Editing Europe

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{{Revamp}}
{{imageneed}}
'''Europe''' is a continent or subcontinent comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]] to the north, the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west, the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the south, and [[Asia]] to the east along with the rest of Eurasia.

Since at least the [[Romans|Roman]] era, both the [[Assassins|Assassin Brotherhood]] and [[Templars|Templar Order]] have had a strong presence in Europe. Europe served as the primary housing for both organizations until the [[Age of Discovery]],<ref name="AC2">''[[Assassin's Creed II]]''</ref> when they started expanding their influence around the entire [[Earth|globe]].<ref name="AC3">''[[Assassin's Creed III]]''</ref>

==History==
===Isu Era===
[[File:Atlantis simulation.jpg|thumb|250px|left|The city of Atlantis]]
Millennia ago, Europe, like the rest of the World, was populated by the [[Isu]], an advanced civilization divided in many factions. In modern [[Greece]], the [[Sister Realms]] of [[Atlantis]], [[Elysium]], and [[Underworld]] were ruled respectively by [[Poseidon]], [[Persephone]], and [[Hades]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey]] – [[The Fate of Atlantis]]''</ref> In [[Norway]], the [[Æsir]] of [[Asgard]] were led by [[Odin]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]''– [[View Above All]]</ref> To stop the war between the Æsir and the [[Vanir]] led by [[Freyr]], Odin married [[Freyja]], Freyr's twin sister, uniting the two people. Numerous [[Temple (Isu)|Isu Temples]] were built across Europe, especially in [[British Isles]], Greece, and [[Italy]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]''– [[X Marks the Spot]]</ref>

The Isu scientist [[Phanes]] [[Project Anthropos|engineered]] [[human]]s as [[Slavery|slaves]] for the Isu, who used [[Apples of Eden]] to control them. Phanes fell in love with a female human and they fled to Atlantis. She gave birth to [[Eve]], the first [[hybrid]] who was unaffected by the Apples.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey]]– [[The Fate of Atlantis: Judgment of Atlantis]]''– [[Isu codex]]: "Encrypted message from "Phanes", I of IV"</ref> As the number of hybrids increased, Eve, with [[Adam]], led the [[Human-Isu War]] by stealing an Apple of Eden around 75,010 BCE.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]''– [[The Truth]]</ref>

During the War, Isu learned that an [[Great Catastrophe|upcoming coronal mass ejection]] will destroy Earth.<ref name="In Bocca al Lupo">''[[Assassin's Creed II]]''– [[In Bocca al Lupo]]</ref> The Isu scientists searched for different ways to save the World. The [[Capitoline Triad]], composed [[Father of Understanding]] [[Jupiter]], the [[Mother of Wisdom]] [[Juno]], and the[[Sacred Voice]] [[Minerva]], work on seven solutions.<ref name="Revelations MD"/> One of the them was the [[Rings of Eden]] Initiative led by [[Rah Cel'eze]], adapting the technology of Rings of Eden to deflect the solar flare. Inside a [[Eden Ring Station|station]] in modern England, the Isu tried to create a giant shield to circle the Earth but without the time and resources, they limited their goal to protect one city. Eventually, the initiative was shut down and the station was cut from the global grid.<ref name="Tomb of the Fallen">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Floating conversations]]: Tombs of the Fallen</ref>
[[File:ACV The Hidden Truth 2.png|thumb|250px|The Aesir witnessing the Great Disaster]]
Knowing that the Isu would become extinct after the catastrophe while humanity would prevail, the Æsir, with Juno's help, stole "[[Mead of poetry|the mead]]", a catalyst for the seventh solution, permitting to store their essence into the human gene pool across eons.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]''– [[A Feast to Remember]]</ref> After this treason, Juno was outcast.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Dawn of Ragnarök]]''</ref> In 75,000 BCE, just before the Toba Disaster, Odin, [[Tyr]], Freyja, Freyr, [[Thor]], [[Sif]], [[Idun]] and [[Heimdall]] used the computer [[Yggdrasil]] with the Mead to store their essence before dying. The Isu [[Loki]] also secretly used Yggdrasil to take his revenge on Odin millennia after the Catastrophe.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Animus Anomalies]]: AA_Complete</ref>

After the Earth burnt for weeks, less than 10,000 humans and a few Isu survived. Jupiter, Minerva, and other Isu taught what they could to the humans to help reignite the spark of civilization.<ref name="Revelations MD">''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[21st century conversations|Modern day]]</ref> After a few centuries, all Isu were dead, but they were remembered by humans as gods, composing the pantheon of different civilizations.<ref name="In Bocca al Lupo"/> While the Isu Temples were buried through time, the hybrids' descendants used [[Piece of Eden|Pieces of Eden]] to become rulers, heroes, and conquerors. Their feats were remembered as legends and the artifacts were perceived as magical objects.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]''– [[Glyphs]]</ref>

===Antiquity===
====Mediterranean Civilizations====
[[File:Knossos Palace.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Ruins of Knossos Palace]]
During the Bronze Age, many civilizations appeared across Europe, like the Celts in Western Europe, the Etruscans and the Romans in Italy, the [[Minoan civilization|Minoans]] in [[Krete]] and the [[Mycenae]]an in Greece, which was later seen as the cradle of Western civilization, influencing philosophy, art, politics, and science.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey]]''– [[Layla Hassan's personal files]]: "Packing for Greece: Greece"</ref> The [[Trojan War]] was perpetuated through [[Homer]]'s poems of the ''[[Iliad]]'' and the ''[[Odyssey]]'', while ''[[Aesop's Fables]]'' also had a great impact on European culture.<ref name="ACR">''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]''</ref>

During the Archaic era, the Greek culture expanded by settlers across [[Mediterranean Sea]], in [[Magna Graecia|Sicily]] but also in [[Ionia]] and [[Cyrenaica]]. During the 6th century BCE, the scholar [[Pythagoras]] met the Isu [[Hermes Trismegistus]] who gave him his [[Staff of Hermes Trismegistus|Staff of Eden]], granting him immortality.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Divine Science: Chapter 2 – Kyros of Zarax]]</ref> Pythagoras founded the [[Hermeticists|Cult of Hermes]], a group that sought to keep balance between Order and Chaos. However, many Hermeticists favored Chaos, and they eventually split off to form the [[Cult of Kosmos]], which was led by a person under the moniker the [[Ghost of Kosmos]] to secretly control Greece. They found an [[Pyramid (Isu)|Isu Pyramid]] [[Sanctuary of  Kosmos|under]] the [[Sanctuary of Delphi]], permitting them to see possible futures and influencing Greek politics.<ref name="A Fresh Start">''[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey]]'' – [[A Fresh Start]]</ref> Pythagoras went to the ruins of Atlantis to protect its secrets from the Cult.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey]]'' – [[The Gates of Atlantis]]</ref>

[[File:ACOD Akropolis Sanctuary.jpg|thumb|250px|Athens' Acropolis]]
During the Classical Era, Greece was divided into many poleis, such as [[Sparta]], [[Korinth]], and [[Athens]], which was one of the first [[democracy]].<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Greece]]'' – [[Tours: Democracy in Athens]]</ref> Between 490 and 449 BCE, Greece was [[Greco-Persian Wars|invaded]] by the [[Achaemenid Empire]] which was supported by the [[Order of the Ancients]], a secret society emulating the Isu civilization by controlling humanity through Pieces of Eden.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Abstergo Files]]: "File.0.02\Hst_Beginning"</ref> The Persians and the Order allied with the Cult of Kosmos, facing the Greek city-states alliance, Athens and Sparta among them.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey]]'' – [[Bully the Bullies]]</ref> Even if the king [[Leonidas]] of Sparta died with his army at the [[Battle of Thermopylae]], the Greeks defeated the Persians at the battles [[Battle of Salamis|of Salamis]] and [[Battle of Plataia|Plataia]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey]]'' – [[Historical Locations]] – Boeotia: Battleground of Plataia</ref>

Without a common enemy, Athens and Sparta fought for Greece's hegemony, creating the [[Delian League]] for the former and the [[Peloponnesian League]] for the latter. This led to the [[Peloponnesian War]] between 431 and 404 BCE, with the Cult of Kosmos infiltrating the two sides to gain control of Greece.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey]]'' – [[The Serpent's Lair]]</ref> Their plans were thwarted by the misthios [[Kassandra]], granddaughter of King Leonidas, who assassinated each member and destroyed the Pyramid with the [[Spear of Leonidas|Leonidas' Spear of Eden]].<ref name="A Fresh Start"/> The Order of Ancients infiltrated the Greek institutions during the War but they were stopped by Kassandra who was helped by the Persian Proto-Assassin [[Darius]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey]] – [[Legacy of the First Blade]]''</ref> Later Kassandra helped her father Pythagoras to seal the ruins of Atlantis and inherited the Staff of Hermes, becoming the Keeper, tracking Pieces of Eden through the World for twenty-six centuries, like the [[Treasure Hunter's Apple of Eden|Korfu's Apple of Eden]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey]]'' – [[Ancient Revelations]]</ref>

During the 5th century BCE, even through war, Greece stayed a beacon of culture with Athens as its first city. [[Sokrates]] and [[Plato]] developed Western philosophy with the Academy while [[Herodotos]] and [[Thucydides]] were dubbed as the Fathers of History.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey]]'' – [[Layla Hassan's personal files]]: "Herodotos and His Work"</ref> The poet [[Empedocles]] wrote in his ''[[On Nature]]'' his thoughts on human evolution while [[Hippokrates]] greatly contributed to medicine. In theatrical art, tragedies were represented through the plays of [[Aischylos]], [[Sophokles]], and [[Euripides]] while [[Aristophanes]] became the Father of Comedy, followed by [[Menander]] a century later.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Greece]] – [[Tours: School of Greece - Theater]]: "The Greek Theater"</ref> In the 4th century BCE, the philosopher [[Aristotle]] was at the [[Makedonia]]n court of the king [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]] to tutor his son [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]. He later established in Athens his school the Lykeion with an important library.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Greece]]'' – [[Tours: School of Greece - Philosophy]]: "Classical Philosophers"</ref>

[[File:DTAE Alexander the Great Mosaic.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Mosaic depicting Alexander the Great]]
In the late 4th century BCE, Greece was part of the Kingdom of Makedonia ruled by Alexander the Great. The Order of the Ancients granted him a [[Scepter of Alexander the Great|Staff]] combined with the [[Trident of Eden]], permitting him to conquer [[Egypt]] and the Middle East. His vast empire didn't last as Alexander was poisoned by the Babylonian Proto-Assassin [[Iltani]], leading to the division between Makedonian Greece, the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]], and the Seleucid Empire, each ruler having one of the Trident's prongs.<ref name="Last Descendants"/>

In Egypt, [[Alexandria]] and its [[Library of Alexandria|Library]] became a center of Greek culture in [[Africa]]. Among its scholars was the poet [[Kallimachos]] who rejected the epic format of Homeric poems, and instead fervently supported a shorter, more judiciously formulated style of poetry.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – [[Tours: The Great Library of Alexandria]]: "Kallimachos (c.310-240 BCE)"</ref> The mathematician [[Euclid]] was seen as the Father of geometry and wrote ''The Elements'', laying out the foundational work of what would become modern algebra and number theory.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – [[Tours: The Great Library of Alexandria]]: "Euclid (c. 4th-3rd century BCE)"</ref> During the 3rd century BCE, [[Eratosthenes]] calculated the circumference of the Earth.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – [[Tours: The Great Library of Alexandria]]: "Eratosthenes (c.276-195 BCE)"</ref>

In the Near East, the city of [[Seleucia-on-the-Tigris]] was also a center of Greek culture, known for its Stoic philosophers and its Olympic athletes.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Seleucia-on-the-Tigris]]</ref> In the late 2nd century BCE, the collapse of the Seleucid Empire created a power vacuum that turned the region of western Cilicia into a [[Piracy|pirate]] stronghold. The inhabitants were already known for their outlaw activities and military prowess, and the Cilicians established themselves as the most successful group of pirates in the ancient Mediterranean region.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: Pirates of the Mediterranean]]</ref>

====Roman Era====
According to legend, Rome was founded by King [[Romulus]] in 753 BCE and became the center of a Republic in 510 BCE.<ref name="DB: Roma"/> By the 3rd century BCE, Romans expanded across the Mediterranean Sea, fighting Celts, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Persians. This led to the Romanization of most parts of Europe, with the construction of aqueducts, forts, and cities but also the enslavement of the defeated populations. The Romans used enemy technologies to add to their own formidable arsenal like the Catarginean ships or the Greek siege engines.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – [[Tours: Roman Military Equipment]]: "Adopting the Enemy's Technology"</ref> [[De Architectura]]'s autor [[Vitruvius]] exemplified this two sides of the Roman conquest, as an military engineer and architect who developped Cyrenaica.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]'' – [[The Good Roman]]</ref> 

[[File:ACO Fall of an Empire, Rise of Another 28.jpg|thumb|250px|Caesar's assassination by the Hidden Ones]]
In 49 BCE, as a [[Caesar's Civil War|civil war]] erupted between the consuls [[Pompey]] and [[Gaius Julius Caesar]], the Order of the Ancients executed the last and inducted the latter into their ranks, the dictator becoming their leader.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]'' – [[Aya: Blade of the Goddess]]</ref> [[Marcus Junius Brutus]], [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]], and other senators allied with [[Amunet]], a descendant of Darius and Kassandra of Sparta. They founded the [[Roman Hidden Ones|Roman branch]] of the [[Hidden Ones]], a group dedicated to fighting the Order and protecting humanity's freedom.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]'' – [[Last of the Medjay]]</ref> In 44 BCE, the Hidden Ones [[Assassination of Julius Caesar|assassinated Caesar]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]'' – [[Fall of an Empire, Rise of Another]]</ref> 

After the dictator's death, general [[Marcus Antonius]] allied with Caesar's nephew and adopted son [[Augustus|Octavian]]. In 42 BCE, they defeated Brutus and Longinus at the [[battle of Philippi]], the two Hidden Ones committing suicide afterward. Octavian took the leadership of the Ancients, and after defeating Antonius in 30 BCE, established the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic)]]''</ref> His successor expanded the empire using the Prongs of Faith and Devotion.<ref name="Last Descendants">''[[Assassin's Creed: Last Descendants]]''</ref> The expansion wasn't without resistance, like the Iceni revolt led by the queen [[Boudicca]] in 60 CE.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Database: Boudicca]]</ref>

[[File:ACV DB Hadrian's Wall.png|thumb|200px|left|The Hadrian's Wall]]
As the empire spread across Europe, North Africa, and the Near East, the Hidden Ones established [[Assassin bureau|bureaus]] to operate in Europe.<ref name="DB: HO">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Database: The Hidden Ones]]</ref> The emperors were often targets of the Brotherhood. In 41 CE, [[Caligula]] was killed by the Hidden One [[Leonius]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Floating conversations]]: Unlocking Monteriggioni's Secrets</ref> By 122 CE, the Emperor [[Hadrian]] built a [[Hadrian's Wall|Great Wall]] in England and planned to lead a war against the northern native people. The Hidden One [[Caius (Hidden One)|Caius]] tried to assassinate the emperor, but he was discovered and killed. In 164 CE, the Brotherhood made a deal with Emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]] to retreat the Roman troops from the [[Antonine Wall]] to the Hadrian's Wall. In 211 CE, when the Emperor [[Septimius Severus]] broke the deal, the Hidden One [[Khloe (Hidden One)|Khloe]] killed him in his villa of [[York|Eboracum]].<ref name="A Brief History of the Hidden Ones">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[A Brief History of the Hidden Ones]]</ref> 

During the transition from the Republic to the Empire, the poet [[Virgil]] wrote the ''[[Aeneid]]'', the epic journey of the [[Troy|Trojan]] prince [[Aeneas]], strengthened the Roman identity. Roman civilization was greatly influenced by the Greek culture. [[Ovid]]'s ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' compiled Greek fables while the historian [[Plutarch]] make comparative biographies of Greek and Roman men in ''[[Parallel Lives]]''.<ref name="ACR"/> The Greco-Egyptians also continued to influence Rome, like the historian [[Arrian]]  [[Anabasis Alexandri|writing about Alexander the Great's campaigns]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Anabasis Alexandri]]</ref> The scholar [[Ptolemy]], through his ''[[Geography]]'' and ''Almagest'', solidified geocentrism as the major astronomical model for centuries. The Berberian Roman [[Apuleius]] wrote ''[[The Golden Ass]]'', a precursor of "picaresque style".<ref name="ACR"/> 

[[File:Peter-Staff.jpg|thumb|150px|Representation of Peter with a Staff of Eden]]
During the 1st century CE, [[Saint Peter|Simon Peter]], an Apostle of [[Jesus of Nazareth]], arrived in Rome leading the Christian Church with a [[Papal Staff of Eden|Staff of Eden]].<ref name="Instrument of Power"/> His successor inherited the Staff and later the emperors' Prongs, spreading Christianity in Europe.<ref name="Last Descendants"/> In some cases, Christians were persecuted by the Roman authority. In 306 CE, when the Belgae warriors killed Christians, the Hidden One [[Beatha]] delivered a letter to Emperor [[Constantine I]] pleading for the protection of the Christians.<ref name="A Brief History of the Hidden Ones"/> Later, the emperor authorized the new religion, and in 330 CE, rebuilt the Greek city of Byzantium as a New Rome and a Christian city, which later became [[Constantinople]].<ref name="DB: Byzantines">''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Database: Byzantines]]</ref> 

At the end of the 4th century, [[Theodosius I]] declared Christianity the official religion of the empire, and ordered the closing of polytheist temples.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – The Siege of Alexandria: "Lost Knowledge"</ref> This particularly decreased the influence of the Order throughout the empire.<ref name="DB: OotA">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Database: The Order of the Ancients]]</ref> In England, pagan Britons were executed by Christians. The Hidden Ones [[Teague]] and his magister eliminated three priests to send a message to the emperor.<ref name="A Brief History of the Hidden Ones"/> In Alexandria, the Neoplatonist school was led by [[Hypatia of Alexandria|Hypatia]] until she died in 415 CE, ending the age of great ancient scientific discoveries.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – [[Tours: The Great Library of Alexandria]]: "Hypatia (c. 350/370-415 CE)"</ref> 

[[File:Atli.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Representation of Attila the Hun]]
By the 5th century, as the empire was too vast to control, the legions retired from the peripheral provinces like England. The Hidden Ones also fled these provinces and established their strongest foothold across Mediterranea.<ref name="DB: HO"/> The empire was invaded by Germanic tribes, the [[Saxons]] and the [[Franks]] among them. In 410 CE, Rome was sacked by the Visigoths and their king [[Alaric I]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Database: Porta Salaria]]</ref> In Eastern Europe, [[Attila the Hun]] obtained a [[Sword of Eden]] and used it to expand his empire in central and western Europe.<ref name="Instrument of Power">''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Glyphs|Glyph #5: "Instrument of Power"]]</ref>

In 476 CE, Rome and the Western Roman Empire fell.<ref name="DB: Roma">''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Database: Roma]]</ref> Only the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire]] in Constantinople remained, controlling Greece, Egypt, and the Near East.<ref name="DB: Byzantines"/> Even after the Empire's fall, many ruins lasted for centuries and the Roman Civilization held a lasting influence on the European countries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[The Swan-Road Home]]</ref>

===Middle Ages===
====Dark Ages====
[[File:ACII-WalterCrane-ArthurPullstheSwordfromStone.jpg|thumb|150px|Arthur pulling Excalibur]]
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Germanic tribes filled the political vacuum, with the establishment of new kingdoms. In the late 5th century, when the Anglo-Saxons invaded England, [[Arthur Pendragon]] received the Sword of Eden [[Excalibur]] from the [[Women of the Mist]], a group of witch-warriors. Using its power, Arthur became the king of [[Britons]] and a leader of the Order of the Ancients. The Women of the Mist's agent Mordred tried to recover the Sword for himself, founding the [[Descendants of the Round Table]], but Arthur hid the Sword in an Isu vault. The Women of the Mist protected the vault, becoming an enemy of the Descendants.<ref name="Sword of the White Horse">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla – Sword of the White Horse]]''</ref>

In 536 CE, as Italy was under the control of the Ostrogoths, the Eastern Roman emperor [[Justinian I]] sent the generals [[Belisarius]] and [[Narses]] to conquer Rome. During the Gothic War, the Romans took Rome but the city was besieged numerous times by the Ostrogoth of [[Totila]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Database: Porta Asinaria]]</ref> Eventually, Italy became a part of the Byzantine Empire, but in the 7th century, after Lombard's invasion, Byzantine settlers took refuge in [[Venice]], establishing their own Republic.<ref name="DB: Venezia">''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Database: Venezia]]</ref>

In parallel with the king and lords, the bishops served as representatives of the Roman Church across Europe dioceses. Even if they were chosen among the local elites, bishops sometimes entered into conflicts with civil powers.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Viking Age]]'' – [[Learnings: Bishops: A Divided Duty]]</ref> Monastic orders also flourished like the [[Benedictines]]. The monasteries served many roles in European society, greeting pilgrims, and dispensing education and care. Monasteries became also place for political meetings.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Viking Age]]'' – [[Learnings: Monasteries: Many Roles]]</ref>

Between the 6th and the 7th century, the Anglo-Saxons established the [[Heptarchy]] with the kingdoms of [[Wessex]], [[Essex]], [[Sussex]], [[Kent]], [[East Anglia]], [[Mercia]] and [[Northumbria]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Database: Saxons]]</ref> With the influence of Irish monks, the Anglo-Saxons adopted Christianism, as well as the [[Picts]] of [[Scotland]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Database: Picts]]</ref> The [[Britons]] in [[Wales]] regularly fought with the Anglo-Saxons. During the late 8th century, Mercia was ruled by the Ancients [[Offa of Mercia|Offa]], who expanded his kingdom and built a linear military fortification known as the Offa's Dyke.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Database: Britons]]</ref> After his rule, the Ancient established one of their last stronghold in England, even reaching [[Scandinavia]].<ref name="DB: OotA"/>

[[File:ACV SoP Tapestry of Charlemagne's crowing.png|left|250px|thumb|Tapestry depicting Charlemagne]]
In 756 CE, the bishop of Rome established the [[Papal States]], becoming the pope.<ref name="DB: Roma"/> As Rome and Constantinople were rivals for Christendom leadership, the pope [[Leo III]] allied with [[Charlemagne]], king of the Franks and secretly the leader of the Ancients. In 800, Leo crowned Charlemagne Emperor of the Roman. The [[Carolingian Empire]] spread across France, Germany, and Northern Italy and was seen as a spiritual successor of the Western Roman Empire.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Siege of Paris]]'' – [[Francia]]</ref> Later, the empire was divided into three but the Ancients kept influence as the emperor [[Louis II of Italy]] was the leader of the Order in the mid-9th century.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Viking Expansion notes]]: Fulke's Journal</ref>

====Islamic Caliphates====
While Islam spread across the Middle East and North Africa during the 7th century, the Arab caliphates entered into wars with the Byzantine Empire.<ref name="Digenes Akritas">''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Digenes Akritas]]</ref> In the early 8th century, the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] nearly conquered all of [[Spain]]. The last Christian states struck back, leading to the [[Reconquista]], opposing the Christian and the Muslim states in Spain for over seven centuries.<ref name="ACfilm">''[[Assassin's Creed (film)]]''</ref> After the [[Abbasid Revolution]] in 750 CE overthrown the Umayyad dynasty in [[Damascus]], the last member of the family established the [[Emirate of Córdoba]] in Spain.<ref name="DB: The Abbasids... and their Rivals">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: The Abbasids ... and their Rivals]]</ref> 

Even if the Greeks and the Arabs were often at war, economic and cultural exchanges existed between the two populations.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Baghdadi Exports]]</ref> Many Greek merchants and architects went to the Abbasid Caliphate and the manuscripts of Aristotle, Hippokrates, and Ptolemy influenced Middle Eastern philosophy, medicine and astronomy, contributing to the [[Islamic Golden Age]].<ref name="DB: Translation Movement">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Translation Movement]]</ref>

During the 10th century, the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] took control of Sicily. In 929, the emir of Cordoba Abd al-Rahman III founded a caliphate over Spain and Maghrib, challenging the Abbasids of [[Baghdad]].<ref name="DB: The Abbasids... and their Rivals"/> In the 11th century, Europeans had access to papermaking by the Arabs.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Papermaking]]</ref>

In 917 CE, the Byzantine admiral [[John Rhadenos]] negotiated peace with the Abbasids and paid the ransom for captured soldiers, bringing gifts of silk, ivory, or precious manuscripts to the caliph.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Greeks Bearing Gifts]]</ref>

====Viking Age====
[[File:ACV BB - Ragnar Lothbrok.jpg|thumb|250px|Ragnar Lothbrok]]
In the late 8th century, the lack of arable land in [[Scandinavia]] led many Norses to leave their countries. As a seafaring people, Norse became settlers, and traders, but also [[Vikings]], raiding the coast to loot goods and made slaves.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Database: Vikings]]</ref> The monastery of [[Lindisfarne]] was one of the first raided in 793 CE, beginning the [[Viking expansion]]. One of the most famous Vikings was [[Ragnar Lothbrok]], who [[Siege of Paris (845)|besieged Paris in 845]]. In the 850s, the Norwegian [[Ímar]] established the kingdom of [[Dublin]] in Ireland, which became an important trading hub under the rule of his son [[Bárid mac Ímair]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Wrath of the Druids]]'' – [[Database: Bárid mac Ímair]]</ref> 

In 852, the [[Varangians|Varangian]] [[Rurik]] built the city of [[Novgorod]] in in modern-day [[Russia]]. Sailing through the Danube, Varangians besieged Constantinople in 860. To stop them, the imperial family recruited them as personal guards, the [[Eagle Clan]] among them. In 867, the Order of the Ancients helped the Chambellan [[Basil I|Basil]] to assassinate the emperor [[Michael III]]. As Basil was the new emperor, the Order influenced him to kill his son [[Leo VI the Wise|Leo]], suspected to be Michael's son. The Varangian [[Thyra]] from the Eagle clan allied with the Hidden Ones [[Basim Ibn Ishaq]] and [[Hytham]] to protect Leo. They succeeded, killing the Ancients leader [[Isaac]], and Basil cutting his ties with the Order.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: The Golden City]]''</ref> During this period, the Patriarch [[Photios I of Constantinople]] compiled in his ''[[Bibliotheca]]'' the review of 300 books.<ref name="ACR"/>

[[File:ACV BB - Aella - Blood eagle.jpg|thumb|100px|left|Aella subjected to the blood eagle]]
In 865, Lothbrok raided the kingdom of Northumbria ruled by the Ancient Ælla. After Ælla executed Lothbrok, the [[Sons of Ragnar]] invaded England with the [[Great Heathen Army]] to conquer it. When they killed Ælla, Northumbria became a vassal of the Ragnarssons. East Anglia knew the same fate after the murder of the king [[Edmund the Martyr]]. As the [[Great Summer Army]] led by [[Guthrum]] expanded in Mercia, Wessex, ruled by the [[Grand Maegester of the Order of the Ancients|Grand Maegester of the Ancients]] [[Æthelwulf, King of Wessex|Æthelwulf]] and later his sons [[Æthelred I, King of Wessex|Æthelred]] and [[Alfred the Great]], fought the Viking expansion. <ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla – Blood Brothers]]''</ref> The Picts and Britons also entered into war against the Norse.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[War Weary]]</ref>

During this period, the Æsir's [[Isu incarnation]]s appeared, such as Thor's incarnation [[Halfdan Ragnarsson]] and Freyr's as [[Harald Fairhair]], uniting all Norway.<ref name="Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[The Last Chapter]]'' – [[Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair]]</ref> Tyr's and Odin's incarnations were [[Sigurd Styrbjornsson]] and [[Eivor Varinsdottir]] from the [[Raven Clan]]. As they fought the Ancient [[Kjotve the Cruel]], they allied with Basim and Hytham.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[A Cruel Destiny]]</ref> After Kjotve's death, the Hidden Ones followed the Raven Clan in their settling of [[Ravensthorpe]] in Mercia, establishing the bureau for the [[British Brotherhood of Assassins|British Hidden Ones]].<ref name="To Serve the Light...">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[To Serve the Light...]]</ref> Unknown to them, Basim was Loki's incarnation and tried to take his revenge on Odin but it ultimately failed after he was trapped in Yggdrasil's simulations for centuries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[A Brother's Keeper]]</ref>

[[File:ACV Holy Day 21.png|thumb|250px|The Battle of Chippenham]]
While Eivor tried to conquer all of England, the Hidden Ones recruited her to kill the Ancients in the country.<ref name="To Serve the Light..."/> At the same time, Alfred the Great wanted to reform the Order, deeming its Isu worship as heretical. As Poor-Fellow-Soldier of the Christ, he sent clues to Eivor to eliminate all of the Ancients. In 878, during the [[Battle of Chippenham]], Eivor fought with her allies Alfred army. After his defeat, Alfred hid at [[Athelnay]] where he met Eivor to reveal the truth and the reformation of the Ancients as the Templar Order.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[The Poor Fellow-Soldier]]</ref> Later Alfred's army defeated the Great Heathen Army at the [[Battle of Edington]]. Alfred established peace with Guthrum, who converted to Christianity and became king of East Anglia.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Viking Age]]'' – [[Learnings: Baptism and Victory]]</ref> During the following decades, the Norse adopted Christianity and the two societies were unified as the Kingdom of England.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Viking Age]]'' – [[Learnings: Christianization]] </ref>

While the Ancients were collapsing, other secret organizations were active in the British Isles. As Eivor recovered Excalibur, both the Descendants of the Round Table and the Women of the Mist tried to steal the Sword of Eden. The Hidden Ones allied with the witch warriors after  [[Niamh of Argyll]] infiltrated their ranks. Hytham orchestrated a sacrifice of an Excalibur's copy to fool the Descendants while granting the Piece of Eden to the Women of the Mist.<ref name="Sword of the White Horse"/> In Scotland, a Christian sect led by [[Saint Columba the Reborn]] used the [[Codex of Eden]] to convert the population. Both Hidden Ones and Templars took interest in the group. Their headquarters in the [[Loch Ness Temple]] was flooded by the Hidden Ones while the Templars recovered fragments of the Codex.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla – The Hidden Codex]]''</ref>

In Ireland, as Christianization progressed, the druid culture faded out. In this context, the [[Children of Danu]] emerged, a secret society dedicated to defending the Gaelic culture through violent ways, practicing sacrifices, and using hallucinogens to spread fear among Christians and Norse.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Wrath of the Druids]]'' – [[Database: The Children of Danu]]</ref> By 879, the Children were led by [[Eogan mac Cartaigh]] who pretended to be a dedicated Christian priest. The Children planned to assassinate the High King [[Flann Sinna]] to destabilize Ireland but they failed and were eliminated by Eivor.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Wrath of the Druids]]'' – [[A Scourging of Snakes]]</ref> Their actions led to further persecution against the druid by the Christians.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Wrath of the Druids]]'' – [[The Cost of Betrayal]]</ref>

[[File:ACV The Siege of Paris 1.png|thumb|250px|left|Vikings raiding Paris' street]]
In the 880s, the Carolingian empire was once again unified under [[Charles the Fat]] who had a troubled mind. The zealous Christian sect known as the [[Bellatores Dei]] believed that Francia fell in apostasy and influenced Charles to restore order.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[The Siege of Paris]]'' – [[Database: Bellatores Dei]]</ref> By 886, they tried to eliminate his wife [[Richardis]] and killed the jarl [[Sinric]] of the [[Elgring Clan]]. Sinric's brother [[Sigfred]] led the [[Siege of Paris (885-886)|Siege of Paris]] with the help of Eivor and the Raven Clan. Despite Count [[Odo of France|Odo]] and some Bellatores members leading the city's defenses, the Vikings stormed Paris.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[The Siege of Paris]]'' – [[The Siege of Paris (memory)|The Siege of Paris]]</ref> Eivor and Odo made a truce to spare the citizens while Charles paid the Elgring Clan to leave, weakening his leadership.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[The Siege of Paris]]'' – [[The Count of Paris]]</ref> Later, Eivor eliminated the Bellatores, saving Richardis and defeating Charles in a duel.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[The Siege of Paris]]'' – [[Madness of King Charles]]</ref> In 887, Charles was deposed and Odo became the king of Western Francia, leading to the collapse of the Carolingian empire.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[The Siege of Paris]]'' – [[Eivor's letters]]</ref>

On the [[Isle of Skye]], an [[Isle of Skye's Apple of Eden|Apple of Eden]] activated itself on the arrival of the Keeper Kassandra, plaguing the island's population with by horrible nightmares and leading them to madness.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Assassin's Creed Crossover Stories]]'' – [[Night and Day]]</ref> With Eivor's help, Kassandra recovered the artifact, ending the illusions.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Assassin's Creed Crossover Stories]]'' – [[What Dreams May Come]]</ref> Near Ravensthorpe, the Eden Ring Station's generators began to produce energy but had no outlet for it, risking a discharge that would wipe out all life on Britain. The [[Rah Cel'eze (artificial intelligence)|Rah Cel'eze's AI]] contacted Eivor, who solved the situation by removing [[The Blazing Sword]], shutting down the station.<ref name="Tomb of the Fallen"/>

During the 10th century, the bishop [[Liutprand of Cremona]] went to Constantinople as an emissary and wrote a [[Mission to Constantinople|book]] relating his experience.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Mission to Constantinople]]</ref>

In 962, the king of East Francia and Italy [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto]] established the [[Holy Roman Empire]], controlling most of central Europe. Owning the Prong of Devotion, he granted the artifact to the bishop [[Poppa]] to convert [[Denmark]] to Christianity. Poppa baptized its king [[Harald Bluetooth]] who kept the prong and joined the Templars In 975 in Sweden, the Hidden Ones assassinated the King [[Olof Björnsson]] and promoted his brother [[Eric the Victorious|Eric]] as his successor. Olof's son, [[Styrbjörn the Strong]] allied with Harald to invade Sweden, using the prong. In 985, at the [[Battle of Fýrisvellir]], Styrbjörn army was defeated and the prong was taken by the Hidden One [[Thorvald Hjaltason]]. He entrusted the artifact to the warrior [[Östen Jorundsson]] who hid it.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Last Descendants - Fate of the Gods]]''</ref>

Vikings also explored the Atlantic Ocean, settling in [[Iceland]] by the 9th century.<ref name="Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair"/> Around 1000, according to sagas, [[Leif Ericson]] participated in a Viking expedition to North America, establishing a colony in [[Vinland]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: Daring Viking Explorer]]</ref> 

[[File:DTVA - Handover of city keys.jpg|thumb|250px|The handover of the city keys to William the Conqueror, Bayeux Tapestry, scene 27]]
In the middle of the 11th century, the duke of [[Normandy]] [[William the Conqueror]] led his army against the County of Britain. Later, he became king of England. The Bayeux Tapestry served as an illustrated document of his life.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Viking Age]]'' – [[Learnings: Peacemaking, Peacebreaking]]</ref> Later, the Normans conquered [[Naples]], ruling it during three centuries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Database: Napoli]]</ref>

====High Middle Age====
By the 11th century, European Christendom was divided into two, the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Churches in the East. In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, the pope [[Urban II]] initiated the [[First Crusade]] to recover the Holy Land from Muslim rule. <ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: A Walk Through History (1189-1868)]]'' – Chapter 1: The Third Crusade – Historical Overview: The Rise of Saladin</ref> Peasants, and later lords and knights, participated to the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|siege]] [[Jerusalem]] in 1099, establishing the Crusader states for two centuries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – Timeline</ref>
[[File:Hugh de Payns.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Hughes de Payens, Grand Master of the Templar Order]]
In this context, many military orders were created to protect the pilgrims, the [[Knights Hospitalier]] among them. During the council of Troyes in 1129, with the support of [[Bernard de Clairvaux]], the Templars were officially recognized as the Knights Templars with [[Hugues de Payens]] as their Grand Master. They established strongholds in the Middle East but also in Europe, becoming an important economic infrastructure in Christendom. During this time they fought the [[Assassins]], a reformed Hidden Ones Brotherhood that established a state in the Middle East.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Abstergo Files]]: "File.0.03\Hst_GoldenAge"</ref>

In the 12th century, reality and fiction were sometimes blurred in writing. [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]] wrote ''[[The History of the Kings of Britain]]'', a pseudo-historical work claiming to use earlier sources.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[The History of the Kings of Britain]]</ref> The pre-Christian Germanic poem ''[[Nibelungenlied]]'' was written in Germany.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Nibelungenlied]]</ref> The ''[[Digenes Akritas]]'' told the epic story of Basil during the Arab-Byzantine wars.<ref name="Digenes Akritas"/> During the 13th century, the Aberdeen Bestiary was written, representing mythical creatures while the Icelandic scholar [[Snorri Sturluson]] wrote the ''[[Heimskringla]]'', a collection of Old Norse sagas.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Heimskringla]]</ref>

In 1202, during the [[Fourth Crusade]], Venice's fleet transported the Crusaders, leading to the sack of Constantinople in 1204. This shattered the Byzantine Empire, the Crusaders established the Latin Empire in Greece and Venice took many islands of the [[Aegean Sea]], and Venetian and Genoan merchants settled in Constantinople.<ref name="DB: Constantinople">''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Database: Constantinople]]</ref>  During this time, the [[Levantine Brotherhood of Assassins|Levantine]] [[Mentor]] [[Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad]] failed to establish a guild due to the sack, but in 1257, he sent the Venetian explorer brothers [[Niccolò Polo|Niccolò]] and [[Maffeo Polo]], who succeeded.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade]]''</ref> In 1261, the Latin emperor was expelled from Constantinople and [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] established back the Byzantine Empire but only a fraction of its former land.<ref name="DB: Constantinople"/> In 1269, the Polo brothers established an Assassins guild in Venice.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Encyclopedia]]''</ref>

At the dawn of the 13th century, two Mendicant orders were created: the [[Franciscans|Franciscans]] and the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], making vow of poverty while preaching in the cities. In 1231, pope [[Gregory IX]] initiated the [[Medieval Inquisition]], to bring order to the process of dealing with heresy and prevent mob justice. Both Franciscan and Dominican members were appointed as papal inquisitors.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1231</ref>

[[File:AC4BF Epistola de Magnete.png|thumb|250px|A page of ''Epistola de Magnete'']]
Between the 12th and 13th centuries, thanks to Arabic translations, Europe had access to Greek and [[India]]n philosophical and mathematical knowledge.<ref name="DB: Translation Movement"/> Scientific fields evolved, like magnetism with the ''Epistola de Magnete'', while the philosopher [[Roger Bacon]] compiled in his ''[[Opus Majus]]'' and ''Opus Minus'' treatises on natural science, mathematics, grammar, physics, optics, and philosophy for Pope [[Clement IV]].<ref name="ACR"/>

By the mid 13th century, the [[Mongol Empire]] expanded in Eastern Europe. In 1241, the Mongol army defeated Poland in the [[Battle of Legnica]]. During the battle, the prince [[Möngke Khan]] captured a Templar who introduced him to the Order, creating the [[Mongolian Rite of  the Templar Order|Mongolian Rite]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Last Descendants – Tomb of the Khan]]''</ref> During this time, the Grand Prince of Vladimir [[Alexander Nevsky]] paid tribute to the [[Golden Horn]] to protect his country. In 1263, the [[Mongolian Brotherhood of Assassins|Mongolian Assassin]] [[Nergüi]] killed Nevsky believing that his alliance with the Mongols hid something else.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Memories]]'' – [[Alexander Nevsky (memory)|Alexander Nevsky]]</ref> Accompanying his father and uncle at [[Kublai Khan]]'s court, the Assassin [[Marco Polo]] recovered [[Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad's Codex]] and brought it to Venice. He wrote an [[The Travels of Marco Polo|exaggerated account]] of his 20 years in the Far East.<ref name="ACR"/> Polo was also acquainted with the Italian Assassin [[Dante Alighieri]] who wrote the ''Divine Comedy''.<ref name="Paying Respect">''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Paying Respects]]</ref>

[[File:Tragedy of Jacques de Molay 15.png|thumb|250px|left|Jacques de Molay burning at the stake before King Philip IV and Pope Clement V]]
In 1291, [[Acre]] was captured by the [[Mamluks]], ending the Crusader States. The Templars retreated to Europe, choosing as Grand Master [[Jacques de Molay]], a [[Sage]] of the Isu [[Aita]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Unity]]'' – [[Database: Jacques de Molay]]</ref> In 1307, the Mentor of the [[Parisian Brotherhood of Assassins|French Assassins]] [[Guillaume de Nogaret]] manipulated the King [[Philip IV of France]] and pope [[Clement V]] to arrest the Templar Order. On the night of the 13th of October, the [[Temple (Paris)|Temple of Paris]] was stormed by Assassins disguised as Flemish mercenaries, and the Grand Master was arrested.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Unity]]'' – [[The Tragedy of Jacques de Molay]]</ref> While the Assassins tracked the last Templars in Europe, de Molay taught to nine of his lieutenants the secrets of the Order and tasked them to reform the Templars as a secret organization. In 1314, the Grand Master was burnt at the stake, officially ending the Templar Order while in fact returning in the shadows.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Abstergo Files]]: "File.0.06\Hst_VoxInExcelso"</ref>

In the 1320s, the Templars killed Aligheri and Polo. Dante's pupil, [[Domenico Auditore|Domenico]] dispatched the pages of Altaïr Codex in a cargo, preventing the Templars from recovering it. Later, he relocated to the [[Siena]]n city of [[Monteriggioni]] which became the headquarters of the [[Italian Brotherhood of Assassins]], and founded the noble [[House of Auditore]].<ref name="Paying Respect"/>

====Late Middle Ages====
[[File:ACR DYL Brothers of the Cross.png|thumb|250px|The Brothers of the Cross during the plague]]
The Late Middle Ages were a turbulent time for Europe, struck first by the Great Famine (1315-1322), and then by [[Black Death]] between 1346 and 1353, killing hundreds of millions.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Unity]]'' – [[Database: 21. Medieval]]</ref> In 1350, the Templars posed as the [[Brothers of the Cross]], traveling across the Holy Roman Empire, promising protection from the disease while searching for the [[Ankh]], a Piece of Eden in [[Essen]]. The group mysteriously vanished as well as the Assassin [[Lukas Zurburg]].<ref name="DYL">''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations – Discover Your Legacy]]'' – Bloodlines: "Lukas Zurburg"</ref>

During the 14th century, Geoffrey Chaucer wrote in Middle English ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'', a collection stories detailing the lives and concerns of a group of Christian pilgrims making their way to [[Canterbury Cathedral]].<ref name="ACR"/>

[[File:ACH Jeanne render.png|thumb|150px|left|Jeanne d'Arc with the Sword of Eden]]
Between 1337 and 1453, the French House of Valois and the English House of Plantagenet fought in the [[Hundred Years' War]] for the throne of France. In the late stage of the conflict, the Templars had among them the [[John, Duke of Bedford|Duke John of Bedford]], regent in France for [[Henry VI of England]], the Duke [[Philip III of Burgundy]]and the chamberlain [[Georges de la Trémoille]]. The three Templars plotted to control the weak-willed [[Charles VII of France]] but his mother-in-law [[Yolande of Aragon]], Mentor of the French Assassins, thwarted their plan. She recruited [[Jeanne d'Arc]], a peasant with a high rate of Isu DNA and possessing a [[Sword of Eden 1|Sword of Eden]]. With the artifact, she led the French army to victory, strengthening Charles's legitimacy. In 1430, the Templars captured Jeanne, recovering the Sword and condemning her to be burned at the stake. The Assassins secretly saved her.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Heresy]]''</ref>

In 1301, the Byzantine Empire was defeated at the Battle of Bapheus by Muslim Turks led by [[Osman I]]. Expanding on the Byzantine territories in Anatolia and Thrace, Osman I founded the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="DB: Ottomans"/> In 1397, Sultan [[Bayezid I]] tried to conquer Constantinople but failed. To counter the Ottoman threat, the Byzantine emperors tried to ally with the Catholic West but this was limited. During the conflict, The Byzantines hired Spanish mercenaries like the [[Almogavars]] to fight the Turks. Among them was [[Ramon Muntaner]] who wrote his ''[[Cronica]]'' about the defense of Constantinople.<ref name="ACR"/> Through the dervshirme system, the Ottoman enrolled slave Christian boys from the Balkan to serve as [[Janissaries]], their elite soldiers.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Database: Janissaries]]</ref>

In 1453, the Sultan [[Mehmet II]], wielding an [[Apple of Eden 6|Apple of Eden]], [[Fall of Constantinople|conquered Constantinople]] ending the Byzantine Empire.<ref name="DB: Byzantines"/> Even if many churches of the city were transformed into mosques, the Ottoman authorized Orthodox to stay in the city, Constantinople becoming the cosmopolitan capital of the Empire.<ref name="DB: Ottomans">''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Database: Ottomans]]</ref> During their expansion, the Ottomans entered into conflict with Wallachia and the [[Republic of Venice]]. At some point, the Mentor and Grand Vizier [[Ishak Pasha]] forged a peace with the Empire, permitting the Brotherhood to flourish in Constantinople.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Rebellion]]'' – [[Database: Ishak Pasha]]</ref> The Valencian [[Joanot Martorell]] wrote ''[[Tirant lo Blanch]]'', a romance novel set in the Byzantine empire, full of sensuous vitality, chivalrous daring, and good humor.<ref name="ACR"/>
[[File:Firenzelineage.png|250px|thumb|Florence, heart of Italian Renaissance]]
By the 14th century, Italian city-states became the cradle of the [[Renaissance]], an intellectual and artistic cultural movement emulating the revival of classical Greco-Roman studies and also the new philosophy of humanism.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Renaissance]]"</ref> The creation of the printing press by [[Johannes Gutenberg]] in 1439 in Strasbourg permitted the mass production of books and the spreading of Renaissance ideas across Europe.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: The Printing Press]]</ref> The Republic of Venice became one of the wealthiest cities in the world thanks to its fleet, even defeating the Republic of Genoa on the sea.<ref name="DB: Venezia"/> In the [[Republic of Florence]], its leading statesman [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] sponsored many artists such as [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Michelangelo]], and the city became the center of the Renaissance.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Database: Firenze (Assassin's Creed II)|Database: Firenze]]</ref> In 1460, the Hermeticist teaching was rediscovered through the work of [[Marsilio Ficino]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]] – [[The Da Vinci Disappearance]]'' – [[Database: Hermeticists]]</ref>

During this period, the [[Roman Rite of the Templar Order|Roman Templars]] led by Grand Master [[Rodrigo Borgia]] planned to unify Italy under their banner. As they supported the [[House of Pazzi]]'s [[Pazzi conspiracy|plot]] to control [[Florence]] and the [[House of Barbarigo]]'s [[Venetian conspiracy|scheme]] to claim [[Venice]], the Italian Assassins led by the House of Auditore thwarted their plans. The two factions also searched Altaïr's Codex pages to localize an [[Vatican Vault|Isu vault in Italy]]. In 1488, the Templars brought Mehmet II's Apple of Eden from [[Cyprus]] to Venice but the Assassins took it.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Play Along]]</ref> While escorting it to [[Forli]], the Templars led an [[Battle of Forli|attack]] on the city. The two groups lost the artifact as the monk [[Girolamo Savonarola]] took the Apple.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]] – [[Battle of Forlì (DLC)|Battle of Forlì]]'' – [[Checcomate]]</ref>

In the late 15th century, the Christian kingdoms of Spain began to unite. Around 1458, pope [[Callixtus III]] gave to King [[Alfonso V of Aragon]] the prong of Faith that was later inherited by his successors.<ref name="Last Descendants"/> In 1478, after King [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] and Queen [[Isabella I of Castile]] married, the [[Spanish Inquisition]] established to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, prosecuting anyone who was suspected to be heretics for nearly four centuries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1478</ref> In 1481, the first [[Auto-da-fé]] happened in [[Seville]] with six persons burnt at the stake. In 1483, the Jews were expelled from Andalusia and a new court was formed with a 30-day grace period for Jews to renounce their religion. Torture was used to extract confessions and relapsed Jews were burned.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1481</ref>

[[File:ACM Granada War.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Siege of Granada]]
The Master Templar [[Tomás de Torquemada]] became the Grand Inquisitor and branded the [[Spanish Brotherhood of Assassins|Spanish Assassins]] as heretics to track them. In the late 1480s, Spain entered into [[Granada War|war]] with the [[Emirate of Granada]], the last Muslim state in Iberia. By 1491, the Assassins associated with emir [[Muhammad XII of Granada]] and entrusted him an [[Aguilar's Apple of Eden|Apple of Eden]]. The Templars abducted the emir's son [[Ahmed of Granada|Ahmed]] to take the Apple while also advising him to continue to resist the Spanish siege of [[Granada]]. The Italian Assassin [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze]] convinced the emir to surrender while the Assassin [[Aguilar de Nerha]] took back the Apple and entrusted it to the navigator [[Christoffa Corombo]]. With the Treaty of Granada, Spain was unified by the Catholic kingdoms, ending the Reconquista.<ref name="ACfilm"/> In 1492, the Alhambra Decree formally expelled all Jews from Spain. Tens of thousands were baptized in the three months before the deadline for expulsion. Around 40,000 left the country.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1492</ref>

By 1498, Tomas de Torquemada gathered the parts of the [[Shattered Staff of Eden]] and went to the [[The Forge (Isu)|Isu Forge]] under the [[Real Monasterio de Santo Tomás]] in [[Avila]] to repair the artifact. With the Staff, the Templar created an army of tangible holograms but was killed by the Assassins who destroyed the Staff leading to the collapse of the Forge.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Rebellion]]'' – [[The Forge]]</ref> In 1504, the Brotherhood assassinated Queen Isabella of Castile as she was influenced by the Templars.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)|Contracts]] – Closure</ref> In 1511, the Grand Inquisitor [[Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros]] accused the Assassins to having killed a cardinal, but the Brotherhood brought him the true culprits.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Mediterranean Defense]]: "Just Following Orders, Part I"</ref>

===Early Modern Era===
====Italian Wars====
In 1492, the Grand Master of the Italian Rite Rodrigo Borgia became Pope Alexander VI, increasing the Templar influence across Europe with Rome at its center.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Database: Rodrigo Borgia (Assassin's Creed II)|Database: Rodrigo Borgia]]</ref> In 1494, France invaded the Italian peninsula, beginning the [[Italian Wars]], opposing the French, the Spanish, and the Italians for over six decades.<ref name="War of the League of Cambrai">''[[Assassin's Creed: Identity]]'' – [[Database: War of the League of Cambrai]]</ref> During the conflict, Girolamo Savonarola took control of Florence with the Apple of Eden and established a theocracy. During the [[Bonfire of the Vanities]] both Assassins and Templars tried to recover the Piece of Eden.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]] – [[Bonfire of the Vanities (DLC)|Bonfire of the Vanities]]'' – [[Florentine Fiasco]]</ref> In 1498, the Master Assassin [[Ezio Auditore da Firenze|Ezio Auditore]] took the Apple, ending Savonarola's rule and Florence became once again a republic.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]] – [[Bonfire of the Vanities (DLC)|Bonfire of the Vanities]]'' – [[Mob Justice]]</ref>

[[File:Roads lead to 3.png|250px|thumb|The Assassins Brotherhood in Rome]]
While the pope tried to unify through conspiracies, his son [[Cesare Borgia]] allied with the French to conquer all of Italy to become king.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Database: Cesare Borgia (Brotherhood)|Database: Cesare Borgia]]</ref> In January 1500, after [[Confrontation in the Vatican|his father was defeated by Ezio]] who entered the Vatican vault, Cesare led an [[Siege of Monteriggioni|attack]] on the Assassin headquarters of Monteriggioni, killing their leader [[Mario Auditore]] and taking back the Apple of Eden.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Vilified]]</ref> Ezio relocated the Assassins to Rome, recruiting its harassed citizens into the Brotherhood to fight the Templars both in Italy and across Europe.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Man of the People]]</ref> In 1503, the Assassins took back the Apple and [[Liberation of Rome|freed Rome]] from the Borgia.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[All Roads Lead To...]]</ref>

While [[Louis XII of France]] was fighting in Italy, the Templars infiltrated his court in Paris as advisors. The Assassins protected the scholar [[Desiderius Erasmus]] from the Templars and killed the advisors.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)|Contracts]] – On the trails</ref> In London, the Brotherhood helped King [[Henry VII of England]] against Templar plots, killing [[Margaret of York]] and eliminating the Templars sitting in the Star Chamber.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)|Contracts]] – Star Chamber</ref> The Assassins also convinced the German scholar [[Conradus Celtis]] to not publish a book about the Brotherhood.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)|Contracts]] – Forget to Mention</ref>

During this period, mercenaries from [[Switzerland]] served as elite guards from different courts, like the [[Swiss Guards]] in France.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Unity]]'' – [[Database: Swiss Guard]]</ref> During the Swabian War, the Swiss mercenaries defeated the Holy Roman Empire troops of [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]. Some of the Swiss commanders were hired by the Borgia in the [[Papal Guard]]. The Assassins captured and brought them before the emperor to thwart the relationship between Maximilian and the Borgia.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)|Contracts]] – A Slap to the Face</ref> Later, these Swiss commanders, with the help of the Assassins and the knight Georg von Frundsberg, trained the first of the Landsknechte to rival the Swiss mercenaries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)|Contracts]] – Raising an Army</ref> Pope [[Julius II]] also hired Swiss in the Papal Guard.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (novel)]]''</ref>

[[File:PaxR 7.png|thumb|250px|left|Ezio Auditore seeing the Navarrese Army going to Viana]]
After Cesare imprisonnement, Spain conquered Naples from the French in 1503 with the help of the Venetian Assassin [[Bartolomeo d'Alviano]].<ref name="DB: Bartolomeo">''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Database: Bartolomeo d'Alviano (Brotherhood)|Database: Bartolomeo d'Alviano]]</ref> In March 1507, Cesare Borgia led the [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarrese army]] to take back [[Viana Castle]] from the Castillans and bring back the influence of the Templars.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Database: Viana]]</ref> During the [[Siege of Viana|siege]], Cesare was killed by Ezio, thwarting the Templars' return in European politics for decades.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Pax Romana]]</ref> 

In 1509, Venice and their allies fought the troops of Louis XII of France during the [[War of the League of Cambrai]]. During the [[Battle of Agnadello]], Bartolomeo d'Alviano was captured by the French and his cousin [[Niccolò di Pitigliano]] stole the [[Shroud of Eden 1|original Shroud of Eden]] to the Assassins.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Italian Wars: Chapter 1 – Bartolomeo d'Alviano]] – Stand!</ref> A year later, the Assassin [[Francesco Vecellio]] recovered the artifact in [[Lonigo]], leaving Niccolò dying in his burning house.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Italian Wars: Chapter 2 – Francesco Vecellio]] – Side Effects</ref>

In 1511, when the French occupied [[Genoa]], the Ottoman Assassins helped the Captain [[Andrea Doria]] orchestrating a citizens' revolt.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Mediterranean Defense]]: "Rebels With A Cause, Part II"</ref> As it was only a mild success, the Assassins protected Doria.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Mediterranean Defense]]: "Rebels With A Cause, Part III"</ref> In [[Marseille]], the Templars influenced the French King to banish the Assassins.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Mediterranean Defense]]: "By Any Other Name, Part III"</ref> With their Ottoman brethren, they hindered the army effort and recruited some soldiers in their ranks.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Mediterranean Defense]]: "By Any Other Name, Part II"</ref> When the Templars planned to assassinate Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Assassins protected him and eliminated the Templars of [[Madrid]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Mediterranean Defense]]: "Just Following Orders, Part III"</ref>

At the end of the War of the League of Cambrai, France and Venice allied against Milan. Bartolomeo d'Alviano fought on the French side, participating in the battle of Marignano in 1515, attacking the hired Swiss mercenaries with a corps of only 300 knights. A year later, he died at the siege of Ghedi.<ref name="DB: Bartolomeo"/>

During the wars, French culture was influenced by Italian arts. King [[Francis I of France]] hired the artist Leonardo da Vinci and granted him a home in [[Amboise]] where he finished his ''Mona Lisa''. In 1519, just before he died, Leonardo met his friend Ezio one last time.<ref>[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' novel]]</ref> On his deathbed, he wrote his last desires for the then retired-Mentor, asking him to find Havens across Europe to train the Assassins.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: The Last Quest of Leonardo da Vinci]]''</ref>

====Ottoman expansion====
Between 1499 and 1502, the Venice Republic and the Ottoman Empire were at [[Ottoman-Venetian War|war]]. During the battle of Zonchio, the Ottomans destroyed the Venetian navy and conquered [[Lepanto]], [[Methoni|Modone]], and [[Corone]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Database: Agostino Barbarigo]]</ref> The Assassins from both sides permitted the peace between the two states.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)|Contracts]] – My Enemy's Enemy</ref> 

In [[Lisbon]], when King [[Manuel I of Portugal]] was influenced by Spain to establish the Inquisition and force the conversion, the Assassins protected some of the citizens and trained them to fight oppression.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)|Contracts]] – A Fighting Chance</ref> As many Iberians went to Constantinople to flee the persecution, Manuel infiltrated spies among the migrants but the Assassins replaced them.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)|Contracts]] – Weeds and Seeds</ref> In the meantimes, the Spanish took control of the coastal cities of North Africa, [[Algiers]] and [[Tripoli]] among them.<ref name="Mediterranean Defense">''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Mediterranean Defense]]</ref>

[[File:The view 3.png|250px|thumb|Ezio Auditore and Yusuf Tazim watching over Constantinople]]
In 1509, [[Little Judgment Day|Constantinople was struck by an earthquake]] and a [[Ottoman Civil War|Civil War]] began between the sultan [[Bayezid II]] and his son [[Selim I|Selim]] who was supported by the [[Janissaries]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[A Warm Welcome (Revelations)|A Warm Welcome]]</ref> In a plan to end the difference and the wars between the West and the East, the Prince [[Ahmet]] became the leader of the [[Byzantine Rite of the Templar Order|Byzantine Templars]] and searched the [[Masyaf Key]]s across Constantinople to open the [[Library of Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad]] and found the [[Grand Temple]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Discovery (memory)|Discovery]]</ref> As the Byzantine soldiers took the streets of Constantinople, the Ottoman Assassins led by [[Yusuf Tazim]] and reorganized by Mentor Ezio Auditore fought the Templars in the city.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[The Prisoner]]</ref> In 1512, the Assassins recovered all Masyaf Keys and broke the Templars while Selim became the new sultan and killed his brother Ahmet.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[End of the Road]]</ref>

Across the Mediterranean Sea, the Ottoman Assassins fought the Templars.<ref name="Mediterranean Defense"/> In Athens, the Templars bribed the Ottoman soldiers to loot the homes of wealthy citizens. The Assassins defended the citizens and killed the Templars in the city.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Mediterranean Defense]]: "For The People, Part III"</ref> In [[Rhodes]], after the Knights Hospitalier, captured many Assassins and killed the Master Assassin [[Castor]], in retaliation the Brotherhood attacked the Knight compound Ataviros.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Mediterranean Defense]]: "The Knights, Part III"</ref> The Assassins also defend the island against corsairs attacks.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Mediterranean Defense]]: "Amid The Rubble"</ref> As the Templars in Tripoli were commanded from Rhodes, the Assassins cut their communications.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Mediterranean Defense]]: "The Demolition Man, Part III"</ref> In Algiers, the Assassins fought the Spanish influence, allying with the pirate [[Hayreddin Barbarossa]] and protecting the Moors population of the island Penon.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Mediterranean Defense]]: "An Eye For A Helping Hand"</ref>

During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Mediterranean Sea became a battlefield between the Ottoman Empire and the Catholic states. In 1565, the sultan [[Suleiman I]], an ally of the Assassins, ordered the siege of [[Malta]] which was held by the Knights Hospitalier but the Ottomans failed to take the island.<ref name="The Hospitaller's Plea">''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]'' – [[War Letters]] – The Hospitaller's Plea</ref> From 1648 to 1669, the Ottomans besieged the Venetian city of [[Heraklion|Candia]] in Krete and took possession of the island.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Unity]]'' – [[Bracers of Candia]]</ref> In 1687, during the Morean War, the Republic of Venice besieged Athens and inadvertently blew up the [[Parthenon]] by destroying the Ottoman's gunpowder stock with a cannonball.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Greece]]'' – [[Tours: The Akropolis of Athens|The Akropolis of Athens: "Parthenon Exterior"]]</ref>

In the 17th century, the Pirates from Barbary Coasts were still actively attacking ships from Europe.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Database: "An English Ship in Action with Barbary Vessels"]]</ref> In the mid-18th century, the Assassins were influencing the French Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire to fight the Knight of Malta, provocating revolts among the Muslim slaves on the island.<ref name="The Hospitaller's Plea"/>

====Occultism and Scientific Revolution====
[[File:ACB Close the Book 7.png|thumb|250px|left|Copernicus and Ezio Auditore observing the lunar eclipse]]
The Renaissance and humanism paved the way for new ideas. In May 1500, when the Templar astronomer [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] wanted to share his research on Heliocentrism, the [[Giuliano (Master of the Sacred Palace)|Master of the Sacred Palace Giuliano]] ordered to kill him.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]] – [[Copernicus Conspiracy]]'' – [[False Censorship]]</ref> He was protected by the Master Assassin Ezio Auditore who killed Giuliano during the lunar eclipse.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]] – [[Copernicus Conspiracy]]'' – [[Close the Book]]</ref> The Brotherhood continued to protect Copernicus from the Templars in the following years.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Rome: Chapter 3 – Francesco Vecellio]] – Spacemen</ref> His research was only published after he died in 1543.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]] – [[Copernicus Conspiracy]]'' – [[Database: Niccolò Copernico]]</ref> Astronomy developped further with the work of Petrus Apianus in his ''Introductio Geographica''.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Database: "Introductio Geographica"]]</ref>

In 1506, the Cult of Hermes was active in Rome, led by [[Ercole Massimo]]. After a failed attempt to take the Apple of Eden to Auditore, the Hermeticists associated with Leonardo Da Vinci to find the [[Temple of Pythagoras]]. When the painter refused to help them further, they abducted him and forced him to reveal the location.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]] – [[The Da Vinci Disappearance]]'' – [[A Roll of the Dice]]</ref> Auditore saved his friend, killing Massimo and his followers before discovering with Leonardo what the Temple contained.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]] – [[The Da Vinci Disappearance]]'' – [[The Temple of Pythagoras]]</ref> By 1509, the Cult was led by [[Seraphina]] who searched to avenge her father and brother's death by Auditore. She allied with the Templar [[Francesco Rizzo]] to attack Monteriggioni while the Cult searched the Staff of Hermes in Venice.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Nexus VR]]'' – [[Monteriggioni Tunnels]]</ref> Auditore eliminated both of them and discovered that the Staff was only a replica.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Nexus VR]]'' – [[Cult of Hermes Reborn]]</ref>

[[File:PL-Accusations.png|thumb|250px|Giovanni and Maria running in the streets of Troyes]]
The hermeticist teaching continued to spread among scholars. The [[Book of Abraham]] written by the alchemist [[Nicolas Flamel]] took the interest of both the Assassins and the Templars. By 1520, the Assassin and physician [[Bombastus]] possessed one-half of the book. In 1527, he sent his Hermeticist apprentice [[Maria Amiel]] and the Assassin [[Giovanni Borgia]] to recover the second half in Paris but they found only a copy.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Divine Science: Chapter 1 – Maria Amiel]] – Descendants</ref> Returning to [[Basel]], they discovered that Bombastus became mad by the book's influence and they stole the first part.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Divine Science: Chapter 1 – Maria Amiel]] – Book Keeper</ref> 

While the Grand Duchy of [[Moscow]] expanded, the Italian Assassin infiltrated the [[Kremlin]] in the late 1490s. As [[Ivan III of Russia]] was about to uncover the Brotherhood, the Assassins spread rumors about the revival of the Strigolniki Sect.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)|Contracts]] – Scapegoats</ref> In 1581, as the Templars influenced the Tsarevitch [[Ivan Ivanovich of Russia]], the Assassins killed him.<ref name="Guardians">''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Glyphs|Glyphs #15: "Guardians"]]</ref>

[[File:PL-RUMORS.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Prague, city of sciences and occultism]]
In the late 16th century, the court of the Holy Roman emperor [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]] in [[Prague]] became an intellectual center with the scientist Johannes Kepler, the alchemist [[Michael Maier]], the painter [[Giuseppe Arcimboldo]] and the writer [[Elizabeth Jane Weston]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Divine Science: Chapter 3 – Elizabeth Jane Weston]] – Introduction Video</ref> By 1587, the English occultists [[Edward Kelley]] and [[John Dee]] possessed the two volumes of the Book of Abraham and used them to create gold for the emperor.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Divine Science: Chapter 3 – Elizabeth Jane Weston]] – Wisdom</ref> As Kelley became more obsessed with the book, Dee stole it and left the city.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]'' – [[Divine Science: Chapter 3 – Elizabeth Jane Weston]] – Wrath</ref> During this period, the Isu book later known as the [[Voynich manuscript]] was possessed by the emperor.

As Cosmology evolved, it was sometimes restrained by the Church. In 1600, the [[Roman Inquisition]] burnt at stake the scholar [[Giordano Bruno]] for his unorthodox beliefs,<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1600</ref> and in 1633 [[Galileo Galilei]] was condemned for promoting Heliocentrism.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1633</ref> However, the Scientific Revolution happened, sponsored by the Templars to influence the rulers and the population for their New World Order. To promote science and rationalism, the Order influenced and used the research of [[Francis Bacon]], [[Baruch Spinoza]], [[John Locke]] and [[Isaac Newton]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[Abstergo Files]]: "File.0.15\Hst_NewOrder"</ref> Other scientists flourished during this time, like [[Athanasius Kircher]], René Descartes and Thomas Burnet.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Database: "Sacred Theory of the Earth"]]</ref>

====Reformation and persecutions====
[[File:Martin Luther.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Martin Luther]]
At this time, Christendom knew a massive change through reform. In 1502, the elector [[Friedrich der Weise]] of Saxe opened the [[University of Wittenberg]] dedicated to religious reform. The Assassins founded the construction using Templars' money.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Contracts (Italian Brotherhood)|Contracts]] – School Tax</ref> Fifteen years later, in the [[Wittenberg|same city]], the German monk [[Martin Luther]] nailed the Ninety-five Theses to a church door, disputing the claim that absolution from sin can be paid for. Excommunicated by the Pope [[Leo X]] and condemned as an outlaw, Luther became the figurehead of the Protestant Reformation, splitting Europe between Catholic and Protestant states.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1517</ref>

The Church reacted with the Counter-Reformation, with Pope [[Paul III]] establishing the Roman Inquisition, while in Spain over a hundred Lutherans were put on trial and burnt in 1558, ending the Protestantism in Iberia.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1558</ref> In 1559, Pope [[Paul IV]] established the Pauline Index, a list of publications deemed heretical, anti-clerical, or lascivious that were banned from the Church.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1559</ref> In 1563, the last session of the Council of Trent was held, issuing more condemnations of what it defined to be heresies punishable by death, and published the Tridentine Index, a list of forbidden books.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1563</ref>

[[File:Elizabeth I of England.jpg|200px|thumb|Depiction of Elizabeth I of England with an Apple of Eden]]
The Protestant Reformation had a major impact on some kingdoms. In England, King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] severed the ties with the Catholic Church while his daughter Queen [[Mary I of England|Mary I]]  established back Catholicism, allying herself with the Templars. In 1558, Mary I was killed by the Assassins who allied with her half-sister [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]] who possessed an [[Apple of Eden 2|Apple of Eden]]. In 1559, Elizabeth became Queen of England and restored Protestantism.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Syndicate]]'' – [[Database: St. Paul's Cathedral]]</ref> In France, the division between Catholics and Protestants led to the French Wars of Religion and events like the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]], who was protestant before he became king, converted to Catholicism in 1593, bringing stability and peace to France.<ref name="Statue of Henry IV">''[[Assassin's Creed: Unity]]'' – [[Database: Statue of Henri IV]]</ref>

During this era, persecution against unorthodox beliefs increased. In Spain, the Inquisition trialed bigamists, blasphemers, and witches. In 1609, King [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]] ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos, descendants of converted Muslims. An estimated 300 000, roughly 4% of the Spanish population, were forced to leave the country.<ref name="AC DNA 1570">''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1570-1613</ref> In France, the Templar [[Pierre de Lancre]] instigated a [[Labourd witch-hunt of 1609|witch-hunt in Labourd]] to recover the original Shroud of Eden from the Brotherhood. Even if some Assassins like [[Isaac du Queyran]] were burnt at the stake, the artifact was taken by the Assassin [[Margaux]] who fled to the New World.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Fragments – The Witches of the Moors]]</ref>

During the 17th century, the [[Freemasons]] society was created, assembling men of different religions. They were persecuted in some countries like Spain.<ref name="AC DNA 1570"/> Spreading to the New World, they brought an [[Apple of Eden 3|Apple of Eden]] in [[Americas]].<ref name="Descendants">''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Glyphs]]: Descendants</ref>

The religious division challenged the divine right of the monarchs. In 1605, [[Guy Fawkes]] and other Catholic conspirators planned to blow up the [[Palace of Westminster]] to kill the king and members of Parliament but they were arrested by Sir [[Thomas Knyvet, 1st Baron Knyvet|Thomas Knyvet]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Syndicate]]'' – [[Database: 10 Downing Street]]</ref> In 1610, the religious fanatic Francois de Ravaillac assassinated Henry IV of France.<ref name="Statue of Henry IV"/> 

====Discovery and Imperial Ages====
{{Main|Age of Discovery}}
By the 15th century, European powers tried to reach Asian markets by sea, with Portugal spearheading the movement.  The patronage of [[Henry the Navigator]] permitted to fund many journeys.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Database: "Crónicas dos Feitos de Guine"]]</ref> While explorers such as [[Bartolomeu Dias]] and [[Vasco da Gama]] contouring Africa, Portugal established colonies on its coasts, such as in {{Wiki|Angola}}, [[Principe]], and [[Mozambique]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]'' – [[The Naval Campaign]]</ref> Reaching India by the end of the 15th century and China in 1513, they established the access point in [[Macau]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed Chronicles: China]]'' – [[Database: Port of Macau]]</ref> The Jesuits spread catholicism in the region. Both Templars [[Francis Xavier]] [[Alessandro Valignano]] were Jesuit missionaries using their ties to expand the Order's influence in India, China, and [[Japan]], the later beginning trade with Europe.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Memories]]</ref>

In 1521, the Spanish sponsored the navigator [[Ferdinand Magellan]] for his circumnavigation. His travel led him to the [[Philippines]] where he met the king of [[Cebu]] [[Rajah Humabon]] and converted him to catholicism. While searching for an Isu artifact, Magellan was killed in a battle by the chieftain [[Lapu-Lapu]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]</ref> However, Spain established a colony in the Philipines. Through chartered companies, the different European powers established trade in South-East Asia: the [[Dutch East India Company]] was granted a trade monopoly on [[Java]] while the English [[East India Company]] ruled a large part of India, having its own army.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed Chronicles: India]]'' – [[Database: East India Company]]</ref>

In 1492, Genoan navigator and Assassins' ally [[Christoffa Corombo]] crossed the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to arrive in Asia. During his journey, he arrived in [[Bahamas]], [[Hispaniola]] and [[Cuba]]. Claiming the islands of the [[Caribbean Sea]] for Spain, Colombo enslaved the natives [[Taíno]], leading to their near extinction in the following decades.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[Database: Slavery in Saint-Domingue]]</ref>

In 1501, the Florentine navigator [[Amerigo Vespucci]], working for Portugal, reached Rio de Janeiro Bay and Rio de la Plata. Vespucci highlighted that the lands were not part of Asia but a new continent. In 1507, the German cartographer and clergyman Martin Waldseemuller proposed to name them the ''[[Americas]]'' in his honor.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: The Man Behind the Name]]</ref> Waldseemuller also established a map of these uncharted lands.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]'' – [[The Fourth Part of the World]]</ref>

During the 16th century, the Spanish Crown expanded across Central and South America, its army led by the Conquistadores such as [[Hernan Cortes]] and [[Francisco Pizarro]] who respectively defeated the [[Aztec Empire|Aztec]] and [[Inca Empire|Inca Empires]]. The Europeans also inadvertently spread diseases that greatly impacted the native populations reducing their numbers.<ref name="The Spanish Empire">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Database: The Spanish Empire]]</ref> While Spain controlled most of Central and South America, and Portugal [[Brazil]], both French, British, and Dutch settled in North America and the Caribbean Sea bringing some of their population. To protect their colonies and their trades from their rivals and [[Piracy]], the European powers created navies.<ref name="The British Empire">''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Database: The British Empire]]</ref>

To exploit their newly conquered lands, the European powers brought slaves from [[Africa]], establishing a triangle trade across the Atlantic Ocean. While Europeans sold goods in Africa, the local slaves were shipped to the Americas to work in the plantations. The products of these plantations, such as [[sugar]], [[coffee]], and [[cotton]], were shipped to Europe to be sold and transformed. This trade perdured until the 19th century, transporting an estimated 15 million Africans in the Americas.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[Database: Triangle Trade]]</ref> Among the slave traders were the [[Royal African Company]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Vainglorious Bastards]]</ref> During these centuries, many slaves revolted, leading to the [[Maroon rebellion]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[Database: Maroons]]</ref>

In parallel with the conquest and trade, European powers also sent scientific expeditions. Many navigators searched the [[Northwest Passage]] to connect the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans while the [[French Geodesic Mission]] accurately determined the roundness and shape of the Earth.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – ''[[Freedom Cry]]'' – [[Database: Louis Godin]]</ref> The navigator [[James Cook]] chartered the last [[Australia|unknown lands]] in the Pacific Ocean.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]'' – [[Cold Fire]]</ref>

Both the Templars and the Assassins from Europe infiltrated these expeditions, spreading their influences on these lands, the Order infiltrated the new colonial powers while the Brotherhood allied with the natives, the Tainos, and the Mayans among them.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Overrun and Outnumbered]]</ref> While they had strong ties with their European counterparts, they also created autonomous Brotherhood and Rites.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]'' – [[Database: Achilles]]</ref>

====Ages of Absolutism and Enlightenment====
[[File:King's Return.png|thumb|250px|left|Charles II's coronation at Westminster]]
Between 1642 and 1651, the [[English Civil War]] opposed King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] against the Parliament's troops. After the king was trialed and executed, a Puritan Republic was established in the British Isles led by the Lord Protector [[Oliver Cromwell]] and later his son [[Richard Cromwell|Richard]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: Executed After Death]]</ref> While the Stuart's heir [[Charles II of England|Charles]] was exiled to France, he was recalled as the population was dissatisfied with Cromwell's rule.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: Stepped Ashore as King]]</ref> In 1661, Charles returned to England and became king.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: Monarchy Restored]]</ref> In France, after the Fronde revolt, King [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] left Paris and established his new residence in the [[Palace of Versailles]], showing his control over the French State. The Palace became a symbol of the Absolute Monarchy and the Ancien Régime.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Unity]]'' – [[Database: Village de Versailles]]</ref>

Between the 16th and the 18th century, the Baroque style influenced European architecture and paintings with artists like Claude Lorrain.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Database: "Harbour Scene at Sunset"]]</ref> The Dutch Golden Age painting was held by artists like Gerard van Honthorst, [[Willem van de Velde the Younger]], Pieter Claesz and even influenced British painting with Peter Lely.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Database: "Nymphs By A Fountain"]]</ref> New musical instruments were created and instrument makers became famous, like Hendrik Richters with his oboes, and  Antonio Stradivari with his violoncelli.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]'' – [[Database: Violoncello]]</ref>

By 1688, King [[James II of England]] who was an overt Roman Catholic, followed policies of religious tolerance and his proximity to France. Fearing that he established a Catholic dynasty, English Parliamentarians persuaded [[William III of England|William of Orange]] to cross the English Channel from the [[Netherlands]]. James II was overthrown during the [[Glorious Revolution]] and William became king of England. The aftermath of these events led to the Bill of Rights and to restrictions to the monarch's power.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – Timeline:1688 – Glorious Revolution</ref>

[[File:PW Enlightened in Residence.png|200px|thumb|Denis Diderot]]
By the 18th century, the [[Age of Enlightenment]] spread across Europe, challenging Absolute Monarchy and the power of the Church. In Spain, the increasing numbers of licenses to possess and read prohibited texts were granted and inquisitorial activity began winding down. Leading figures of the Spanish Enlightenment pushed for the abolition of the Inquisition and foreign Enlightenment texts proved popular among members of the nobility and government.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed DNA]]'' – Timeline: 1720's</ref> In France, philosophers and writers like [[Voltaire]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] and [[Pierre Beaumarchais]] criticized the Ancien Régime and [[Denis Diderot]] published the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'', compiling knowledge on the sciences and arts.<ref>''[[Project Widow]]'' – Thinking man's café</ref><ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Unity]]'' – [[Encyclopédie Diderot]]</ref> The Scottish moral philosopher [[Adam Smith]] became one of the most influential figures within classical liberalism, introducing the concept of the "invisible hand" which greatly influenced the Templars.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]'' – [[Rifts]] – Cluster 2</ref>

In 1762, Tsar [[Ivan III of Russia]] was removed from power by a coup led by his wife [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine]] and nobles. After his abdication, Catherine became the empress of Russia and Ivan was assassinated, possibly by the Brotherhood.<ref>''[[Who's In Your Blood?]]'': Catherine the Great</ref>

[[File:ACUDB - Montgolfier Flight.png|thumb|250px|left|The Montgolfière]]
In the 18th century, new sources of energy were discovered, like electricity that could be created through an Electrostatic Generator.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'' – [[Database: Electrostatic Generator]]</ref> In 1745, the scientist Pieter van Musschenbroek created the [[Leyden jar]] to stock electricity.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'' – [[Database: Leyden Jar]]</ref> Electricity was used in the Flying Magnetic Boy Experiments conducted by Stephen Gray and Abbé Nollet.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Unity]]'' – [[Database: Flying Magnetic Boy Experiments]]</ref> Steam developped  as a energy used for Newcomen engine and later James Watt's steam engine, permitting to waste less coal.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'' – [[Database: Watt Steam Engine]]</ref> New scientific fields developped, like chemistry with Humphry Davy and [[Antoine Lavoisier]] who isolated elemental potassium.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Unity]]'' – [[Database: Potassium/Water Reaction]]</ref> In Leeds , the minister and philosopher [[Joseph Priestley]] made the first drinkable soda by performing scientific experiments above the vats in a brewery.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed III]]'' – [[Database: Joseph Priestley's Soda Apparatus]]</ref> In 1783, the brothers [[Joseph-Michel Montgolfier|Joseph-Michel]] and [[Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier]] invented the first recorded [[Montgolfière|hot air balloon]] and the first successful human-carrying flight technology.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Unity]]'' – [[Database: Montgolfier Flight]]</ref>

==Appearances==
{{Scroll box|content=
*''[[Assassin's Creed]]'' {{1st}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Lineage]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed II]]''
**''[[Battle of Forlì (DLC)|Battle of Forlì]]''
**''[[Bonfire of the Vanities (DLC)|Bonfire of the Vanities]]
*''[[Assassin's Creed II: Discovery]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Renaissance]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Ascendance]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]]''
**''[[Copernicus Conspiracy]]''
**''[[The Da Vinci Disappearance]]''
*[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood'' novel]]
*''[[Assassin's Creed: The Fall]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations]]''
*[[Assassin's Creed: Revelations (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Revelations'' novel]]
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Embers]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Recollection]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: The Chain]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed III]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed III: Liberation]]'' {{c|appears on map only}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Forsaken]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Black Flag]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Memories]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Rogue]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Unity]]''
**''[[Dead Kings]]''
*[[Assassin's Creed: Unity (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Unity'' novel]]
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Syndicate]]''
**''[[The Last Maharaja]]''
**''[[Jack the Ripper (DLC)|Jack the Ripper]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Underworld]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed Chronicles: Russia]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Identity]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Last Descendants – Locus]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Templars]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Conspiracies]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Heresy]]''
*[[Assassin's Creed (film)|''Assassin's Creed'' film]]
*''[[Assassin's Creed: The Official Movie Novelization]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Uprising]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Last Descendants – Fate of the Gods]]''
*[[Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic)|''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' comic]]
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey]]''
**''[[The Lost Tales of Greece]]''
**''[[Legacy of the First Blade]]''
**''[[The Fate of Atlantis]]''
**''[[Assassin's Creed Crossover Stories]]''
*[[Assassin's Creed: Odyssey (novel)|''Assassin's Creed: Odyssey'' novel]]
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Rebellion]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Bloodstone]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Gold]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla – Song of Glory]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]''
**''[[The Legend of Beowulf]]''
**''[[The Way of the Berserker]]''
**''[[River Raids]]''
**''[[Mastery Challenge]]''
**''[[Wrath of the Druids]]''
**''[[The Siege of Paris]]''
**''Assassin's Creed Crossover Stories''
**''[[The Last Chapter]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla – Geirmund's Saga]]''
*[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla (webcomic)|''Assassin's Creed: Valhalla'' webcomic]]
*''[[Assassin's Creed: The Silk Road]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood of Venice]]''
**''[[Roma (expansion pack)|Roma]]''
**''[[Creed vs Crows]]'' {{c|non-canon}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Fragments – The Highlands Children]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Fragments – The Witches of the Moors]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: The Engine of History – The Magus Conspiracy]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Escape Room Puzzle Book]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla – The Hidden Codex]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: The Golden City]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: The Engine of History – The Resurrection Plot]]''
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' {{Mdat}}
*''[[Assassin's Creed: Nexus VR]]''
}}

==References==
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