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The '''Qing dynasty''', officially the '''Great Qing''' (大清) was the last imperial dynasty of [[China]]. The regime was founded by the {{wiki|Jurchen people|Jurchens}} in 1616<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 1">Rowe, William T. (2009). "Conquest". In ''China's Last Empire: The Great Qing''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 11–30.</ref> as the '''Aisin Gurun''' (ᠠᡳ᠌ᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ, 'Golden State') or the '''Jin''' (金, 'Gold') in the {{wiki|Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin}} language,<ref name="Later Jin">{{WP|Later Jin (1616–1636)}}</ref> then a distinct nation.<ref name="Millward 2020">Millward, James A. "We need a new approach to teaching modern Chinese history: we have lazily repeated false narratives for too long". ''Medium'', 20 October 2020. https://jimmillward.medium.com/we-need-a-new-approach-to-teaching-modern-chinese-history-we-have-lazily-repeated-false-d24983bd7ef2.</ref> In 1635, the Jin conquered [[Mongolia]], extinguishing the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] once and for all.<ref name="Northern Yuan">{{WP|Northern Yuan}}</ref> The following year, with the invasion of the [[Ming dynasty|Great Ming]] underway, their khan {{wiki|Nurhaci}} renamed their people the Manchus and their country the Great Qing for propagandist reasons.<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 1" /><ref group="note" name="note1">The Ming ([[wikt:明|明]]), whose name meant 'brightness', was associated with the {{wiki|Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|classical element}} of fire while the name Jin ([[wikt:金|金]]) corresponded with the element of metal. Since fire melts metal, the Jin changed their name to Qing ([[wikt:清|清]]), meaning 'clear', and their element to water, which extinguishes fire, to signify their inevitable triumph over the Ming.</ref>
The '''Qing dynasty''', officially the '''Great Qing''' (大清) was the last imperial dynasty of [[China]]. The regime was founded by the {{wiki|Jurchen people|Jurchens}} in 1616<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 1">Rowe, William T. (2009). "Conquest". In ''China's Last Empire: The Great Qing''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 11–30.</ref> as the '''Aisin Gurun''' (ᠠᡳ᠌ᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ, 'Golden State') or the '''Jin''' (金, 'Gold') in the {{wiki|Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin}} language,<ref name="Later Jin">{{WP|Later Jin (1616–1636)}}</ref> then a distinct nation.<ref name="Millward 2020">Millward, James A. "We need a new approach to teaching modern Chinese history: we have lazily repeated false narratives for too long". ''Medium'', 20 October 2020. https://jimmillward.medium.com/we-need-a-new-approach-to-teaching-modern-chinese-history-we-have-lazily-repeated-false-d24983bd7ef2.</ref> In 1635, the Jin conquered [[Mongolia]], extinguishing the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] once and for all.<ref name="Northern Yuan">{{WP|Northern Yuan}}</ref> The following year, with the invasion of the [[Ming dynasty|Great Ming]] underway, their khan {{wiki|Nurhaci}} renamed their people the Manchus and their country the Great Qing for propagandist reasons.<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 1" /><ref group="note" name="note1">The Ming ([[wikt:明|明]]), whose name meant 'brightness', was associated with the {{wiki|Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|classical element}} of fire while the name Jin ([[wikt:金|金]]) corresponded with the element of metal. Since fire melts metal, the Jin changed their name to Qing ([[wikt:清|清]]), meaning 'clear', and their element to water, which extinguishes fire, to signify their inevitable triumph over the Ming.</ref>


Their capture of the Ming capital of [[Beijing]] in 1644 is traditionally taken as the start of their dynasty<ref name="Millward 2020" /> although it would take until 1662 to complete the conquest of China.<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 1" /><ref group="note" name="note2">The completion of the Qing conquest can also be dated to 1681, when they crushed the {{wiki|Revolt of the Three Feudatories}}, or 1683 with the annexation of the {{wiki|Kingdom of Tungning}} in {{wiki|Taiwan}}, where Ming loyalists had fled. This article takes the year 1662, when the last Ming emperor was captured and killed in southern China, as the end of the Ming.</ref> Alongside encroachments on its sovereignty by foreign empires,<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 6">Rowe, William T. (2009). "Conquest". In ''China's Last Empire: The Great Qing''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, "Crises", pp. 149–274</ref><ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 9">Ibid., "Imperialism", pp. 231–252.</ref> the Qing suffered widespread rebellions throughout the 19th century<ref name="Rowe 2009 ch. 7">Ibid., "Rebellion", pp. 175–200.</ref> and was finally overthrown in the 1911 {{Wiki|Xinhai Revolution}} that led to the founding of the [[Republic of China]].<ref name="Rowe 2009 ch. 10">Ibid, "Revolution", pp. 253–283.</ref>
Their capture of the Ming capital of [[Beijing]] in 1644 is traditionally taken as the start of their dynasty<ref name="Millward 2020" /> although it would take until 1662 to complete the conquest of China.<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 1" /><ref group="note" name="note2">The completion of the Qing conquest can also be dated to 1681, when they crushed the {{wiki|Revolt of the Three Feudatories}}, or 1683 with the annexation of the {{wiki|Kingdom of Tungning}} in {{wiki|Taiwan}}, where Ming loyalists had fled. This article takes the year 1662, when the {{wiki|Zhu Youlang|last Ming emperor}} was captured and killed in southern China, as the end of the Ming.</ref> Alongside encroachments on its sovereignty by foreign empires,<ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 6">Rowe, William T. (2009). "Conquest". In ''China's Last Empire: The Great Qing''. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, "Crises", pp. 149–274</ref><ref name="Rowe 2009, ch. 9">Ibid., "Imperialism", pp. 231–252.</ref> the Qing suffered widespread rebellions throughout the 19th century<ref name="Rowe 2009 ch. 7">Ibid., "Rebellion", pp. 175–200.</ref> and was finally overthrown in the 1911 {{Wiki|Xinhai Revolution}} that led to the founding of the [[Republic of China]].<ref name="Rowe 2009 ch. 10">Ibid, "Revolution", pp. 253–283.</ref>


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 00:47, 15 May 2023

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The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing (大清) was the last imperial dynasty of China. The regime was founded by the Jurchens in 1616[1] as the Aisin Gurun (ᠠᡳ᠌ᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ, 'Golden State') or the Jin (金, 'Gold') in the Mandarin language,[2] then a distinct nation.[3] In 1635, the Jin conquered Mongolia, extinguishing the Yuan once and for all.[4] The following year, with the invasion of the Great Ming underway, their khan Nurhaci renamed their people the Manchus and their country the Great Qing for propagandist reasons.[1][note 1]

Their capture of the Ming capital of Beijing in 1644 is traditionally taken as the start of their dynasty[3] although it would take until 1662 to complete the conquest of China.[1][note 2] Alongside encroachments on its sovereignty by foreign empires,[5][6] the Qing suffered widespread rebellions throughout the 19th century[7] and was finally overthrown in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that led to the founding of the Republic of China.[8]

History

After the Qing seized Beijing, they enthroned the six-year-old Aisin-Gioro hala-i Fulin as the Shunzhi Emperor on 30 October 1644, by which he became the first Qing ruler in China.[1] It is known from a series of cryptic puzzles left behind by Assassin Clay Kaczmarek for Desmond Miles in the Animus that the Shunzhi Emperor did not possess a Staff of Eden.[9]

At some point prior to 1715, a daughter of Chinese rebels named Jing Lang married the son of a Qing general. Joining the Templar Order, she served as a political advisor for a time before a political shift prompted her to become a pirate.[10][11]

The Qing maintained diplomatic relations with the Portuguese Empire via Macau, where a mansion complex known as the Mandarin's House acted as a home for visiting Qing officials and their allies. One of these allies, the merchant Madam Lee, moved into the mansion in February 1725, after which she purchased a big order of alcohol and tea from the Qing.[12]

Appearances

Notes

  1. ↑ The Ming (明), whose name meant 'brightness', was associated with the classical element of fire while the name Jin (金) corresponded with the element of metal. Since fire melts metal, the Jin changed their name to Qing (清), meaning 'clear', and their element to water, which extinguishes fire, to signify their inevitable triumph over the Ming.
  2. ↑ The completion of the Qing conquest can also be dated to 1681, when they crushed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, or 1683 with the annexation of the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan, where Ming loyalists had fled. This article takes the year 1662, when the last Ming emperor was captured and killed in southern China, as the end of the Ming.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Rowe, William T. (2009). "Conquest". In China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 11–30.
  2. ↑ Later Jin (1616–1636) on Wikipedia
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Millward, James A. "We need a new approach to teaching modern Chinese history: we have lazily repeated false narratives for too long". Medium, 20 October 2020. https://jimmillward.medium.com/we-need-a-new-approach-to-teaching-modern-chinese-history-we-have-lazily-repeated-false-d24983bd7ef2.
  4. ↑ Northern Yuan on Wikipedia
  5. ↑ Rowe, William T. (2009). "Conquest". In China's Last Empire: The Great Qing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, "Crises", pp. 149–274
  6. ↑ Ibid., "Imperialism", pp. 231–252.
  7. ↑ Ibid., "Rebellion", pp. 175–200.
  8. ↑ Ibid, "Revolution", pp. 253–283.
  9. ↑ Assassin's Creed II – Glyph #5: "Instruments of Power"
  10. ↑ Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag – Database: Jing Lang
  11. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Initiates – Database: The Orchid
  12. ↑ Assassin's Creed: Forgotten Temple – Episode 10
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