Editing War of Actium

{{Era|Timeline}}
{{WP-REAL}}
{{Quote|But anyone can see what's happening here. Alexandria is burning to the ground. Egyptians are dying, fighting for a war they cannot win. A war '''you''' cannot win.|Amunet to Cleopatra on the war.|Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic) |Assassin's Creed: Origins 4}}
{{Battle Infobox
|prev = [[Liberators' civil war]]
|conc = 
|next = 
|name = Last war of the Roman Republic
|image = ACOC Last war of the Roman Republic.jpg
|conflict = 
|date = 32 BCE–30 BCE
|place = [[Egypt]]
|result = Victory for [[Augustus|Octavian]]
|side1 = Supporters of Octavian
|side2 = Supporters of [[Mark Antony]]<br>[[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] 
|side3 = 
|side4 = 
|commanders1 = Octavian
|commanders2 = Mark Antony†<br>[[Cleopatra]]†
}}
The '''last war of the Roman Republic''' (32 BCE–30 BCE) was a civil war which pitted [[Mark Antony]] against [[Octavian]], whose victory secured his transformation of the [[Roman Republic]] into an [[Roman Empire|empire]]. The two rivals had previously been allies as part of the {{Wiki|Second Triumvirate}}, by which they made common cause to avenge the [[Assassination of Julius Caesar|assassination]] of the ''{{Wiki|dictator perpetuo}}'' [[Gaius Julius Caesar|Julius Caesar]]. Their success against Caesar's assassins in the [[Liberators' civil war]] did not bring lasting peace to the republic, as the pair's political ambitions clashed with one another once their common enemies had been eliminated.

In 32 BC, a love affair between Mark Antony and [[Cleopatra]], the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]] Pharaoh of [[Egypt]], gave Octavian the ammunition needed to persuade a majority of the {{Wiki|Roman Senate}} to side with him against his rival. The Senate declared war on Cleopatra, an act which Octavian correctly predicted would draw Mark Antony to her defence and give him the pretext for the civil war. At the naval {{wiki|Battle of Actium}} in 31 BCE, Octavian's fleet inflicted a decisive defeat on the combined forces of Cleopatra and Mark Antony, forcing the two to retreat the [[Alexandria]], where they committed suicide the following year. The war eliminated the last obstacles to Octavian's monopolization of power, allowing him to become the first Roman emperor in 27 BCE.

==History==
Following the signing of the {{Wiki|Treaty of Brundisium}}, which ended an attempted farmer uprising led by Antony's brother {{Wiki|Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)|Lucius Antonius}}, control of the Roman Republic was divided between each of the triumvirs. Octavian claimed control of the west, including the territories of [[Italy]], [[France|Gaul]], and [[Spain|Iberia]]; Mark Antony ruled in the east, including the provinces of [[Makedonia|Macedonia]], [[Turkey|Asia]], and [[Levant|Syria]]; and {{Wiki|Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)|Marcus Lepidus}} was nominally given a strip of North [[Africa]].<ref>{{WP|Second Triumvirate}}</ref> It was this environment that saw Mark Antony and Cleopatra enter into a romantic and political relationship.<ref name="Cleopatra & Antony">''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: Cleopatra & Antony</ref>

Seeking to increase Egypt's domain, with the ultimate goal of creating a Ptolemaic empire centred around Alexandria, Cleopatra took Antony on a [[boat]] tour of Egypt in the winter of 41 BCE to highlight the wealth and power she held as Pharaoh, and an alliance was made.<ref name="Cleopatra & Antony" /> However, while Antony was occupied in Egypt, Octavian began gathering military and political power over him in Rome.<ref name="A New Egyptian Empire?">''Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt'' – Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: A New Egyptian Empire?</ref>

Utilizing Rome's vast resources, Octavian mounted a propaganda campaign to turn public sentient against the couple,<ref name="War With Rome">''Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt'' – Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: War With Rome</ref> a process which was only hastened on hearing that Antony had not only divorced Octavian's sister [[Octavia]] to marry Cleopatra after {{Wiki|Alexander Helios|producing}} {{Wiki|Cleopatra Selene II|three}} {{Wiki|Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)|children}}, but had also {{Wiki|Donations of Alexandria|gifted large swathes of Roman territory}} to Cleopatra and her family.<ref name="LastWarRomanRepublic">{{WP|Last war of the Roman Republic}}</ref> 

To avoid the outcry that would come from attacking a Roman, Octavian convinced the Roman Senate to declare war against Egypt, on the grounds that Cleopatra was corrupting Antony into losing the Roman ways. In response, Antony and Cleopatra assembled a fleet with their combined forces, only to be defeated at Actium in 31 BCE, after which Antony committed suicide. Octavian sailed to Egypt and arrived in 30 BCE to confront Cleopatra.<ref name="War With Rome" />

With Antony dead and her fate sealed, Cleopatra made her final stand in Alexandria, where she trained [[Caesarion]] to fight. On 12 August 30 BCE, as Octavian's army seized Alexandria, Cleopatra survived an assassination attempt by one of Octavian's messengers and had her killed.<ref name="ACOC 1">[[Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic)|''Assassin's Creed: Origins'']] – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 1|Issue #01]]</ref> Later, Cleopatra watched as her son trained with a [[soldier]] and was knocked down. She comforted her son by telling him that every defeat was a chance to learn towards a victory, before they were interrupted by the sight of fires in the distance as Octavian closed in further.<ref name="ACOC 2">''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 2|Issue #02]]</ref>

As Octavian rapidly approached, Cleopatra was confronted one last time by the [[Hidden Ones|Hidden One]] [[Amunet]] back at her palace in the city. There, her former agent implored her to resign to Octavian's victory, to which the pharaoh acquiesced on the condition that Amunet take Caesarion with her and train him as a Hidden One. Amunet handed her [[poison]] by which to commit suicide and left with Caesarion. Once Cleopatra was certain that her son was gone and far away, she thanked her servant [[Akila]] before consuming the poison. Within moments, Cleopatra, the last Pharaoh of Egypt, was dead.<ref name="ACOC 4">''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 4|Issue #04]]</ref>

==Aftermath==
With his rivals to power now dead or on the run, Octavian set about seizing control of the entire republic in the immediate years after the war and transforming it into an empire. In 30 BCE, Egypt was claimed as a {{Wiki|Roman Egypt|new Roman province}} to provide grain to feed the Roman citizenry, and three years later, Octavian was renamed Augustus by the Senate and given unprecedented powers concentrated to the office he held of ''{{Wiki|Princeps}}'', starting a tradition that would evolve into ruling Rome and its lands through Emperors.<ref name="LastWarRomanRepublic"/>

==Appearances==
*''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' {{Mo}}
*[[Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic)|''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' comic]] {{1st}}

==References==
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{{Timeline}}
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[[zh:罗马共和国的最后一战]]
[[Category:Wars]]
[[Category:Timeline]]