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| {{Location_Infobox|name = Philippines (Las Islas Filipinas)|image = Philippine Flag.png|rulers = {{Wiki|President of the Philippines }}<br>{{Wiki|Congress of the Philippines }}|state = June 12, 1898|factions = [[Assassins]]<br>[[Templars]]<br>{{Wiki|Ilustrado}}<br>{{Wiki|Katipunan}}|founded = {{Wiki|The Filipino People}}|date = Formation of the Republic | | {{Era|ACI}} |
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| • Independence from Spain declared
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| June 12, 1898
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| • Treaty of Paris (1898) / Spanish Cessionc
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| December 10, 1898
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| • Malolos Constitution / First Philippine Republic e
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| January 21, 1899
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| • Tydings–McDuffie Act
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| March 24, 1934
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| • Commonwealth of the
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| May 14, 1935
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| • Treaty of Manila / Independence from United States d
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| July 4, 1946
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| • Current constitution
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| February 2, 1987|landmark = {{Wiki|Rizal Park}}}}☀ The [[Philippines]], officially known as the '''Republic of the Philippines''', is a sovereign island country located in [https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjwzuHLubvUAhXJFpQKHfrDBJsQFggkMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSoutheast_Asia&usg=AFQjCNFSCZ-Fcz2TvBKtodUe7uXOp2Q8_Q Southeast Asia] situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
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| In 2014, interim [[Mentor]] of the [[Assassins|Assassin Order]] [[Gavin Banks]] decided to buy [[firearms]] from [[Emmanuel Barraza]]'s contact, a weapon supplier, to be prepared for the worst once they had arrived in [[Osaka]] to help the [[Japanese Assassins]].
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| == Etymology ==
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| == History ==
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| {{WP-REAL}} | | {{WP-REAL}} |
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| | The '''Philippines''', officially known as the '''Republic of the Philippines''', is a sovereign archipelago country in south-east [[Asia]], composed of 7,107 islands that are situated in the Western [[Pacific Ocean]]. In 2014, interim [[Mentor]] of the [[Assassins|Assassin Order]] [[Gavin Banks]] decided to buy [[firearms]] from [[Emmanuel Barraza]]'s contact, a weapon supplier, to be prepared for the worst once they had arrived in [[Osaka]] to help the [[Japanese Assassins]]. |
| === Precolonial epoch ===
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| Some of the societies scattered in the islands of what would later become the Philippines remained isolated but many evolved into states that developed substantial trade and contacts with the peoples of eastern, southern and southeastern Asia; including those from Brunei, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Japan as well as other Austronesian islands.
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| The first millennium saw the rise of the port principalities and their growth into maritime states composed of autonomous barangays independent of or allied with larger nations which were either Malay Kedatuans led by Datus, tributary states to China ruled by Wangs or Indianized kingdoms governed by Rajahs.<sup>[51]</sup>
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| The Kedatuan of Madja-as was founded following a civil war in collapsing Srivijaya, wherein loyalists of the Malay datus of Srivijaya defied the invading Chola Dynasty and its puppet-Rajah, called Makatunao, and set up a guerrilla-state in the islands of the Visayas. Its founding datu, Puti, had purchased land for his new realms from the aboriginal Ati hero, Marikudo.
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| Madja-as was founded on Panay island (named after the destroyed state of Pannai allied under Srivijaya which was located in Sumatra). Afterwards, the people of Madja-as often raided the port cities of southern China and warred with the Chinese navy.
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| The Rajahnate of Cebu was a neighbor of Madja-as in the Visayas led by Rajamuda Sri Lumay, a monarch with partial Tamil descent. This state grew wealthy by making use of the inter-island shipping within the archipelago.
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| Meanwhile, the Rajahnate of Butuan in northeastern Mindanao attained prominence under the rule of Rajah Sri Bata Shaja, who was from a Buddhist ruling-class governing a Hindu nation. This state became powerful due to the local goldsmith industry and it also had commercial ties and a diplomatic rivalry with the Champa civilization. Both the Rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu also maintained contact and had trade routes with Kutai, a Hindu country in south Borneo established by Indian traders.<sup>[57]</sup>
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| The nation of Ma-i centered in Mindoro, was noted for its honesty and trust-worthiness in trade.<sup>[58]</sup> In northern Luzon, the Wangdom of Pangasinan under Wang Taymey, exported horses and silver to China, the Kingdom of Ryukyu and Japan.
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| In Luzon, the Kingdom of Tondo was ruled over by the Lakandula dynasty and the kingdom grew wealthy via the exclusive distribution-rights of Chinese goods which they marketed in southeast Asia. This was granted to them by the Ming Dynasty. The Yongle Emperor also instituted a Chinese governor on Luzon during Zheng He's voyages and appointed Ko Ch'a-lao to that position.
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| The 1300s saw the arrival and eventual spread of Islam in the Philippine archipelago. In 1380, Karim ul' Makdum and Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr, an Arab trader born in Johore, arrived in Sulu from Malacca and established the Sultanate of Sulu by converting Sulu's rajah, Rajah Baguinda Ali and marrying his daughter. At the end of the 15th century, Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johor introduced Islam in the island of Mindanao and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao. The sultanate form of government extended further into Lanao.
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| Around this time, the people of Luzon were collectively called Lucoes and they rose to prominence by participating in trading ventures and military campaigns in Myanmar, Malacca and East Timor where they were employed as traders and mercenaries.
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| Islam then started to spread out of Mindanao in the south and went into Luzon in the north. Manila in Luzon was Islamized during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah in 1485 to 1521. This was accomplished because the Sultanate of Brunei subjugated the Kingdom of Tondo by defeating Rajah Gambang and thereafter installing the Muslim rajah, Rajah Sulaiman I to the throne and by establishing the Bruneian puppet-state of the Kingdom of Maynila.<sup>[74][75][76][77]</sup> Sultan Bolkiah also married Laila Mecana, the daughter of Sulu Sultan Amir Ul-Ombra to expand Brunei's influence in both Luzon and Mindanao.<sup>[78]</sup> The Muslims then proceeded to wage wars and conduct slave-raids against the Visayans.<sup>[79]</sup> Participating in the Muslim raids, the Sultanate of Ternate consequently destroyed the Kedatuan of Dapitan in Bohol.
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| Nevertheless, states like the animist Igorot, Malay Madja-as, Sinified Pangasinan, and Indianized Butuan still maintained their cultures. The rivalries between the datus, rajahs, wangs, sultans, and lakans eventually eased Spanish colonization. Furthermore, the islands were sparsely populated due to consistent natural disasters and inter-kingdom conflicts. Therefore, colonization was made easy and the small states of the archipelago quickly became incorporated into the Spanish Empire and were Hispanicized and Christianized.
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| === Colonial era ===
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| In 1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan's expedition arrived in the Philippines, claimed the islands for Spain and was then killed at the Battle of Mactan. Colonization began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first Hispanic settlements in Cebu. After relocating to Panay island and consolidating a coalition of native Visayan allies, Hispanic soldiers and Latin-American mercenaries, the Spaniards then invaded Islamic Manila, therein they put down the Tondo Conspiracy and exiled the conspirators to Guam and Guerrero.<sup>[85]</sup> Under Spanish rule, they established Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies (1571).
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| They also defeated the Chinese-warlord Limahong. In response to the Islamic invasion of the Philippines, the Spanish then conducted the Castilian War which was aimed against the Sultanate of Brunei<sup>[89][90]</sup> and war was also waged against the Sultanate of Ternate and Tidore (in response to Ternatean slaving and piracy against Bohol and Butuan).<sup>[91]</sup> Fortifications were also set up in Taiwan and the Maluku islands. These were abandoned and the Spanish soldiers, along with the newly Christianized Papuan natives of the Moluccas, withdrew back to the Philippines in order to re-concentrate their military forces because of a threatened invasion by the Japan-born Ming-dynasty loyalist, Koxinga, ruler of the Kingdom of Tungning.<sup>[92]</sup> However, the planned invasion was aborted. Meanwhile, settlers were sent to the Pacific islands of Palau and the Marianas.
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| Spanish rule eventually contributed significantly to bringing political unity to the fragmented states of the archipelago. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain and then was administered directly from Madrid after the Mexican War of Independence. The Manila galleons, the largest wooden ships ever built, were constructed in Bicol and Cavite.<sup>[94]</sup> The Manila galleons were accompanied with a large naval escort as it traveled to and from Manila and Acapulco.<sup>[95]</sup> The galleons sailed once or twice a year, between the 16th and 19th centuries.
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| Trade introduced foodstuff such as maize, tomatoes, potatoes, chili peppers, chocolate and pineapples from Mexico and Peru. Within the Philippines, the Marquisate of Buglas was established and rule of it was awarded to Sebastian Elcano and his crew, the survivors of the first circumnavigation of the world, as well as his descendants. New towns were also created<sup>[88]</sup> and Roman Catholic missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants to Christianity.<sup>[97]</sup> They also founded schools, a university, hospitals and churches which were built along the Earthquake Baroque architectural style.<sup>[98]</sup> The Spanish also decreed the introduction of free public schooling in 1863.<sup>[99]</sup> As a result of these policies the Philippine population increased exponentially.
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| During its rule, the Spanish quelled various indigenous revolts. There were several external military challenges from Chinese and Japanese pirates, the Dutch, the English, the Portuguese and the Muslims of Southeast Asia. Those challengers were fought-off despite the hostile forces having encircled the Philippine archipelago in a crescent formed from Japan to Indonesia. British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764 in an extension of the fighting of the Seven Years' War. Spanish rule was restored following the 1763 Treaty of Paris. The Spanish–Moro conflict lasted for several hundred years. In the last quarter of the 19th century, Spain conquered portions of Mindanao and the Moro Muslims in the Sulu Sultanate formally recognized Spanish sovereignty.
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| In the 19th century, Philippine ports opened to world trade and shifts started occurring within Philippine society. Many Spaniards born in the Philippines (''criollos'') and those of mixed ancestry (''mestizos'') became wealthy and an influx of Latin American settlers opened up government positions traditionally held by Spaniards born in the Iberian Peninsula (''peninsulares''). The ideals of revolution also began to spread through the islands. ''Criollo'' dissatisfaction resulted in the 1872 Cavite Mutiny that was a precursor to the Philippine Revolution.
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| Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three priests—Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora (collectively known as Gomburza)—were accused of sedition by colonial authorities and executed.<sup>[107][108]</sup> This would inspire a propaganda movement in Spain, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar, José Rizal, and Mariano Ponce, lobbying for political reforms in the Philippines. Rizal was eventually executed on December 30, 1896, on charges of rebellion.<sup>[110]</sup> As attempts at reform met with resistance, Andrés Bonifacio in 1892 established the secret society called the Katipunan, who sought independence from Spain through armed revolt.
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| Bonifacio and the Katipunan started the Philippine Revolution in 1896. A faction of the Katipunan, the Magdalo of Cavite province, eventually came to challenge Bonifacio's position as the leader of the revolution and Emilio Aguinaldo took over. In 1898, the Spanish–American War began in Cuba and reached the Philippines. Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spain in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898, and the First Philippine Republic was established in the Barasoain Church in the following year.
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| The islands were ceded by Spain to the United States as a result of the latter's victory in the Spanish–American War. A compensation of US$20 million was paid to Spain according to the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris. As it became increasingly clear the United States would not recognize the nascent First Philippine Republic, the Philippine–American War broke out, the First Republic was defeated, and the archipelago was administered under an Insular Government. The war resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of combatants as well as a couple of hundred thousand civilians, mostly from a cholera epidemic.
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| The Americans then suppressed other rebellious sub-states: mainly, the waning Sultanate of Sulu, as well as the insurgent Tagalog Republic, the Cantonal Republic of Negros in the Visayas, and the Republic of Zamboanga in Mindanao. During this era, a renaissance in Philippine culture occurred, with the expansion of Philippine cinema and literature. Daniel Burnham built an architectural plan for Manila which would have transformed it into a modern city. In 1935, the Philippines was granted Commonwealth status with Manuel Quezon as president. He designated a national language and introduced women's suffrage and land reform. Plans for independence over the next decade were interrupted by World War II when the Japanese Empire invaded and the Second Philippine Republic of José P. Laurel was established as a collaborator state.
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| Many atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war such as the Bataan Death March and the Manila massacre that culminated during the Battle of Manila. In 1944, Quezon died in exile in the United States and Sergio Osmeña succeeded him. The Allied Forces then employed a strategy of island hopping towards the Philippine Archipelago, in the process, retaking territory conquered by Imperial Japan.
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| From mid-1942 through mid-1944, the Filipino guerrilla resistance had been supplied and encouraged by U.S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural areas, jungles and mountains – thus, the Japanese empire only controlled 12 out of 48 provinces. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already-promised independence.
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| Eventually, the largest naval battle in history, according to gross tonnage sunk, the Battle of Leyte Gulf, occurred when Allied forces started the liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese Empire. Allied troops defeated the Japanese in 1945. By the end of the war it is estimated that over a million Filipinos had died.
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| == Etymology ==
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| The Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte and Samar ''Felipinas'' after the then-Prince of Asturias. Eventually the name ''Las Islas Filipinas'' would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago.{{WP-REAL}}
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| ==Reference== | | ==Reference== |
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| *''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' | | *''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' |
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| [[Category:]]
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| [[Category:Countries in Asia]] | | [[Category:Countries in Asia]] |
| [[Category:Island countries]] | | [[Category:Island countries]] |
| [[Category:Philippines]] | | [[Category:Philippines]] |
