Roman army

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The Roman army comprised the land forces of the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire. During the 1st century BCE, with Rome's growing involvement in Egyptian politics, a number of Roman soldiers were stationed in the country, most notably the Gabiniani, who served as bodyguards of the Pharaoh. The Roman army under Julius Caesar's command also fought in the Alexandrine war, supporting Queen Cleopatra's claim to the throne against her brother Ptolemy XIII.^[1]

During Cleopatra's reign, Roman forces made several attempts to invade Egypt, first in 38 BCE, as directed by General Rufio,^[2] and then in 31 BCE during the War of Actium. The latter conflict saw the Roman army led by Octavian successfully conquer Egypt, forcing both Cleopatra and her lover Marcus Antonius to commit suicide and allowing Octavian to turn Egypt into a Roman province.^[3]