a component to a work's title (e.g. ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'') or the subject's formal name (e.g. [[Le Chasseur]]).
*Use the full name of the subject, spelled out, rather than an abbreviation.
#Use the official name if the subject is an organization
 
The exception to the third point are the articles on [[Assassins]] and [[Templars]] which, per the convention in the series, are titled as people groups despite referring to the formal organizations.
 
===Disambiguation===
Disambiguation is applied when two or more articles have competing, identical titles.
 
There are three, principal disambiguation scenarios:
#The page at '''[[Maria]]''' is a ''disambiguation page'', leading to all other uses of "Maria".
#The page at '''''[[Assassin's Creed]]''''' is about one particular usage, called the ''primary topic'', and there is a {{wiki|Wikipedia:Hatnote|hatnote}} leading readers to [[Assassin's Creed (disambiguation)|''Assassin's Creed'']] for all other uses of that name.
#The page at '''[[Desmond]]''' is the ''primary topic'', with a hatnote linking to the other use, [[Desmond (dog)]]. No disambiguation page is needed because there are only two competing pages with one taking precedence.
 
A '''primary topic''' for a term is a subject which has far greater likelihood of being the one sought after by a reader than all the other competing subjects combined; it is indisputably the most notable usage of name. It may also otherwise have a ''long-term significant claim'' to that title (e.g. although ''Assassin's Creed'' might more commonly refer to the series, its name is derived from the original game that spawned the series).
 
These three examples illustrate the three different means of disambiguation, in which a primary topic is present in the latter two, but absent in the first. In the first case, at least two usages of that name (i.e. [[Maria Thorpe]] and [[Maria Auditore da Firenze]]) has approximately equal notability and significance, so the base term is used as the disambiguation page.
 
When an article must be distinguished with another, in the absence of a better alternative, typically a parenthetical descriptor is used. An exception is place names, where, if the disambiguating term is a higher-level administrative division, it should be separated by commas rather than be set within parentheses (e.g. [[San Marco District, Florence]] and [[San Marco District, Venice]]). Pluralizing one of the titles, adding an unwarranted definite article, or violating the grammatical format in any other way is an absolutely improper way of disambiguation.
 
==Section headings==
Section headings, like article titles, must use sentence case, where only the initial word and proper nouns are capitalized, and all subsequent words after the first are not provided they are general nouns.
 
Use equal signs around a section heading <code>==Title==</code> to create a primary section; <code>===Title===</code> for a subsection; and so on to <code>=====Title=====</code>.
 
The heading must be on its own line, with one blank line before it. While a blank line just after the heading is optional and can be ignored, two or more blank lines after the heading is prohibited, for it creates unwanted, visible space.
 
In addition:
*Headings should not refer redundantly to the subject of the article. (e.g. "Early life" instead of "Desmond's early life" or "His early life")
*Headings should normally not contain links.
*Citations should not be placed within, or on the same line as, section headings.
*Headings should not contain images.
*Headings should not be phrased as questions.
 
==Capitalization==
As aforementioned, titles of pages and headings should employ sentence case.
 
===Assassin===
As a demonym for the [[Assassins|Assassin Brotherhood]], "Assassin" is a proper noun and should always be capitalized when referring to a member of this organization. When used as a general noun by referring to any individual who attempts an assassination, "assassin" should not be capitalized. Hence, the combination of "Templar assassin" describes a member of the [[Templars|Templar Order]] who targets the life of an individual for political reasons without being aligned with the Assassin Brotherhood.
 
===Hidden Blade===
Since the "[[Hidden Blade]]" is a specific weapon that should not be confused as a descriptor, it should always be capitalized.
 
===Dynasties===
When part of a dynastic name, ''dynasty'' should never be capitalized unless the name is derived from a number. Hence, the ''d'' in ''dynasty'' in the names [[Song dynasty]], [[Ming dynasty]], and [[Ptolemaic dynasty]] are all lower-case while it is upper-case in {{wiki|Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Eighteenth Dynasty}} and {{wiki|Fourth Dynasty of Egypt|Fourth Dynasty}}.
 
==Language and grammar==
{{wiki|English language|English}} is the official language of this ''Assassin's Creed'' Wiki. Versions of this site in other languages are also available, and each page should include interwiki links at the bottom directing readers to its counterparts in other languages.
 
Since ''Assassin's Creed'' sources predominantly use {{wiki|American English}}, American English spelling is standard for this wiki, and every article should adhere to this for consistency. Spelling aside, however, editors should refer to {{wiki|British English}} grammar norms.


===Reference===
===Possessives===
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles]]''
In English grammar, a possessive is formed with plural nouns by adding an apostrophe followed by an ''s'' at the end of the word (e.g. ''sword's''), but if the noun already ends in a pronounced ''s'', the extra ''s'' should be dropped (e.g. <i>swords'</i> but not ''women's'' or ''mice's'').


==Templar Hospital==
While it is not universal whether or not this latter practice should be carried over to singular nouns ending in a pronounced ''s'', for the purposes of consistency, the extra ''s'' should always be added when forming a possessive with these nouns (e.g. [[Haras]]'s; [[Silas Thatcher|Silas]]'s) unless doing so makes the noun awkward to pronounce with an extra {{wiki|sibilant}}, i.e. an /s/ or /z/ sound (e.g. [[Achilles Davenport|Achilles']] or [[Socrates]]').


The '''Templar Hospital''' of [[Tyre]] was a medical facility that operated in the 12th century and came to double as a stronghold for the [[Templars|Knights Templar]] at the height of the [[Third Crusade]].
Regardless, the additional ''s'' should never be dropped on the basis of the noun ending in an ''s'' alone. The above exception with singular nouns can only begin to be considered if the ''s'' were pronounced in the first place. In French names such as ''[[Thomas de Carneillon|Thomas]]'' or ''[[Thomas-Alexandre Dumas|Dumas]]'', where the ''s'' is silent, the omission of the extra ''s'' would be incorrect as they deprive them of an ending sibilant to indicate possession when read aloud.


===History===
===Name usage===
Located near the harbor, the institution was shut down at some point prior to 1190. Around that year, the [[Crusaders]] reopened the complex under the command of the Templar [[doctors|doctor]] [[Roland Napule]], in the process drastically bolstering the city's reinforcements.
When mentioning a character for the first time in an article, they should be introduced with their full name and not just a title. (e.g. [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]] instead of 'Ezio'; [[Louis-Joseph Gaultier, Chevalier de la Vérendrye]] instead of 'de la Vérendrye'; [[James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan]] instead of 'the Earl of Cardigan')
Though ostensibly a hospital, the facility was in fact employed for much more nefarious purposes, particularly in light of the Templars' fervent pursuit for the keys to the [[Temple of the Sand]]. People suspect to knowledge of these keys were detained at the hospital and subjected to brutal interrogations. While these operations were by no means publicized, the local civilians nevertheless whispered rumors of the horrors committed within its walls.


These rumors eventually reached the ears of the [[Assassins]], who sent an agent to investigate. The infiltrator failed to return, however, and the Assassins remained largely in the dark on the exact details of the Templars' operations.
====Subsequent mentions====
In most academic sources, the practice is for subsequent mentions of an individual to refer to them only by their surname. Because this would be highly awkward with respect to characters fans are intimately familiar with (e.g. Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, Ezio Auditore, and Desmond Miles), the practice in this wiki is to employ their personal names for subsequent mentions instead. By and large, this applies to a majority of characters and not just the main protagonists.


A few months later, the Templars captured an elderly man that had visited the Temple of Sand. Certain that this man knew the whereabouts of a key to the Temple, Roland Napule began a fierce interrogation in the detention room. Erstwhile, he sent two [[Hospitalier]] soldiers to patrol the sewers, wary that it was a potential route for intruders.
However, there remains a host of characters who, by convention, the audience would be more accustomed referring to them by their surnames for short. These are generally historical figures such as [[George Washington]], [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], and [[Benjamin Disraeli]]. Still, readers may prefer using the personal names of other characters with real-world counterparts like [[Cesare Borgia]], [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], and [[Caterina Sforza]]. Therefore, whether a character should be referred to by their surname, their personal name, or another name in subsequent mentions along an article depends upon one's intuition. Although this may seem subjective, it would most likely be a faithful reflection of conventional usage. In the rare event that it may be in dispute, editors may discuss among one another to reach a consensus on it.


Unbeknownst to the Templars, the young Assassin [[Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad]] had arrived in Tyre, having been instructed by [[Fajera]] to seek the old man for aid in his [[quest for the Chalice|quest]] for the [[Adha|Chalice]]. Guided by the the Assassin [[Rafiq]] [[Hamid]], Altaïr infiltrated the hospital through the very sewers that Roland had sought to secure.  
====Names of Chinese emperors====
In English, the common names for Chinese emperors depend on the dynasty they lived.


Despite the hospital's stringent level of security, the Assassin ultimately navigated his way to the detention room without injury. Interrupting the interrogation, he killed Roland Napule and rescued the prisoner, who gave his key to the desert temple in gratitude.
Emperors of the [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644) and {{wiki|Qing dynasty}} (1644–1912) are conventionally referred to by their era names which, beginning from the Ming, spanned the entirety of an emperor's reign when formerly, emperors would have multiple era names throughout their individual reigns. This meant that era names now became a convenient way of identifying each emperor, but at the end of the day, era names are names of each emperor's ''reign'' not the emperor himself.


===Layout===
Hence, it is grammatically incorrect to shorthand the common names of Ming and Qing dynasty emperors, such as the [[Jiajing Emperor]] and the [[Shunzhi Emperor]], to 'Jiajing' or 'Shunzhi'. An analogy would be to refer to [[Papacy|Pope]] [[Rodrigo Borgia|Alexander VI]] by the name 'Renaissance' because he ruled during the [[Renaissance]] era, neverminding that the Renaissance spanned across many popes' terms.
====Exterior====
The hospital was a prominent


====Subterranean levels====
''Assassin's Creed'' works frequently commit this error, notably in ''[[Assassin's Creed Chronicles: China]]''. Instances of 'Jiajing', '[[Zhengde Emperor|Zhengde]]', etc. should be taken as grammatical mistakes owing to inadequate research, not canonical names.
Underneath the hospital was a complex series of dungeons, furnace rooms, and finery forges.  


===Trivia===
When referring to Ming and Qing dynasty emperors by era names, it is mandatory that the names be written out in their entirety, with the addition of the definite article. (e.g. 'the Jiajing Emperor', meaning 'the Emperor of the Jiajing-era').
*As Altaïr infiltrates the hospital through the underground passageways, the main levels of the hospital are never actually explored in ''Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles''.


==Temple of Sand==
===Italics===
There are fives principal uses of italics.
*'''Titles of works'''
:Titles of works such as video games, books, paintings, and movies should be italicized, not underlined, bolded, or set in quotation marks (e.g. ''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'', ''[[Assassin's Creed: Brahman]]'', ''[[Assassin's Creed: Heresy]]'', ''[[Marriage of the Virgin]]''). On the other hand, titles of smaller or component works such as memories, letters, chapters, songs, etc. should be set within quotation marks. (e.g. "[[Requiem]]", "[[War letters|A Door of No Return]]", "[[La Marseillaise]]")
*'''Names of vessels'''
:Names of specific vehicles, be they aircraft, spacecraft like ''[[Beagle 2]]'', or watercraft such as ''[[Jackdaw]]'', ''[[Aquila]]'', and ''[[Altaïr II]]'' should always be italicized.
*'''Foreign words'''
:Non-English words which are not proper nouns should be italicized. These include taxonomical names in the {{wiki|Latin}} {{wiki|binomial nomenclature}} (e.g. ''[[Isu|Homo sapiens divinus]]''), foreign words which have not become established in English (e.g. ''[[Pedro Llorente|calificador]]'' as opposed to ''coup d'état''), and quotes in a foreign language (e.g. "''Requiescat in pace''").
*'''Mentioning an English term'''
:When mentioning an English term, especially to introduce it for explanation, the word should also be italicized. For the sake of consistency, refrain from alternative methods such as quotation marks for indicating that a word is being {{wiki|Use-mention distinction|mentioned, not used}}. The above mention of ''coup d'état'' and here again is an example of an English term—though technically a French one embedded in the English language—being mentioned and italicized appropriately.
*'''{{wiki|Emphasis (typography)|Emphasis}}''': "The Auditore are not dead. ''I'm'' still here!"


[[File:Temple of Sand.png|thumb|250px|The treasure inside the temple]]
===Singular use of ''they''===
The '''Temple of Sand''', commonly referred to simply as the '''desert temple''', was a legendary temple that lied in the desert east of the {{wiki|Dead Sea}}, rumored to harbor the [[Adha|Chalice]], an ancient artifact similar to the [[Pieces of Eden]] thought to possess the power to unite all factions of the [[Third Crusade]]. By the time of that war, much of the site was submerged under the desert, though many of its ruins still protruded from the sands. Three keys were required to gain access to this temple.
When the gender of a singular antecedent is indeterminate, ''they'' and its {{wiki|inflection|inflected}} derivatives must be used as the pronoun.


===History===
The {{wiki|singular they|singular use}} of ''they'' is contentious, particularly within American academia,<ref name="Garner 2003">Garner, Bryan A. ''{{wiki|Garner's Modern English Usage}}''. Oxford University Press, 2003.</ref> with the ''{{wiki|Purdue Univeristy|Purdue}} {{wiki|Online Writing Lab}}'' (OWL) strictly maintaining that it is grammatically incorrect.<ref>Berry, Chris, et al. "[https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/595/01/ Using Pronouns Clearly]". ''The Purdue Online Writing Lab''. Purdue University, last updated 24 April 2013. Accessed 28 May 2018.</ref> Nevertheless, it is the consensus of the ''Assassin's Creed'' Wiki community that owing to the long history of ''they'' as a gender-neutral singular pronoun in literature,<ref>Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey. ''The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language''. Cambridge University Press, 2002.</ref> there is nothing erroneous about this and that it is preferable to clumsier alternatives such as ''he or she'', ''he/she'', ''s/he'', or refraining from using a pronoun at all. Employing only ''he'' or ''she'' as a substitute for an indeterminate antecedent may, on one hand, connote gender bias or, on the other, misinform readers that the antecedent's gender (e.g. [[Noob]] or [[Numbskull]]) has been canonically established.
In spite of the site's shrouded nature and the specific conditions for entry, explorers throughout generations had managed to penetrate its walls to dabble at its treasures, only to be killed by traps set for them below.


As the vault for the elusive relic known as the Chalice, the temple became a critical target in the [[Assassin-Templar War|war]] between the [[Assassins]] and [[Templars]] in 1190. That year, the two factions embarked on a massive hunt for the keys to the temple, and among the Assassins, this [[Quest for the Chalice|quest]] was principally assigned to the elite agent [[Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad]]. Although the [[Mentor]] [[Rashid ad-Din Sinan]] had informed Altaïr that the Templars had already captured the Chalice, the Crusaders' desperate search for an entry into the temple implied otherwise.  
<s>An indeterminate antecedent should be distinguished from an antecedent which refers to a general individual regardless of gender. In this latter case, ''he or she'' is permitted in place of ''they''.</s>


An elderly man who had visited the temple prior to this conflict was waylaid by Templars and detained at the [[Templar Hospital]] in [[Tyre]] where its commander, the [[doctor]] [[Roland Napule]] subjected him to gruesome torture for the keys. One had already passed into the hands of the [[Romani]] dancer [[Fajera]], and another into the possession of Basilisk himself, but this old man still held the remaining key. With the assassination of Roland, the man granted Altaïr his key, and the Assassin, who had already collected Fajera’s key, was one step further towards opening the temple.  
==Date and time==
===Day===
All dates should be formatted as [day]-[month]-[year] (e.g. 21 December 2012). Do not use numerical date formats such as 11/01/1165 as this can refer to either 11 January or November 1.


Once Altaïr had stolen the last key and the map to the site from the Templars, he journeyed to the temple. Among its outdoor ruins, he narrowly avoided tumbling underground when, just before an exposed treasure chest, the earth gave way to the cavernous chambers below. After recovering this treasure, he used the collapsed ground to slide into the underground temple where he immediately ran into the first of many Crusaders he would face within the ancient complex.
===Year===
Years should be marked with BCE or CE in accordance with the {{wiki|Common Era}} notation system. CE should be omitted from a year if there is no need for such clarification within the context of the writing.


Despite having lost all keys and the map to the Assassin, the Crusaders had found a way into the temple, occupying its premises before he had even arrived. As a result, Altaïr had to be cautious of the patrols throughout his exploration in addition to the temple's deadly traps. After traversing through the grotto and into the high reaches of the temple, he overcame the [[Axe Warrior|great champion]] of Basilisk that had been posted to guard the antechamber to the shrine.  
If a year is an approximate estimate, it should be preceded with ''circa'' abbreviated as c. and not ''ca.'' or ''approx.''


Within the grand treasure room, Altaïr believed that his quest was at an end only to be proven wrong when he opened the shrine to find it empty. At this point, he was ambushed by Basilisk and his captains, who revealed that the Chalice was not an artifact, but a woman. As Basilisk promptly left afterwards, he failed to witness Altaïr defeat his knights with ease. Upon closer inspection of the vacant shrine, he found himself suddenly transported outside of the temple, in the wake of a rapidly advancing sandstorm.
===Range===
When expressing a simple year–year range, the correct format is to use an en dash (<code><nowiki>&ndash;</nowiki></code> or <code>ALT+0150</code>) not an em dash or a hyphen.


While the Assassin ultimately escaped the sandstorm by fleeing to a nearby shelter, much of the ruins was ravaged in the disaster.
The birth–death range should be provided in parentheses immediately after the first mention of a character's name. Only the years should be specified.


==Layout==
Depending on whether the individual is still living or whether one of the years are unknown, the format may change. Follow by these examples:
At the time of the Third Crusade, the majority of the complex lied underneath the desert, with only scattered remnants of ancient pillars jutting above ground. The temple was vast; its colossal structure extending enormous depths below the surface. When the Crusaders entered, they found the skeletons of past explorers strewn about throughout its perilous corridors, killed by the temple's myriad of booby traps. These traps consisted of great swinging axes, pits of spikes, and giant stakes that spontaneously struck out from the walls or ground, some triggered by specific floor panels—generally marked with the bas-relief of sphinxes—where the slightest misstep could spell certain doom. True to its region, the architecture was Mesopotamian, with the engravings of lions and sphinxes lining some walls. Even so, much of the pottery found within exhibited the {{wiki|black-figure pottery|black-figure painting}} common to the Greeks. Though a great part of the underground complex was intact in 1190, much of it was in decay; many columns and floors had collapsed, while others would crumble under the merest step by a traveler. Despite lying underneath a desert, it harbored an abundant water supply and a system of pipes that served either as sewage or irrigation. Due to its dilapidated state, streams of water trickled down through cracks in the walls and ceilings.  
*For an individual who is still living: Shaun Hastings (born 1985) not Shaun Hastings (b. 1985) or Shaun Hastings (1985–)
*For an individual for which only the death year is known: Warren Vidic (died 2012) not Warren Vidic (unknown–2012) or Warren Vidic (d. 2012).
*For a deceased individual for which only the birth year is known: Shao Jun (fl. 1505–1567)


====Grotto====
==Quotations==
At the very bottom of the temple was a cavernous grotto by which the site was rooted. This grotto was flooded by mystifying waterfalls that streamed down from the highest levels of the subterranean complex. One route to the temple's shrine, which Altaïr had taken, necessitated ascending towards its level from a long staircase originating from the grotto itself. The entrance of this stairway was barred by a gate composed of stalactites and stalagmites, opened only by the activation of two mechanisms some distance from each other: one that controlled the stalactites, and the other the stalagmites.
Every article should begin with a relevant quotation that illustrates a central quality or plot point about the subject, often spoken by the subject themselves if it is a character. Most sections in the body of the article should also begin with quotations though preferably not at every section so as not to clutter the page. Flexibility is allowed for how often sections are headed by quotations.


====Treasure Room====
When inserting an introductory quote to a page or section use the <nowiki>{{quote}}</nowiki> template.
The great treasure chamber was less a room than a fire pit of mammoth proportions. Its vast, vaulted chamber was hundreds of meters high and deep, such that it appeared to be an abyss from which a perpetual firestorm raged. Steady streams of fire flowed up along the great wall.  Almost wholly empty, the chamber’s only structure was a central platform attached by bridges on four sides leading in from the four entrances corresponding to each cardinal direction. On this lone platform—ringed by four torches yet no railings—sat the shrine purported to hold the Chalice, a plain golden box topped by a pair of harpy-like figures facing one another. One of the entrances of this room was similarly wrought entirely in gold and could only be opened after a specific pattern of steps was taken on the floor of the antechamber.


===Trivia===
===Faithful reproduction===
*Although the entire first act of the game stresses the necessity of the three keys to the temple in order to open it, Altaïr is not shown to rely on them when he finally enters the temple. Instead, as he arrives at the site, the ground spontaneously caves-in beneath him, allowing him entry. Curiously enough, the Crusaders were also shown to have been able to enter the temple despite having lost the keys to Altaïr.
When quoting, the original text should be copied verbatim with deviations only when necessary. A common example of such an exception involves replacing a pronoun to clarify its antecedent when it cannot be identified from the quote alone while another similar case involves adjusting the pronoun to the sentence quoting it. Changes made in reproduction should always be enclosed in square brackets. Otherwise, alterations should be kept to the utmost minimum.
*It appears that Altaïr was magically teleported outside the temple upon inspecting the shrine, but the game does not explain how exactly this occurred.


===Gallery===
Quotations outside of this usage should follow this general format:
<gallery captionalign="center" position="center" spacing="small" widths="180">
*If the quote is less than four lines long, simply including it in the article's body with quotation marks will suffice.
Temple of Sand memory.png|The temple caves
*If the quote is at least four lines in length, or a dialogue, it must be a block quote:
</gallery>
<blockquote>"This is a blockquote. To insert one, enclose the quoted text between <nowiki><blockquote></nowiki> and <nowiki></blockquote></nowiki>. Quotation marks have to be applied manually as well. Blockquotes are similar in structure to the <nowiki>{{quote}}</nowiki> template but do not require a speaker and source to be specified."</blockquote>


===Reference===
That quotes should be reproduced as faithfully as possible does not require that the original format must be retained as well. Converting purely typographical elements of a quote to conform to ''Assassin's Creed'' Wiki's formatting does not distort the meaning of the quote by any means. A key guideline to this is that alterations should not change the text that is read aloud. Examples of this include correcting hyphens to dashes, changing the style of quotation marks, and expanding abbreviations. However, bold, italics, all caps, and other typographical styling used to express emphasis or a particular tone should be preserved as it is.
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles]] ''
{{ACAC}}


==Adha==
===Neutrality===
'''Adha''' (unknown – 1190) was a woman from the [[Levant]] who lived in the time of the [[Third Crusade]]. As the '''Chalice''', a legendary "artifact" thought to have been hidden in the [[Temple of Sand]], she was rumored to possess the mystery power to unite the factions of the war.  
A quotation should never be used to express one's personal opinion about the validity of a view. It is permissible, however, that they be used to present the emotive opinions of a particular character in their exact words.
*Correct: <span style="color:#006400">Altaïr said the Assassins stood for "justice, that there might be peace".</span>
*Incorrect: <span style="color:#8B0000">The Assassins stood for "justice" and "peace".</span>


In 1190, the Chalice was sought after by both the [[Templars|Knights Templar]] and [[Levantine Assassins]], unaware that it was a person rather than an object. After a [[Crusader]] expedition to the Temple of Sand turned out fruitless, she was located in [[Jerusalem]] and captured by the [[Templars]]. To her fortune, her friend, the elite [[Assassins|Assassin]] [[Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad]] was not far behind and rescued her.  
Even when a quotation is attributable to a character, the use of quotation marks around simple, descriptive terms may still imply something especially dubious about the quoted words; readers may construe it as sarcasm even if none was intended. Hence, one should be conservative about quoting in such a manner.
*Permissible: <span style="color:#006400">Haytham argued that the Templars only sought order.</span>
*Unnecessary and may imply sarcasm: <span style="color:#8B0000">Haytham argued that the Templars only sought "order".</span>
*Best: <span style="color:#006400">Haytham argued that the Templars sought "order, peace, direction" and "no more than that".</span>


Despite this, Adha remained mistrustful of the Assassins, in part due to a [[Knights Templar|Templar]] spy embedded within their highest ranks. Guided by his love for her, Altaïr agreed to assassinate the spy, [[Harash]], then flee the Assassins and Templars to settle for a normal life with her. In the end, this dream proved futile when Altaïr failed to save her after she was recaptured by the Crusaders and subsequently murdered.
===Quotation format===
In this wiki, double quotation marks is the standard for quotes, and multiple quotations should alternate between single and double marks. {{wiki|Gloss (annotation)#In linguistics|Glosses}} which translate or define terms should employ single quotation marks instead.


===Biography===
While the use of double quotes is in accordance with American English, the order of punctuation should abide by the {{wiki|Quotation marks in English#British practice|logical quotation}} style of the British whereby punctuation marks are included within the quotation marks only if that is what appears in the original quoted text. Otherwise, punctuation must be placed outside the closing quotation marks.
====The Chalice====
The Chalice was known to either be a holy artifact, or the descendant and heir of [[Jesus Christ]].{{cite}} According to [[Rashid ad-Din Sinan]], whoever had the Chalice could unite all factions under them, granting them victory over all, and allowing them to rule the [[Holy Land]]. Seeing the danger of such an artifact should it fall into the hands of the [[Crusaders]] or [[Saracens]], the [[Mentor]] sent one of his Assassins, Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, on a [[Quest for the Chalice|mission to retrieve it]] in 1190.<ref name="ACAC">''[[Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles]]''</ref>


His search led him to the fabled [[Temple of Sand]], where the Chalice was thought to have been hidden. It was there that, after discovering only an empty golden [[Treasure chests|chest]], he was ambushed by the [[Templars]], whose leader [[Basilisk]] informed him that the Chalice was in fact a woman before leaving him to his doom.
====Examples of logical quotation====
Take these examples derived from the following two quotes:


Altaïr survived the attack and the subsequent sandstorm that engulfed the temple. After pursuing Basilisk to [[Tyre]] and besting him in combat, he extracted the location of the Chalice from his enemy in exchange for mercy. However, the Templar also alerted him to a Crusader plot to poison the entire population of [[Acre]] to end the [[Siege of Acre|siege]], knowing full well that Altaïr's conscience would force him to detour to Acre to stop this massacre.<ref name="ACAC"/>
{{Quote|I understand now that our Creed does not command us to be free. It commands us to be wise.|[[Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad]]|Assassin's Creed}}
{{Quote|You are wrong. Our belief in humanity rests at the heart of the Assassin Brotherhood.|[[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]]|Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood}}


====First capture and rescue====
When quotes are fragments employed within an original sentence, the logical placement of the punctuation is outside the quotation marks.
Though Basilisk had hoped Altaïr's preoccupation with Acre would allow his forces to capture the Chalice first, Altaïr had torched his fleet of docked ships, hindering his head start.  


Thus when Adha, the Chalice, was apprehended by three Templars at her hiding place in [[Don Carvaggio's villa]], [[Jerusalem]], her friend Altaïr was only moments behind. Her captors proceeded to escort her to the city gates, stalked by the Assassin on the roofs above. When Altaïr set off an explosion to aid in his navigation, the Templars began to suspect that trouble was following them. In response, Adha attempted to stall by slowing her pace and pleading for a rest, much to the fury of [[Sadad]], one of her captors.<ref name="ACAC"/>
<blockquote>"The Creed", according to Altaïr, "commands us to be wise".<br /> 
The Assassins' "belief in humanity", according to Ezio, "rests at the heart of the Assassin Brotherhood".</blockquote>


As Adha was ushered into a sewage facility by the Templars, a great battle ensued as Altaïr burst into the Templar base. Even the elite Templars could not hold back the Assassin's advance, and soon enough all the soldiers holding Adha hostage were dead, save the sergeant [[Qasim]] who fled for his life.<ref name="ACAC" />
When quoting direct speech exactly, the period goes within the quotation mark at the end because this is true to the original quote. However, the first comma goes after the quote mark because punctuation here is not in the original text.


Separated from her savior by a channel, Adha was convinced by Altaïr to venture into the sewers where their paths might cross. She was wary of trusting an Assassin—even one she's had prior association with—but nevertheless relented when he promised not to abandon her.<ref name="ACAC" />
<blockquote>"I understand now", said Altaïr, "that our Creed does not command us to be free."<br /> 
"Our belief in humanity", said Ezio, "rests at the heart of the Assassin Brotherhood."
</blockquote>


When they at last reunited at the exit of the sewers, Adha revealed why she feared to place her life in the hands of the Assassins. She had overheard from the Templars that they had bribed [[Harash]], the Keeper of the Assassins, to serve as their spy. As long as their brotherhood remained compromised, it was dangerous for her to accompany Altaïr. Altaïr, though shocked by the news, placed his faith in Adha and agreed to assassinate the traitor. Knowing that he lacked hard proof of Harash's treachery, he predicted that such an act would also mean leaving the order altogether.<ref name="ACAC" />
In this last example, the first comma goes within the quotation marks because in the original text, this is the location of a full stop. The comma substitutes for the period because under no condition may a period be used in the middle of a sentence.


It was then that the two, in love as they were, agreed to flee together to a faraway place, away from the [[Assassin-Templar War|conflict]] between the Templars and Assassins, so as to settle down and pursue lives of normalcy.<ref name="ACAC" /><ref name="AC2">''[[Assassin's Creed II]]''</ref> They planned to reunite in [[Tyre]] once Harash has been killed, where they will then make their escape via a ship in the harbor. Before parting ways, Adha gifted Altaïr a [[Sword of Adha|sword]] far superior to the ones he previously wielded.<ref name="ACAC" />
<blockquote>"I understand now that our Creed does not command us to be free," replied Altaïr, "it commands us to be wise."<br /> 
"You are wrong," said Ezio, "our belief in humanity rests at the heart of the Assassin Brotherhood."
</blockquote>


====Second capture====
A a question mark or exclamation mark, on the other hand, can be retained mid-sentence without being altered into a comma. Once again, the exclamation mark at the end is set within the quotation mark because it is present in the original text.
While Altaïr returned to the Assassin citadel at [[Alep]] in secret, Adha hid herself on their ship in Tyre. Unbeknownst to her, she had already been discovered by the Templars before Altaïr had completed his mission. The Templars, suspecting that she was waiting for Altaïr, hoped that they could exploit this as a means to easily locate the enemy that had caused them so much trouble. As such, they initially left her alone, fearing that alerting her to their presence could result in her fleeing and a failure to catch Altaïr by surprise.<ref name="ACAC" />


After Altaïr assassinated Harash, the Templars abandoned this course and seized Adha. Altaïr, aware that Adha had been discovered thanks to a prior Templar report to Harash, rushed to the Tyre harbor to find himself face to face with the Templar's entire army under the direct command of Basilisk.<ref name="ACAC" />
<blockquote>"Do you understand now?" asked [[Al Mualim]]. "The Red Sea was never parted, water never turned to wine. It was not the machinations of Eris that spawned the Trojan War, but this! Illusions, all of them!"</blockquote>


[[File:AdhaAltaïrConversation-ACAC1.png|thumb|250px|left|Adha speaking with Altaïr]]
Placement of punctuation relative to quotation marks alters the meaning in regards to question marks, exclamation points, and any other punctuation aside from commas and periods.
As Templar knights forced Adha onto one of their ships, Altaïr furiously fought his way through masses of soldiers in a desperate attempt to reach her in time. Eventually, the Assassin leapt onto the ship just before the one that held Adha, but was impeded by the imposing figure of Basilisk himself. Unable to bypass the Templar leader, he was forced into a final duel with this mortal enemy, all while Adha and her captors watched from afar on the deck of their ship.<ref name="ACAC" />


Basilisk, as in his past fights with Altaïr, was defeated by his superior mobility, yet even as the Assassin dealt the killing blow, the Templars sent a fire boat crashing in between the two ships. In the resulting explosion, Altaïr was prevented from leaping to Adha; he made a last minute dive into the water to escape the inferno.<ref name="ACAC" />  
<blockquote>Desmond said, "don't be racist"?<br /> 
No, he said, "Hey, wassa matta you, Altaïr?"</blockquote>


When he returned to shore, he could only watch as the Templar ship holding Adha captive sailed off far off into the distance. He called out to Adha, promising to her that he would find her one day, as it disappeared over the horizon.<ref name="ACAC"/>
==Article sections==
===Infobox===


====Death====
===Introduction===
{{Quote|I had thought Adha would be the one to lead me to rest, that I might lay down my blade and live as a normal man. But now I know such dreams are best left to sleep...|Altaïr, in his Codex.|Assassin's Creed II}}
The lead section of every article, the introduction should always begin by introducing the name of the article's subject in bold with a statement summarizing its main, defining characteristic as per Wikipedia convention.
In 1191, during Altaïr's preparations to assassinate [[Abu'l Nuqoud]] in [[Damascus]], an Assassin [[Informants|informant]] asked him ''"Any news of Adha since she left?"'' When Altaïr remained silent, as always with informants, he continued with ''"No? How sad. I'm sure you'll find her someday."''<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed]]''</ref>


Though the circumstances of Adha's death are unclear, Altaïr wrote in [[Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad's Codex|his Codex]] that he chased Adha's captors across the sea, but only caught up to them in time to hold Adha's lifeless body in his arms and see the terror in her unblinking eyes. He went on to state that he had hunted down and exacted vengeance on those that had killed her, though this had brought him no comfort, nor joy.<ref name="AC2">''[[Assassin's Creed II]]''</ref>
Ideally, a complete introduction should summarize all the main points of the article, such that a reader unfamiliar with the subject can walk away having read only this opening section and have an immediate understanding of all the most crucial details of the article.


After Adha's death, Altaïr felt that he "would never again feel for a woman as [he] had for her". Fortunately, though, this was proven false when he eventually fell in love with [[Maria Thorpe]].<ref name="AC2"/>
===Body===


===Trivia===
===Trivia===
*Though not explicitly mentioned, the fact that Altaïr and Adha knew each other by name upon first meeting in ''[[Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles]]'' suggested that they had met at least once before.
*[[Emails#Conference room e-mail|An e-mail]] on the conference room computer of [[Abstergo Industries]]' [[Animus Project laboratory|Roman facility]] mentioned the Chalice, and questioned whether or not it was a real Piece of Eden. It also noted that the search for it would be called off until more evidence of its existence could be found.
*Adha means "sacrifice" in Arabic.


===Gallery===
===Appearances and references===
<gallery captionalign="center" position="center" spacing="small" widths="180">
 
ACMAdha.jpg|''[[Assassin's Creed: Memories]]'' art of Adha
===Layout guide samples===
ACMAdhaStreet.jpg|''Memories'' art of Adha
*[[Assassin's Creed Wiki:Manual of Style/Sample]]
Adha.jpg|Adha in Templar custody
*[[Assassin's Creed Wiki:Manual of Style/CharacterSample]]
</gallery>
*[[Assassin's Creed Wiki:Manual of Style/Locations]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}

Latest revision as of 18:38, 4 June 2023

The Manual of Style is the codified set of standards for writing and formatting across all articles here at the Assassin's Creed Wiki where we strive for a level of professionalism as diligent as any other academic medium.

As with any style guide, the aim of this page is to ensure clarity, coherence, and consistency throughout our articles through efficient organization, thereby rendering our content readily accessible to the audience. Although we share common principles with conventional styles of professional writing, our manual of style is specially adapted to the unique goal of synthesizing Assassin's Creed lore and presenting it in an encyclopedic format. Those familiar with composing scholarly works need not refrain from drawing strategies from that background when contributing to this wiki. However, it should also be remembered that Assassin's Creed Wiki is a special platform of its own with distinct standards that have been developed by convention and consensus to best fit our specialty.

Perspective[edit | edit source]

More than just a typical guide on a video game series, Assassin's Creed Wiki is dedicated to compiling and maintaining the lore of the entire franchise. To that end, our first and foremost priority is to synthesize the metanarrative of not only each game, but also across the diverse range of transmedia. We meticulously incorporate every piece of information on the series' universe, no matter how minor, and weave them together into a unifying whole, so that fans may witness how its world truly manifests.

Because our encyclopedia revolves more around the series as a world and less on the series as merely games, it is essential that articles are written from an in-universe perspective rather than an out-of-universe one with few exceptions.

In-universe[edit | edit source]

When an article is written from an in-universe perspective, it is roleplaying as a document in the world of Assassin's Creed itself. Imagine that you are an Assassin who, eager to research the history of the Hidden Blade, consults a digital database which has begun to archive all this information. This database is Assassin's Creed Wiki, and although it does not actually exist within the series' canon, for our purposes, we act as though it does when writing. We pretend as though we, the writers, are within the universe of Assassin's Creed rather than fans existing outside of it.

This perspective of writing manifests in the following ways:

  • All subjects must be treated as though they are non-fictional rather than fictional.
  • The historical past tense is used unless the subject still exists in the present moment in the series.
Under conventional grammar rules, plot summaries for fictional works are written in the literary present tense. Because we imagine the Assassin's Creed world to be that of reality, however, even fictional characters who have since died in the story (e.g. Haytham Kenway) are treated as actually having existed at one point before passing away. When writing about them, they should therefore be described in the past tense. Conversely, subjects that still exist at the current time in the story (e.g. the Animus, Rebecca Crane, Rome) should be described in the present tense as usual.
  • As a general rule, the current year in the real world is the current year in the series' story even in the absence of a new release in a particular year.
The series is essentially set in a parallel universe to that of reality, with every historical event in the story mirroring that of actual history. As a result, if a subject, be it an individual, a city, or a war, currently exists in real-life, even in the absence of an explicit reference to its current status in the Assassin's Creed universe, its status is presumed to be the same.
Thus, if you are unsure if Masyaf still stands as a city in the present day of Assassin's Creed and no source in the series gives a clear answer, refer to its real-world status to find out. The exception to this rule is if within Assassin's Creed lore itself, it has been made explicit that the subject no longer exists even if it still does in the real world. In the event of such a deviation, one must of course defer to the Assassin's Creed version.
  • Refrain from describing a detail as "unknown".
Details which are unknown to us may not necessarily be unknown to characters within the Assassin's Creed world.
  • Refrain from gameplay language.

Avoiding gameplay language[edit | edit source]

Note that simply avoiding any explicit references to the subject's fictional status while describing gameplay does not qualify as IU-writing. For instance:

"A Brute's regular attacks could also be countered through a disarm maneuver, which left him open to a lethal, follow-up attack."

In this example, the historical past tense is used as is appropriate, but to write from an in-universe perspective requires more than just correct tense usage; one must capture the point-of-view with respect to content and rhetoric as well. The sentence alone is not technically out-of-universe, as it is true that within the Assassin's Creed universe, a regular attack from a Brute can be countered by disarming him, just as in real-life, an attack from a soldier can be countered and disarmed.

However, it is not realistic to single out this detail as though it were a unique scenario. What distinguishes a "regular" attack from any other form of attack in real-life? Can't any individual be countered by being disarmed in real-life—is this detail specific to a Brute? Won't any counter leave an enemy open to a follow-up attack in real-life? Would it necessarily always be lethal?

Awkward in a non-fictional context, this statement is still in essence written from an OOU-perspective. Its point makes sense only as a matter of describing gameplay mechanics even if it can disguise itself by being technically correct if a Brute were to exist in real-life. In-universe writing should not be superficial.

Out-of-universe[edit | edit source]

The opposing counterpart to in-universe is out-of-universe (OOU) where an article is written from the normal perspective of reality. In this case, the writer does not imagine himself as situated within the franchise's universe; the subject matter is approached as part of a fictional work as usual.

Although by default, an IU-perspective takes precedence, certain subjects might call for an OOU-perspective to be adopted instead. The articles of such subjects are referred to as real-world pages and deal with game developers; voice actors; the actual games, comics, and novels themselves; etc. Subjects which appear within the Assassin's Creed universe but which have a real-world equivalent (e.g. Niccolò Machiavelli, Firearm, France) should still be written from an IU-perspective and should principally be presented in terms of the franchise's lore.

All IU articles have a Trivia section at the end which in essence is a less formal equivalent to the Behind the Scene sections of other wikis. As such, items in Trivia may be written from an OOU-perspective even when the article as a whole is not. This is necessary if a trivia point describes gameplay elements of the subject, such as the way it functions or bugs involving it. Because Trivia is a pool for miscellaneous OOU and gameplay points, this is the only section in IU articles which permits OOU-perspective writing.

Real-world lore[edit | edit source]

The world of Assassin's Creed is a mirror of the real world with settings and events heavily inspired by true history. Ubisoft takes great pains to ensure that the settings remain as accurate to history as possible in spite of the copious science fiction elements and the fictional meta-narrative. Societies such as Renaissance Italy, the British American colonies, and Ptolemaic Egypt are reproduced to the minutest of detail—and even if not so precisely in the games, are assumed to be in the lore.

The coherence and premise of Assassin's Creed lore would not be possible without the implicit assumption that its geopolitical, socioeconomic, and cultural timeline is the same as in our real world—albeit with the Assassin-Templar conflict playing in the background facilitating this identical course of human history. Since Assassin's Creed is a mirror of the real world, with research conducted in-universe by fictional characters such as Shaun Hastings being taken from real sources, a vast majority of the "lore" of the real world is by default true in Assassin's Creed canon unless proven otherwise.

Editors may be tempted to incorporate real world information—most often drawn from Wikipedia—to expand on articles whose subjects have real world equivalents. Assassin's Creed is a unique franchise in this regard where its canon can theoretically be supplemented by non-fictional external sources. For this reason, a degree of leniency is allowed for adding content that can be attributed not to Assassin's Creed sources but to academic sources on real subjects.

In some cases, this is absolutely necessary because developers assume many basic details of the Assassin's Creed world are already known and therefore do not need to be explicitly explained in the source material. Strict adherence to conventional wiki sourcing policy here could lead to awkward gaps in information in articles about events or omission of principal details.

Nevertheless, care should be taken to ensure that drawing from external sources is an exception, not a prescription. Restraint must be exercised in

Common deviations where events and details are altered are in the precise manner of death of historical individuals, additional parties involved in conspiracies (i.e. Assassins and Templars), and motivations.

These include social norms, the state of the economy from one period to the next, which individual ruled which

Naming convention[edit | edit source]

When naming an article, abide by the following steps in this order:

  1. Use a canonical name whenever possible
  2. Use the legal name of an individual whenever possible, omitting titles and epithets
  3. If no canonical legal name is known, use a canonical common name.
  4. If no canonical common name is known, use a canonical nickname and add {{Nickname}} to the top of the page. (e.g. Noob and Numbskull)
  5. If the subject has no canonically verifiable name, but it has a real-life equivalent, use its real-life name
  6. If the subject either does not have a real-life equivalent, or its name in real-life is otherwise unknown, devise a conjectural name and add {{Conjecture}} to the top of the page.

This means that if a subject has a real-world counterpart, the name by which it appears in the canonical source takes precedence.

Example: Julius Caesar instead of Gaius Julius Caesar

Whatever the conjectural name, it should be one that can most rationally be identified with the subject (e.g. Zhang Zhi's father). A descriptive title may therefore be employed instead, but whichever title is chosen, it must still be in-universe. Hence, a character whose name is not given should never include words such as "unnamed" (e.g. "Unnamed Guard Captain") or "character" in its article's title.

Article title format[edit | edit source]

In accordance with this wiki's designated language, all titles should be in English to maintain consistency. An exception can be made for the following:

  • If the name is romanized, but lacks an anglicized variant. (e.g. Ratonhnhaké:ton).
  • If the name uses the Latin alphabet in its native form, but its anglicized variant is not conventionally used. (e.g. Lorenzo de' Medici not "Lawrence of the Medici")
  • Both the native name and its anglicized and native variants are widely used, but the former is the one used in the subject's most prominent and/or central appearance. (e.g. Jeanne d'Arc instead of "Joan of Arc")

Titles must also:

  • Be at least romanized even if it cannot be anglicized. (e.g. Wei Yu instead of 魏羽)
  • Be a noun or noun phrase.
  • Be in singular, not plural case, unless the subject is a plurale tantum (e.g. Americas), or its very subject matter discusses a class or group. (e.g. administrative subdivisions such as "Nomes of Egypt" or people groups)
  • Be in sentence case, i.e. with only proper nouns and the first word capitalized.
  • Avoid including a grammatical article, definite or indefinite, at its beginning except when it is a component to a work's title (e.g. The Canterbury Tales) or the subject's formal name (e.g. Le Chasseur).
  • Use the full name of the subject, spelled out, rather than an abbreviation.
  1. Use the official name if the subject is an organization

The exception to the third point are the articles on Assassins and Templars which, per the convention in the series, are titled as people groups despite referring to the formal organizations.

Disambiguation[edit | edit source]

Disambiguation is applied when two or more articles have competing, identical titles.

There are three, principal disambiguation scenarios:

  1. The page at Maria is a disambiguation page, leading to all other uses of "Maria".
  2. The page at Assassin's Creed is about one particular usage, called the primary topic, and there is a hatnote leading readers to Assassin's Creed for all other uses of that name.
  3. The page at Desmond is the primary topic, with a hatnote linking to the other use, Desmond (dog). No disambiguation page is needed because there are only two competing pages with one taking precedence.

A primary topic for a term is a subject which has far greater likelihood of being the one sought after by a reader than all the other competing subjects combined; it is indisputably the most notable usage of name. It may also otherwise have a long-term significant claim to that title (e.g. although Assassin's Creed might more commonly refer to the series, its name is derived from the original game that spawned the series).

These three examples illustrate the three different means of disambiguation, in which a primary topic is present in the latter two, but absent in the first. In the first case, at least two usages of that name (i.e. Maria Thorpe and Maria Auditore da Firenze) has approximately equal notability and significance, so the base term is used as the disambiguation page.

When an article must be distinguished with another, in the absence of a better alternative, typically a parenthetical descriptor is used. An exception is place names, where, if the disambiguating term is a higher-level administrative division, it should be separated by commas rather than be set within parentheses (e.g. San Marco District, Florence and San Marco District, Venice). Pluralizing one of the titles, adding an unwarranted definite article, or violating the grammatical format in any other way is an absolutely improper way of disambiguation.

Section headings[edit | edit source]

Section headings, like article titles, must use sentence case, where only the initial word and proper nouns are capitalized, and all subsequent words after the first are not provided they are general nouns.

Use equal signs around a section heading ==Title== to create a primary section; ===Title=== for a subsection; and so on to =====Title=====.

The heading must be on its own line, with one blank line before it. While a blank line just after the heading is optional and can be ignored, two or more blank lines after the heading is prohibited, for it creates unwanted, visible space.

In addition:

  • Headings should not refer redundantly to the subject of the article. (e.g. "Early life" instead of "Desmond's early life" or "His early life")
  • Headings should normally not contain links.
  • Citations should not be placed within, or on the same line as, section headings.
  • Headings should not contain images.
  • Headings should not be phrased as questions.

Capitalization[edit | edit source]

As aforementioned, titles of pages and headings should employ sentence case.

Assassin[edit | edit source]

As a demonym for the Assassin Brotherhood, "Assassin" is a proper noun and should always be capitalized when referring to a member of this organization. When used as a general noun by referring to any individual who attempts an assassination, "assassin" should not be capitalized. Hence, the combination of "Templar assassin" describes a member of the Templar Order who targets the life of an individual for political reasons without being aligned with the Assassin Brotherhood.

Hidden Blade[edit | edit source]

Since the "Hidden Blade" is a specific weapon that should not be confused as a descriptor, it should always be capitalized.

Dynasties[edit | edit source]

When part of a dynastic name, dynasty should never be capitalized unless the name is derived from a number. Hence, the d in dynasty in the names Song dynasty, Ming dynasty, and Ptolemaic dynasty are all lower-case while it is upper-case in Eighteenth Dynasty and Fourth Dynasty.

Language and grammar[edit | edit source]

English is the official language of this Assassin's Creed Wiki. Versions of this site in other languages are also available, and each page should include interwiki links at the bottom directing readers to its counterparts in other languages.

Since Assassin's Creed sources predominantly use American English, American English spelling is standard for this wiki, and every article should adhere to this for consistency. Spelling aside, however, editors should refer to British English grammar norms.

Possessives[edit | edit source]

In English grammar, a possessive is formed with plural nouns by adding an apostrophe followed by an s at the end of the word (e.g. sword's), but if the noun already ends in a pronounced s, the extra s should be dropped (e.g. swords' but not women's or mice's).

While it is not universal whether or not this latter practice should be carried over to singular nouns ending in a pronounced s, for the purposes of consistency, the extra s should always be added when forming a possessive with these nouns (e.g. Haras's; Silas's) unless doing so makes the noun awkward to pronounce with an extra sibilant, i.e. an /s/ or /z/ sound (e.g. Achilles' or Socrates').

Regardless, the additional s should never be dropped on the basis of the noun ending in an s alone. The above exception with singular nouns can only begin to be considered if the s were pronounced in the first place. In French names such as Thomas or Dumas, where the s is silent, the omission of the extra s would be incorrect as they deprive them of an ending sibilant to indicate possession when read aloud.

Name usage[edit | edit source]

When mentioning a character for the first time in an article, they should be introduced with their full name and not just a title. (e.g. Ezio Auditore da Firenze instead of 'Ezio'; Louis-Joseph Gaultier, Chevalier de la Vérendrye instead of 'de la Vérendrye'; James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan instead of 'the Earl of Cardigan')

Subsequent mentions[edit | edit source]

In most academic sources, the practice is for subsequent mentions of an individual to refer to them only by their surname. Because this would be highly awkward with respect to characters fans are intimately familiar with (e.g. Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad, Ezio Auditore, and Desmond Miles), the practice in this wiki is to employ their personal names for subsequent mentions instead. By and large, this applies to a majority of characters and not just the main protagonists.

However, there remains a host of characters who, by convention, the audience would be more accustomed referring to them by their surnames for short. These are generally historical figures such as George Washington, Niccolò Machiavelli, and Benjamin Disraeli. Still, readers may prefer using the personal names of other characters with real-world counterparts like Cesare Borgia, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Caterina Sforza. Therefore, whether a character should be referred to by their surname, their personal name, or another name in subsequent mentions along an article depends upon one's intuition. Although this may seem subjective, it would most likely be a faithful reflection of conventional usage. In the rare event that it may be in dispute, editors may discuss among one another to reach a consensus on it.

Names of Chinese emperors[edit | edit source]

In English, the common names for Chinese emperors depend on the dynasty they lived.

Emperors of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and Qing dynasty (1644–1912) are conventionally referred to by their era names which, beginning from the Ming, spanned the entirety of an emperor's reign when formerly, emperors would have multiple era names throughout their individual reigns. This meant that era names now became a convenient way of identifying each emperor, but at the end of the day, era names are names of each emperor's reign not the emperor himself.

Hence, it is grammatically incorrect to shorthand the common names of Ming and Qing dynasty emperors, such as the Jiajing Emperor and the Shunzhi Emperor, to 'Jiajing' or 'Shunzhi'. An analogy would be to refer to Pope Alexander VI by the name 'Renaissance' because he ruled during the Renaissance era, neverminding that the Renaissance spanned across many popes' terms.

Assassin's Creed works frequently commit this error, notably in Assassin's Creed Chronicles: China. Instances of 'Jiajing', 'Zhengde', etc. should be taken as grammatical mistakes owing to inadequate research, not canonical names.

When referring to Ming and Qing dynasty emperors by era names, it is mandatory that the names be written out in their entirety, with the addition of the definite article. (e.g. 'the Jiajing Emperor', meaning 'the Emperor of the Jiajing-era').

Italics[edit | edit source]

There are fives principal uses of italics.

  • Titles of works
Titles of works such as video games, books, paintings, and movies should be italicized, not underlined, bolded, or set in quotation marks (e.g. Assassin's Creed II, Assassin's Creed: Brahman, Assassin's Creed: Heresy, Marriage of the Virgin). On the other hand, titles of smaller or component works such as memories, letters, chapters, songs, etc. should be set within quotation marks. (e.g. "Requiem", "A Door of No Return", "La Marseillaise")
  • Names of vessels
Names of specific vehicles, be they aircraft, spacecraft like Beagle 2, or watercraft such as Jackdaw, Aquila, and Altaïr II should always be italicized.
  • Foreign words
Non-English words which are not proper nouns should be italicized. These include taxonomical names in the Latin binomial nomenclature (e.g. Homo sapiens divinus), foreign words which have not become established in English (e.g. calificador as opposed to coup d'état), and quotes in a foreign language (e.g. "Requiescat in pace").
  • Mentioning an English term
When mentioning an English term, especially to introduce it for explanation, the word should also be italicized. For the sake of consistency, refrain from alternative methods such as quotation marks for indicating that a word is being mentioned, not used. The above mention of coup d'état and here again is an example of an English term—though technically a French one embedded in the English language—being mentioned and italicized appropriately.
  • Emphasis: "The Auditore are not dead. I'm still here!"

Singular use of they[edit | edit source]

When the gender of a singular antecedent is indeterminate, they and its inflected derivatives must be used as the pronoun.

The singular use of they is contentious, particularly within American academia,[1] with the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) strictly maintaining that it is grammatically incorrect.[2] Nevertheless, it is the consensus of the Assassin's Creed Wiki community that owing to the long history of they as a gender-neutral singular pronoun in literature,[3] there is nothing erroneous about this and that it is preferable to clumsier alternatives such as he or she, he/she, s/he, or refraining from using a pronoun at all. Employing only he or she as a substitute for an indeterminate antecedent may, on one hand, connote gender bias or, on the other, misinform readers that the antecedent's gender (e.g. Noob or Numbskull) has been canonically established.

An indeterminate antecedent should be distinguished from an antecedent which refers to a general individual regardless of gender. In this latter case, he or she is permitted in place of they.

Date and time[edit | edit source]

Day[edit | edit source]

All dates should be formatted as [day]-[month]-[year] (e.g. 21 December 2012). Do not use numerical date formats such as 11/01/1165 as this can refer to either 11 January or November 1.

Year[edit | edit source]

Years should be marked with BCE or CE in accordance with the Common Era notation system. CE should be omitted from a year if there is no need for such clarification within the context of the writing.

If a year is an approximate estimate, it should be preceded with circa abbreviated as c. and not ca. or approx.

Range[edit | edit source]

When expressing a simple year–year range, the correct format is to use an en dash ( or ALT+0150) not an em dash or a hyphen.

The birth–death range should be provided in parentheses immediately after the first mention of a character's name. Only the years should be specified.

Depending on whether the individual is still living or whether one of the years are unknown, the format may change. Follow by these examples:

  • For an individual who is still living: Shaun Hastings (born 1985) not Shaun Hastings (b. 1985) or Shaun Hastings (1985–)
  • For an individual for which only the death year is known: Warren Vidic (died 2012) not Warren Vidic (unknown–2012) or Warren Vidic (d. 2012).
  • For a deceased individual for which only the birth year is known: Shao Jun (fl. 1505–1567)

Quotations[edit | edit source]

Every article should begin with a relevant quotation that illustrates a central quality or plot point about the subject, often spoken by the subject themselves if it is a character. Most sections in the body of the article should also begin with quotations though preferably not at every section so as not to clutter the page. Flexibility is allowed for how often sections are headed by quotations.

When inserting an introductory quote to a page or section use the {{quote}} template.

Faithful reproduction[edit | edit source]

When quoting, the original text should be copied verbatim with deviations only when necessary. A common example of such an exception involves replacing a pronoun to clarify its antecedent when it cannot be identified from the quote alone while another similar case involves adjusting the pronoun to the sentence quoting it. Changes made in reproduction should always be enclosed in square brackets. Otherwise, alterations should be kept to the utmost minimum.

Quotations outside of this usage should follow this general format:

  • If the quote is less than four lines long, simply including it in the article's body with quotation marks will suffice.
  • If the quote is at least four lines in length, or a dialogue, it must be a block quote:

"This is a blockquote. To insert one, enclose the quoted text between <blockquote> and </blockquote>. Quotation marks have to be applied manually as well. Blockquotes are similar in structure to the {{quote}} template but do not require a speaker and source to be specified."

That quotes should be reproduced as faithfully as possible does not require that the original format must be retained as well. Converting purely typographical elements of a quote to conform to Assassin's Creed Wiki's formatting does not distort the meaning of the quote by any means. A key guideline to this is that alterations should not change the text that is read aloud. Examples of this include correcting hyphens to dashes, changing the style of quotation marks, and expanding abbreviations. However, bold, italics, all caps, and other typographical styling used to express emphasis or a particular tone should be preserved as it is.

Neutrality[edit | edit source]

A quotation should never be used to express one's personal opinion about the validity of a view. It is permissible, however, that they be used to present the emotive opinions of a particular character in their exact words.

  • Correct: Altaïr said the Assassins stood for "justice, that there might be peace".
  • Incorrect: The Assassins stood for "justice" and "peace".

Even when a quotation is attributable to a character, the use of quotation marks around simple, descriptive terms may still imply something especially dubious about the quoted words; readers may construe it as sarcasm even if none was intended. Hence, one should be conservative about quoting in such a manner.

  • Permissible: Haytham argued that the Templars only sought order.
  • Unnecessary and may imply sarcasm: Haytham argued that the Templars only sought "order".
  • Best: Haytham argued that the Templars sought "order, peace, direction" and "no more than that".

Quotation format[edit | edit source]

In this wiki, double quotation marks is the standard for quotes, and multiple quotations should alternate between single and double marks. Glosses which translate or define terms should employ single quotation marks instead.

While the use of double quotes is in accordance with American English, the order of punctuation should abide by the logical quotation style of the British whereby punctuation marks are included within the quotation marks only if that is what appears in the original quoted text. Otherwise, punctuation must be placed outside the closing quotation marks.

Examples of logical quotation[edit | edit source]

Take these examples derived from the following two quotes:

"I understand now that our Creed does not command us to be free. It commands us to be wise."
Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad[src]
"You are wrong. Our belief in humanity rests at the heart of the Assassin Brotherhood."
Ezio Auditore da Firenze[src]

When quotes are fragments employed within an original sentence, the logical placement of the punctuation is outside the quotation marks.

"The Creed", according to Altaïr, "commands us to be wise".
  The Assassins' "belief in humanity", according to Ezio, "rests at the heart of the Assassin Brotherhood".

When quoting direct speech exactly, the period goes within the quotation mark at the end because this is true to the original quote. However, the first comma goes after the quote mark because punctuation here is not in the original text.

"I understand now", said Altaïr, "that our Creed does not command us to be free."
 

"Our belief in humanity", said Ezio, "rests at the heart of the Assassin Brotherhood."

In this last example, the first comma goes within the quotation marks because in the original text, this is the location of a full stop. The comma substitutes for the period because under no condition may a period be used in the middle of a sentence.

"I understand now that our Creed does not command us to be free," replied Altaïr, "it commands us to be wise."
 

"You are wrong," said Ezio, "our belief in humanity rests at the heart of the Assassin Brotherhood."

A a question mark or exclamation mark, on the other hand, can be retained mid-sentence without being altered into a comma. Once again, the exclamation mark at the end is set within the quotation mark because it is present in the original text.

"Do you understand now?" asked Al Mualim. "The Red Sea was never parted, water never turned to wine. It was not the machinations of Eris that spawned the Trojan War, but this! Illusions, all of them!"

Placement of punctuation relative to quotation marks alters the meaning in regards to question marks, exclamation points, and any other punctuation aside from commas and periods.

Desmond said, "don't be racist"?
  No, he said, "Hey, wassa matta you, Altaïr?"

Article sections[edit | edit source]

Infobox[edit | edit source]

Introduction[edit | edit source]

The lead section of every article, the introduction should always begin by introducing the name of the article's subject in bold with a statement summarizing its main, defining characteristic as per Wikipedia convention.

Ideally, a complete introduction should summarize all the main points of the article, such that a reader unfamiliar with the subject can walk away having read only this opening section and have an immediate understanding of all the most crucial details of the article.

Body[edit | edit source]

Trivia[edit | edit source]

Appearances and references[edit | edit source]

Layout guide samples[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. Garner, Bryan A. Garner's Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press, 2003.
  2. Berry, Chris, et al. "Using Pronouns Clearly". The Purdue Online Writing Lab. Purdue University, last updated 24 April 2013. Accessed 28 May 2018.
  3. Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2002.