User:Soranin/Sandbox4

Refs

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Links to check

Existing

• Alexander Hamilton [REF NYC PR]
• American Revolution [REF Boston PR][REF NYC PR]
• Battle of Bunker Hill [REF Boston PR]
• Battle of Yorktown [REF NYC PR]
• Benjamin Franklin [REF Boston PR]
• Boston [REF Boston PR]
• British Army [REF NYC PR]
• Charles Cornwallis [REF Boston PR][REF NYC PR]
• Crispus Attucks [REF Boston PR]
• Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette [REF Boston PR][REF NYC PR]
• King's College [REF NYC PR]
• Massachusetts [REF Boston PR]
• Philadelphia [REF NYC PR]
• Queens [REF NYC PR]
• Siege of Yorktown [REF Boston PR][REF NYC PR]
• Thomas Jefferson [REF Boston PR][REF NYC PR]
• William Dawes [REF Boston PR]

• Boston Common [REF Boston An American Navy][REF Boston Minutemen]
• Boston Massacre [REF Boston Justice on Trial][REF Boston PR]
• Boston Tea Party [REF Boston A Tea Party][REF Boston PR]
• Bowling Green [REF NYC Tearing down the King]
• Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey [REF NYC Passing Judgment]
• Connecticut [REF NYC Tearing down the King]
• Continental Army [REF Boston PR][REF NYC Escaping Brooklyn][REF NYC PR]
• Continental Congress [REF Boston PR][REF NYC PR][REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons]
• Continental Navy [REF Boston An American Navy][REF Boston PR]
• Culper Ring [REF NYC Colonial House][REF NYC PR]
• Declaration of Independence [REF NYC Tearing down the King]
• East India Company [REF Boston A Tea Party]
• Faneuil Hall [REF Boston The Flag]
• Federal Hall [REF NYC Liberty Raised]
• Fort George [REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons][REF NYC Tearing down the King]
• George III of the United Kingdom [REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons]
• George Washington [REF Boston PR][REF NYC Escaping Brooklyn][REF NYC Fire Suspects][REF NYC PR][REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons][REF NYC The Turtle]
• Great Fire of New York [REF NYC Fire Suspects]
• Green Dragon Tavern [REF Boston Green Dragon]
• Guy Carleton [REF NYC Fire Suspects]
• John Hancock [REF Boston PR][REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons]
• Liberty Tree [REF Boston Liberty Tree (memory)]
• Old South Meeting House [REF Boston A Tea Party][REF Boston Liberty Tree (memory)]
• Old State House [REF Boston Justice on Trial]
• Paul Revere [REF Boston A Light in the Dark][REF Boston PR]
• Royal Navy [REF NYC The Turtle]
• Rufus Putnam [REF NYC Defending the Hudson]
• Samuel Adams [REF Boston PR][REF Boston The Flag]
• South Carolina [REF NYC Passing Judgment]
• Thomas Preston [REF Boston Justice on Trial]
• West Point [REF NYC Colonial House]
• William Howe [REF NYC Fire Suspects][REF NYC PR][REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons][REF NYC The Turtle]
• William Pitt the Elder [REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons]

Red links (?)

• 14th Continental Regiment (Marblehead regiment) [REF NYC PR]
• 1783 Treaty of Paris [REF Boston PR]
• Caleb Brewster [REF NYC PR]
• Cato (spy) [REF NYC PR]
• Long Island [REF NYC PR]
• Nathan Hale [REF NYC PR]

• Abraham Woodhull [REF Database:_Culper_Ring][REF NYC Nine Men's Morris]
• Agent 355 [REF Database:_Culper_Ring][REF Database:_Spy_network_and_secret_codes][REF NYC Colonial House]
• Battle of Golden Hill (Mo) [REF NYC Liberty Raised]
• Battle of Long Island [REF Contracts_(Colonial_Brotherhood)][REF Database:_...Two_Steps_Back][REF Database:_Charles_Lee][REF Database:_Israel_Putnam][REF NYC Defending the Hudson][REF NYC Escaping Brooklyn][REF NYC PR]
• Benjamin Blagge [REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons]
• Boston King [REF NYC Passing Judgment]
• Caesar Glover [REF NYC Escaping Brooklyn][REF NYC PR]
• Charles Inglis [REF NYC Nine Men's Morris]
• David Bushnell [REF NYC The Turtle]
• Dunmore's Proclamation/Royal Ethiopian Regiment (Mo) [REF A_Fool's_Errand][REF Connor's_Way][REF Database:_George_Davidson][REF NYC Passing Judgment]
• Evacuation Day [REF Database:_HMS_Jersey][REF Database:_Evacuation_Day][REF Evacuation_Day][REF NYC Passing Judgment]
• Ezra Lee [REF NYC The Turtle]
• Francis Lewis [REF NYC PR][REF NYC Supplying the Revolution (Echoes of the Revolution)]
• Fraunces Tavern [REF Database:_Washington's_Resignation][REF NYC Passing Judgment]
• Hanover Square [REF NYC Printing Pressure]
• Hector de Crevecoeur [REF NYC Nine Men's Morris]
• Hercules Mulligan [REF NYC Colonial House][REF NYC Liberty Raised][REF NYC PR]
• HMS Eagle (1774) [REF NYC The Turtle]
• HMS Phoenix (1759)/HMS Rose (1757) [REF NYC Defending the Hudson][REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons]
• Hudson River [REF NYC Colonial House][REF NYC Defending the Hudson]
• Hugh Gaine (mo) [REF NYC Printing Pressure]
• Hugh Montgomery [REF A_Trip_to_Boston][REF Boston Justice on Trial]
• Isaac Sears [REF NYC PR][REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons][REF NYC Tearing down the King]
• James Lovell (Mo) [REF Boston Green Dragon]
• James Otis [REF Boston Liberty Tree (memory)]
• James Parker [REF NYC Printing Pressure]
• James Rivington (Mo) [REF NYC Colonial House][REF NYC Printing Pressure][REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons]
• Jane Whitehouse (Mo) [REF Boston Justice on Trial]
• John Adams [REF Boston Green Dragon][REF Boston Justice on Trial][REF Boston PR][REF Database:_Alcohol,_a_crucial_resource][REF Database:_The_Declaration_of_Independence][REF Man_of_Mettle]
• John Baltus Dash [REF NYC Fire Suspects]
• John Paul Jones [REF Boston An American Navy]
• John Spurr [REF Boston A Tea Party]
• Jon Jefferies (Mo) [REF Boston Justice on Trial]
• Joseph Warren [REF Boston A Light in the Dark][REF Boston PR][REF Echoes_of_History]
• Matthew Kilroy [REF Boston Justice on Trial]
• Nova Scotia (Mo) [REF A LOT (others)][REF NYC Passing Judgment]
• Paschal N. Smith [REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons]
• Patrick Carr (Mo) [REF Boston Justice on Trial]
• Robert Murray [REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons]
• Royal Gazette [REF NYC Printing Pressure]
• Samuel Birch [REF NYC Passing Judgment]
• Samuel Loudon (mo) [REF NYC Printing Pressure][REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons]
• Stamp Act [REF NYC Liberty Raised][REF A_Trip_to_Boston][REF Database:_Benjamin_Franklin_(Assassin's_Creed_III)][REF Database:_City_Hall_(Rogue)][REF Database:_One_Step_Forward...][REF Database:_Stamp_Act][REF Echoes_of_History][REF Boston A Tea Party][REF Boston PR][REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons]
• Sullivan's Island [REF Contracts_(Colonial_Brotherhood)][REF NYC Printing Pressure:Articles & cartoons]
• Timothy Bigelow (soldier) [REF Boston Minutemen]
• Turtle (submersible) [REF NYC The Turtle]
• William Bowes [REF Boston Green Dragon]
• William Moultrie (mo) [REF Boston The Flag]

Navbox

Echoes of Revolution memories
Boston memories
The Flag - An American Navy - Green Dragon - Minutemen - A Light in the Dark - A Tea Party - Liberty Tree (memory) - Justice on Trial
New York City memories
Passing Judgment - Defending the Hudson - Colonial House - Escaping Brooklyn - Fire Suspects - Supplying the Revolution (Echoes of Revolution) - Liberty Raised - Nine Men's Morris - Printing Pressure - Tearing down the King - The Turtle

Boston People of the Revolution

John AdamsSamuel AdamsCrispus AttucksBenjamin FranklinJohn HancockThomas JeffersonMarquis de LafayettePaul RevereJoseph WarrenGeorge Washington

John Adams was a foundational figure of the American Revolution. A Harvard-educated lawyer from Massachusetts, Adams rose to prominence by opposing the 1765 Stamp Act, serving as a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses, and working to build the newly formed American navy. While sympathetic to the patriot cause, his belief in the rule of law led him to successfully defend British soldiers involved in the 1770 Boston Massacre. In Congress, he was instrumental in persuading delegates to declare independence, nominating George Washington as commander of the Continental Army, and playing a key role in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776. Later, he was central in negotiating the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which officially ended the Revolutionary War. Adams later authored the 1780 Massachusetts Constitution, influencing the future U.S. Constitution. He served as the first vice president under Washington and as the second president of the United States.

Born in Boston, Samuel Adams was a pivotal Founding Father, political philosopher, and civic leader who galvanized colonial resistance against British authority. He strongly opposed the Stamp Act and other parliamentary taxation measures, leading to his involvement in the formation and operation of the Sons of Liberty in Boston. During the 1760s and 1770s he coordinated anti-British activities both within Boston and across the colonies, including the Boston Tea Party.

As a delegate to the Continental Congress, Adams was a firm advocate for separating from Britain, signing the Declaration of Independence in 1776. He was also involved in drafting the Articles of Confederation and, after the war, served as governor of Massachusetts.

Crispus Attucks was one of the first casualties of the American Revolution. As an escaped slave working as a sailor and dock worker in Boston, he became a protest leader and the first victim of the Boston Massacre. During the confrontation with British soldiers on King Street, Attucks stood at the forefront of a crowd, demanding that the soldiers leave. When the soldiers opened fire, Attucks was shot twice in the chest, dying instantly.

Although his death was used as political propaganda to fuel anti-British sentiment during the period, his status as a martyr was cemented by 19th-century abolitionists who highlighted his sacrifice as a testament to Black patriotism.

Benjamin Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers. A seasoned diplomat in London, he initially opposed the Stamp Act and, upon returning to America, he helped draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776. One of his most significant contributions to the Revolution was serving as the primary American envoy to France from 1776 to 1778. Using his fame as a scientist and diplomatic expertise, he secured essential French financial and military support. This support is widely regarded as being instrumental in turning the tide of the war.

Franklin is the only Founding Father to sign all three major documents establishing the United States: the Declaration of Independence (1776), the Treaty of Paris ending the war (1783), and the U.S. Constitution (1787).

John Hancock was an American merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot leader during the American Revolution. Inheriting a massive fortune from his uncle, Hancock became one of New England's wealthiest men and used this wealth and influence to oppose British taxation policies. His defiance made him popular in Boston, particularly after customs officials seized his ship, the Liberty, in 1768 on charges of smuggling.

Hancock served as the President of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1777, and after the war, he served as the first and third Governor of Massachusetts. He is best known for being the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence in 1776, doing so with a large, bold signature to defy King George III.

Thomas Jefferson was a pivotal figure in the American Revolution, acting as a leading intellectual, a political activist, and the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. Throughout the conflict, while he did not fight on the battlefield, he sought to transform the American colonies into a modern republic, advocating for the separation of church and state, the abolition of feudal inheritance laws, and widespread educational reform. As a delegate to the Second Continental Congress in 1776, the 33-year-old Virginian was tasked with drafting the document that justified the colonies' break from Great Britain, articulating the foundational American ideals of "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness".

Marquis de Lafayette was a French aristocrat and military officer who played a crucial role in the American Revolution, acting as a vital link between the American colonies and France. Inspired by the American cause of liberty, the 19-year-old defied King Louis XVI and traveled to America in 1777, volunteering to serve without pay.

He quickly formed a close bond with George Washington and was commissioned as a major general in the Continental Army. Lafayette proved his bravery and skill in battle and was wounded in action. This led him to return to France and lobby for increased military aid, successfully securing French troops and supplies for the colonies. Returning to America in 1781, he led American forces against Lord Cornwallis in Virginia, setting the stage for the decisive American-French victory at the Siege of Yorktown.

After returning to France after the war, Lafayette remained a lifelong friend of the United States and was granted honorary U.S. citizenship in 2002.

Paul Revere was a prominent Boston silversmith, industrialist, and dedicated Patriot. A leading member of the Sons of Liberty, Revere organized intelligence networks to monitor British troops and co-originated anti-British agitation, including taking part in the 1773 Boston Tea Party. During the war, Revere served in the Massachusetts Militia and manufactured gunpowder for the Continental Army.

He is most well known for his dramatic midnight ride on April 18, 1775, to warn colonists of advancing British forces. Following instructions, a "one if by land, two if by sea" signal was placed in the Old North Church, alerting Revere to the British route across the Charles River. Along with William Dawes and others, Revere spread the alarm from Boston to Lexington, enabling leaders John Hancock and Samuel Adams to escape and allowing militiamen to prepare for the crucial battles of Lexington and Concord. Though captured by a British patrol shortly after his ride, his mission was successful. This was later immortalized in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1861 poem, "Paul Revere's Ride" transforming him into a lasting symbol of American independence and civic bravery.

Joseph Warren was a Founding Father of the United States and a central leader in the Patriot movement in Boston during the early American Revolution. A respected physician and member of the Sons of Liberty, Warren became a key political organizer. He often acted as a master spy, utilizing his intelligence network to stay ahead of British movements. Notably, on April 18, 1775, it was Warren who dispatched Paul Revere and William Dawes on their famous midnight ride to warn John Hancock and Samuel Adams of the British march toward Lexington and Concord.

Despite having little formal military training, Warren was later appointed a major general and showed immense courage by volunteering as a private soldier in the Battle of Bunker Hill on June 17, 1775, where he was killed in action at age 34.

George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Tasked with fighting a superior British force, Washington formed the colonial militias into a disciplined fighting force. Despite losing more battles than he won, his resilience, strategic retreats, and crucial victories, such as the final victory at Yorktown, secured American independence.

Unanimously elected, Washington served as president from 1789 to 1797, where he implemented a strong, well-financed national government, including the creation of a national bank. His dedication to civilian control of the military, together with his voluntary retirement after two terms, helped secure the stability of American democracy.

NYC People of the Revolution

Caesar GloverNathan HaleAlexander HamiltonWilliam HoweThomas JeffersonMarquis de LafayetteFrancis LewisHercules MulliganIsaac SearsAnna StrongGeorge Washington

Caesar was one of hundreds of sailors, White and Black, who helped the Continental Army escape from Brooklyn in 1776, enabling the rebellion to survive. Born in Africa, he was enslaved as a child and brought to North America.

Somehow, he earned his freedom, and in 1775 he joined the Revolution as part of the Marblehead regiment. This group of seamen manned the boats in the New Jersey and New York campaigns, including the famous crossing of the Delaware River. Black New Englanders like Caesar were among the Continental Army's first recruits, 150 of whom carried Washington's troops from Brooklyn Heights to Peck Slip in August 1776. The amateur military, greatly outnumbered, was badly defeated in Long Island. But they were saved by a thick fog, an early historian writing that no one in the region could remember any such weather “within the space of twenty or thirty years\". If not for the skill of mariners like Caesar, military historians agree, no more than half of the decimated rebel army would have escaped.

Nathan Hale is one of the American Revolution's most famous spies and one of its earliest martyrs. Having volunteered to stay in New York after the Battle of Long Island in order to pass information to the Revolutionary cause, the 21-year-old Patriot was hanged by the occupying British government on September 22, 1776. This underscored the importance of effective espionage practices for the rebels.

Alongside George Washington's spy ring on Long Island, intelligence-gathering was far more commonly done by everyday unsung heroes of the cause. Knowledge is typically passed mouth to mouth, through both formal and informal communication networks. Waitresses overhearing conversation between officers in a tavern passed information on to rebel informants. Slaves moving goods from city to country reported on the British army's health. Families permitted to cross battlefield lines to visit relatives shared observations in conversation and correspondence.\n

Alexander Hamilton was one of George Washington's trusted advisers during the American Revolution and the first Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Born in 1757 in the West Indies, he was orphaned at the age of 11. His cleverness showed early, and his employers pooled their money to send him to university. Hamilton moved to New York in 1773 and began attending King's College (later Columbia University). By 1774, he was writing pro-rebel articles, and by 1775 he'd joined the volunteer militia to oppose the British. \n \nIn 1776 he formed his own artillery company, becoming a captain, before being appointed as aide-de-camp to Washington in 1777. A skilled military commander, his leadership was decisive in the Battle of Yorktown. After the war Hamilton went on to become a respected statesman, representing New York and the nation in the preservation of the principles of the revolution and formation of the new government.

William Howe was the commander in chief of the British Army in North America (1776–78). Despite several military successes, he was unable to destroy the Continental Army and stem the American Revolution.\n \nWilliam Howe had been active in North America during the French and Indian War a few years earlier, where he earned a reputation as one of the army's most brilliant young generals. He initially captured New York in 1776 when the British defeated the Americans at the Battle of Long Island and later led the campaign to capture Philadelphia. These victories were, however, not enough to defeat Washington's armies, and he resigned in 1778 to return to Britain.

Thomas Jefferson was a pivotal figure in the American Revolution, acting as a leading intellectual, a political activist, and the primary author of the Declaration of Independence. Throughout the conflict, while he did not fight on the battlefield, he sought to transform the American colonies into a modern republic, advocating for the separation of church and state, the abolition of feudal inheritance laws, and widespread educational reform. As a delegate to the Second Continental Congress in 1776, the 33-year-old Virginian was tasked with drafting the document that justified the colonies' break from Great Britain, articulating the foundational American ideals of \"Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness\".\n

Marquis de Lafayette was a French aristocrat and military officer who played a crucial role in the American Revolution, acting as a vital link between the American colonies and France. Inspired by the American cause of liberty, the 19-year-old defied King Louis XVI and traveled to America in 1777, volunteering to serve without pay. \n \nHe quickly formed a close bond with George Washington and was commissioned as a major general in the Continental Army. Lafayette proved his bravery and skill in battle and was wounded in action. This led him to return to France and lobby for increased military aid, successfully securing French troops and supplies for the colonies. Returning to America in 1781, he led American forces against Lord Cornwallis in Virginia, setting the stage for the decisive American-French victory at the Siege of Yorktown.

Francis Lewis was a Welsh-born merchant and patriot who signed the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. As a dedicated radical in New York, he served in the Stamp Act Congress and was a member of the Committee of Sixty and the New York Provincial Congress before joining the Continental Congress from 1775 to 1779.

During the Revolutionary War, Lewis utilized his commercial experience to help secure supplies for the Continental Army, particularly through his work on the Continental Board of Admiralty. His commitment to the patriot cause came at a high personal cost. Following the Battle of Long Island in 1776, British forces destroyed his estate in Queens and imprisoned his wife. While she was later released in a prisoner exchange, the harsh conditions of her captivity severely affected her health, leading to her death in 1779. Devastated by his wife's death, Lewis subsequently retired from politics, leaving Congress in 1779 and retiring completely by 1781.

Hercules Mulligan was a vital spy for the Continental Army and a dedicated patriot during the American Revolution. Raised in New York City, he was an early member of the Sons of Liberty and a close associate of Alexander Hamilton, whom he mentored and introduced to revolutionary ideals. Working as a successful tailor, Mulligan cultivated relationships with high-ranking British Officers, allowing him to gather crucial intelligence directly from the enemy. Despite the dangers of operating within British-occupied New York, he operated as a confidential correspondent for George Washington, supplying information that helped shape the war's outcome.

Mulligan is credited with saving Washington's life on two occasions by revealing plots to capture him. Even after being suspected of spying and briefly arrested, he continued his intelligence work with the help of his enslaved assistant, Cato. Following the war, Washington solidified Mulligan's reputation as a patriot by having breakfast with him shortly after the British evacuation of New York.

Isaac Sears was the public face of the Sons of Liberty in New York City, the second and perhaps most active chapter in the colonies. He was a prosperous merchant, like so many leaders of the underground rebel group. During the mid-1700s, he made fine income as a privateer, hunting the ships of imperial rivals for the British. Only when the Sugar Act brought an end to his trade in the West Indies did the sea captain turn against Britain. During the revolution he was a member of the Committee of Sixty and was involved in raids on British troops and in the destruction of Loyalist property throughout New York City.

Anna Smith Strong was the only recorded female member of the Culper Spy Ring, a secret network established to gather intelligence for General George Washington in British-occupied New York. Living in Setauket, Long Island, she utilized her position to pass messages while avoiding suspicion, partly because her relatives were Loyalists.

Strong's fame stems from the ingenious clothesline code which she used to signal Caleb Brewster, a courier who transported intelligence across the Long Island Sound. When a message was ready to be picked up, she would hang a black petticoat on her clothesline, clearly visible from across the bay. She would add a specific number of white handkerchiefs to indicate which of the six designated coves Brewster should use to meet his contact.

George Washington was the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. Tasked with fighting a superior British force, Washington formed the colonial militias into a disciplined fighting force. Despite losing more battles than he won, his resilience, strategic retreats, and crucial victories, such as the final victory at Yorktown, secured American independence. \n \nUnanimously elected, Washington served as president from 1789 to 1797, where he implemented a strong, well-financed national government, including the creation of a national bank. His dedication to civilian control of the military, together with his voluntary retirement after two terms, helped secure the stability of American democracy.