War of Actium - Revision history

Soranin: /* History */

2026-06-08T15:41:43Z

History

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	Utilizing Rome's vast resources, Octavian mounted a propaganda campaign to turn public sentient against the couple.<ref name="War With Rome">''Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt'' – Tours: Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: "War With Rome"</ref> This process was hastened on hearing that Antonius had not only divorced Octavian's sister [[Octavia]] to marry Cleopatra after fathering the children {{Wiki\|Alexander Helios}}, {{Wiki\|Cleopatra Selene II}}, and {{Wiki\|Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)\|Ptolemy Philadelphus}}, but had also {{Wiki\|Donations of Alexandria\|gifted}} large swathes of Roman territory to Cleopatra and her family.<ref name="Wiki"/>		Utilizing Rome's vast resources, Octavian mounted a propaganda campaign to turn public sentient against the couple.<ref name="War With Rome">''Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt'' – Tours: Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: "War With Rome"</ref> This process was hastened on hearing that Antonius had not only divorced Octavian's sister [[Octavia]] to marry Cleopatra after fathering the children {{Wiki\|Alexander Helios}}, {{Wiki\|Cleopatra Selene II}}, and {{Wiki\|Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)\|Ptolemy Philadelphus}}, but had also {{Wiki\|Donations of Alexandria\|gifted}} large swathes of Roman territory to Cleopatra and her family.<ref name="Wiki"/>

	[[File:ACOc - Alexandria under siege.~~png~~\|thumb\|220px\|left\|Cleopatra witnessing Octavian's army besieging Alexandria]]		[[File:ACOc - Alexandria under siege.jpg\|thumb\|220px\|left\|Cleopatra witnessing Octavian's army besieging Alexandria]]
	To avoid the outcry that would come from attacking a Roman, Octavian convinced the Roman Senate to declare war against Egypt, on the grounds that Cleopatra was corrupting Antonius into losing the Roman ways. In response, Antonius and Cleopatra assembled a fleet with their combined forces, only to be defeated at Actium in 31 BCE, after which Antonius committed suicide. Octavian sailed to Egypt and arrived in 30 BCE to confront Cleopatra.<ref name="War With Rome" />		To avoid the outcry that would come from attacking a Roman, Octavian convinced the Roman Senate to declare war against Egypt, on the grounds that Cleopatra was corrupting Antonius into losing the Roman ways. In response, Antonius and Cleopatra assembled a fleet with their combined forces, only to be defeated at Actium in 31 BCE, after which Antonius committed suicide. Octavian sailed to Egypt and arrived in 30 BCE to confront Cleopatra.<ref name="War With Rome" />

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Soranin at 17:03, 2 May 2026

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	{{Era\|Timeline}}{{WP-REAL}}		{{Era\|Timeline}}{{WP-REAL}}
	{{Quote\|But anyone can see what's happening here. Alexandria is burning to the ground. Egyptians are dying, fighting for a war they cannot win. A war '''you''' cannot win.\|Amunet to Cleopatra, regarding the war, 30 BCE.\|Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic)\|Assassin's Creed: Origins 4}}		{{Quote\|But anyone can see what's happening here. Alexandria is burning to the ground. Egyptians are dying, fighting for a war they cannot win. A war '''you''' cannot win.\|Amunet to Cleopatra, regarding the war, 30 BCE.\|Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic)\|Assassin's Creed: Origins 4}}
	{{~~Battle~~ Infobox		{{War Infobox
	\|prev=[[Liberators' civil war]]		\|prev=[[Liberators' civil war]]
	~~\|next=[[Battle of Actium]]~~
	\|image=ACOC War of Actium.jpg		\|image=ACOC War of Actium.jpg
	\|~~date~~=32 – 30 BCE		\|begin=32 BCE
			\|end=30 BCE
	\|place=[[Egypt]]		\|place=[[Egypt]]
	\|result=Victory for [[Augustus\|Octavian]]		\|result=Victory for [[Augustus\|Octavian]]
			\|battles=*[[Battle of Actium]]
	\|side1=Octavian's supporters		\|side1=Octavian's supporters
	\|side2=[[Marcus Antonius]]' supporters<br>[[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]		\|side2=[[Marcus Antonius]]' supporters<br>[[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]
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	The two rivals had previously been allies as part of the {{Wiki\|Second Triumvirate}}, by which they made common cause to avenge the [[Assassination of Julius Caesar\|assassination]] of the ''{{Wiki\|dictator perpetuo}}'' [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]. Their success against Caesar's assassins in the [[Liberators' civil war]] did not bring lasting peace to the republic, as the pair's political ambitions clashed with one another once their common enemies had been eliminated.<ref name="Wiki">{{WP\|War of Actium}}</ref>		The two rivals had previously been allies as part of the {{Wiki\|Second Triumvirate}}, by which they made common cause to avenge the [[Assassination of Julius Caesar\|assassination]] of the ''{{Wiki\|dictator perpetuo}}'' [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]. Their success against Caesar's assassins in the [[Liberators' civil war]] did not bring lasting peace to the republic, as the pair's political ambitions clashed with one another once their common enemies had been eliminated.<ref name="Wiki">{{WP\|War of Actium}}</ref>

	In 32 BCE, a love affair between Antonius and the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]'s last [[pharaoh]] [[Cleopatra]] gave Octavian the ammunition needed to persuade a majority of the {{Wiki\|Roman Senate}} to side with him against his rival. The Senate declared war on Cleopatra, an act which Octavian correctly predicted would draw Antonius to her defense and give him the pretext for the civil war. At the naval [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BCE, Octavian's fleet inflicted a decisive defeat on Cleopatra and Antonius' combined forces, forcing the two to retreat to the [[Egypt]]ian capital of [[Alexandria]], where they committed suicide the following year. The war eliminated the last obstacles to Octavian's monopolization of power, allowing him to become the first Roman Emperor in 27 BCE.		In 32 BCE, a love affair between Antonius and the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]'s last [[pharaoh]] [[Cleopatra]] gave Octavian the ammunition needed to persuade a majority of the {{Wiki\|Roman Senate}} to side with him against his rival. The Senate declared war on Cleopatra, an act which Octavian correctly predicted would draw Antonius to her defense and give him the pretext for the civil war.

			At the naval [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BCE, Octavian's fleet inflicted a decisive defeat on Cleopatra and Antonius' combined forces, forcing the two to retreat to the [[Egypt]]ian capital of [[Alexandria]], where they committed suicide the following year. The war eliminated the last obstacles to Octavian's monopolization of power, allowing him to become the first Roman Emperor in 27 BCE.

	==History==		==History==
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	[[Category:Timeline]]		[[Category:Timeline]]
	[[Category:Wars]]		[[Category:Wars]]
	[[Category:Civil wars]]		[[Category:Civil wars]]

imported>Soranin at 04:14, 30 October 2025

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	==History==		==History==
	Following the signing of the {{Wiki\|Treaty of Brundisium}}, which ended an attempted farmer uprising led by Antonius' brother {{Wiki\|Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)\|Lucius}}, control of the Roman Republic was divided between each of the triumvirs. Octavian claimed control of the west, including the territories of [[Italy]], [[France\|Gaul]], and [[Spain\|Iberia]]; Antonius ruled in the east, including the provinces of [[Makedonia]], [[Turkey\|Asia]], and [[Levant\|Syria]]; and {{Wiki\|~~Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)\|Marcus~~ Lepidus}} was nominally given a strip of North [[Africa]].<ref>{{WP\|Second Triumvirate}}</ref> It was this environment that saw Antonius and Cleopatra enter into a romantic and political relationship.<ref name="Cleopatra & Antony">''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – [[Tours: Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt]]: "Cleopatra & Antony"</ref>		Following the signing of the {{Wiki\|Treaty of Brundisium}}, which ended an attempted farmer uprising led by Antonius' brother {{Wiki\|Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)\|Lucius}}, control of the Roman Republic was divided between each of the triumvirs. Octavian claimed control of the west, including the territories of [[Italy]], [[France\|Gaul]], and [[Spain\|Iberia]]; Antonius ruled in the east, including the provinces of [[Makedonia]], [[Turkey\|Asia]], and [[Levant\|Syria]]; and {{Wiki\|Lepidus}} was nominally given a strip of North [[Africa]].<ref>{{WP\|Second Triumvirate}}</ref> It was this environment that saw Antonius and Cleopatra enter into a romantic and political relationship.<ref name="Cleopatra & Antony">''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – [[Tours: Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt]]: "Cleopatra & Antony"</ref>

	Seeking to increase Egypt's domain, with the ultimate goal of creating a Ptolemaic empire centered around Alexandria, Cleopatra took Antonius on a [[boat]] tour of Egypt in the winter of 41 BCE to highlight the wealth and power she held as Pharaoh, and an alliance was made.<ref name="Cleopatra & Antony" /> However, while Antonius was occupied in Egypt, Octavian began gathering military and political power over him in Rome.<ref name="A New Egyptian Empire?">''Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt'' – Tours: Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: "A New Egyptian Empire?"</ref>		Seeking to increase Egypt's domain, with the ultimate goal of creating a Ptolemaic empire centered around Alexandria, Cleopatra took Antonius on a [[boat]] tour of Egypt in the winter of 41 BCE to highlight the wealth and power she held as Pharaoh, and an alliance was made.<ref name="Cleopatra & Antony" /> However, while Antonius was occupied in Egypt, Octavian began gathering military and political power over him in Rome.<ref name="A New Egyptian Empire?">''Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt'' – Tours: Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: "A New Egyptian Empire?"</ref>

imported>Gener4l Cl4ank4 at 20:43, 6 October 2025

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	Later, Cleopatra watched as her son trained with a [[soldier]] and was knocked down. She comforted him, telling the boy that every defeat was a chance to learn towards a victory, before they were interrupted by the sight of fires in the distance as Octavian closed in further.<ref name="ACOC 2">''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 2\|Issue #2]]</ref>		Later, Cleopatra watched as her son trained with a [[soldier]] and was knocked down. She comforted him, telling the boy that every defeat was a chance to learn towards a victory, before they were interrupted by the sight of fires in the distance as Octavian closed in further.<ref name="ACOC 2">''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 2\|Issue #2]]</ref>

	As Octavian rapidly approached, Cleopatra was confronted one last time by the [[Roman Hidden Ones\|Roman Hidden One]] [[Amunet]] in the [[Ptolemaic Royal Palace]]. There, her former agent and friend implored her to resign to Octavian's victory, to which the pharaoh acquiesced on the condition that Amunet take Caesarion with her and train him as a [[Assassins\|Hidden One]]. Amunet handed her [[poison]] by which to commit suicide and left with Caesarion. Once Cleopatra was certain that her son was safe and far away, she thanked her servant [[Akila]] before consuming the poison. Within moments, Cleopatra was dead.<ref name="ACOC 4">''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 4\|Issue #4]]</ref>		As Octavian rapidly approached, Cleopatra was confronted one last time by the [[Roman Hidden Ones\|Roman Hidden One]] [[Amunet]] in the [[Ptolemaic Royal Palace]]. There, her former agent and friend implored her to resign to Octavian's victory, to which the pharaoh acquiesced on the condition that Amunet take Caesarion with her and train him as a [[Assassins\|Hidden One]]. Amunet handed her [[poison]] by which to commit suicide and left with Caesarion. Once Cleopatra was certain that her son was safe and far away, she thanked her servant [[Akila]] for her loyalty before consuming the poison. Within moments, Cleopatra was dead.<ref name="ACOC 4">''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 4\|Issue #4]]</ref>

	==Aftermath==		==Aftermath==

imported>Gener4l Cl4ank4 at 20:32, 6 October 2025

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	To avoid the outcry that would come from attacking a Roman, Octavian convinced the Roman Senate to declare war against Egypt, on the grounds that Cleopatra was corrupting Antonius into losing the Roman ways. In response, Antonius and Cleopatra assembled a fleet with their combined forces, only to be defeated at Actium in 31 BCE, after which Antonius committed suicide. Octavian sailed to Egypt and arrived in 30 BCE to confront Cleopatra.<ref name="War With Rome" />		To avoid the outcry that would come from attacking a Roman, Octavian convinced the Roman Senate to declare war against Egypt, on the grounds that Cleopatra was corrupting Antonius into losing the Roman ways. In response, Antonius and Cleopatra assembled a fleet with their combined forces, only to be defeated at Actium in 31 BCE, after which Antonius committed suicide. Octavian sailed to Egypt and arrived in 30 BCE to confront Cleopatra.<ref name="War With Rome" />

	With Antonius dead and her fate sealed, Cleopatra made her final stand in Alexandria, where she trained [[Caesarion]] to fight. On 12 August 30 BCE, as Octavian's army seized Alexandria, Cleopatra survived an assassination attempt by one of Octavian's messengers and had her killed.<ref name="ACOC 1">[[Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic)\|''Assassin's Creed: Origins'']] – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 1\|Issue #1]]</ref> Later, Cleopatra watched as her son trained with a [[soldier]] and was knocked down. She comforted him, telling the boy that every defeat was a chance to learn towards a victory, before they were interrupted by the sight of fires in the distance as Octavian closed in further.<ref name="ACOC 2">''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 2\|Issue #2]]</ref>		With Antonius dead and her fate sealed, Cleopatra made her final stand in Alexandria, where she trained her son [[Caesarion]] to fight. On 12 August 30 BCE, as Octavian's army seized Alexandria, Cleopatra survived an assassination attempt by one of Octavian's messengers and had her killed.<ref name="ACOC 1">[[Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic)\|''Assassin's Creed: Origins'']] – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 1\|Issue #1]]</ref>

	As Octavian rapidly approached, Cleopatra was confronted one last time by the [[Roman Hidden Ones\|Roman Hidden One]] [[Amunet]] in the [[Ptolemaic Royal Palace]]. There, her former agent implored her to resign to Octavian's victory, to which the pharaoh acquiesced on the condition that Amunet take Caesarion with her and train him as a [[Assassins\|Hidden One]]. Amunet handed her [[poison]] by which to commit suicide and left with Caesarion. Once Cleopatra was certain that her son was ~~gone~~ and far away, she thanked her servant [[Akila]] before consuming the poison. Within moments, Cleopatra was dead.<ref name="ACOC 4">''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 4\|Issue #4]]</ref>		Later, Cleopatra watched as her son trained with a [[soldier]] and was knocked down. She comforted him, telling the boy that every defeat was a chance to learn towards a victory, before they were interrupted by the sight of fires in the distance as Octavian closed in further.<ref name="ACOC 2">''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 2\|Issue #2]]</ref>

			As Octavian rapidly approached, Cleopatra was confronted one last time by the [[Roman Hidden Ones\|Roman Hidden One]] [[Amunet]] in the [[Ptolemaic Royal Palace]]. There, her former agent and friend implored her to resign to Octavian's victory, to which the pharaoh acquiesced on the condition that Amunet take Caesarion with her and train him as a [[Assassins\|Hidden One]]. Amunet handed her [[poison]] by which to commit suicide and left with Caesarion. Once Cleopatra was certain that her son was safe and far away, she thanked her servant [[Akila]] before consuming the poison. Within moments, Cleopatra was dead.<ref name="ACOC 4">''Assassin's Creed: Origins'' – [[Assassin's Creed: Origins 4\|Issue #4]]</ref>

	==Aftermath==		==Aftermath==
	With his rivals ~~now~~ dead or on the run, Octavian set about seizing control of the entire republic and conquered Egypt in the immediate years after the war, transforming it into an empire. In 30 BCE, Egypt was established as a {{Wiki\|Roman Egypt\|new Roman province}} to provide grain to feed the Roman [[Civilian\|citizenry]]. Three years later, Octavian was renamed Augustus by the Senate and given unprecedented powers concentrated to the office he held of ''{{Wiki\|Princeps}}'', starting a tradition that would evolve into the future ruling of Rome and its lands through Emperors.<ref name="Wiki"/>		With his rivals dead or on the run, Octavian set about seizing control of the entire republic and conquered Egypt in the immediate years after the war, transforming it into an empire. In 30 BCE, Egypt was established as a {{Wiki\|Roman Egypt\|new Roman province}} to provide grain to feed the Roman [[Civilian\|citizenry]]. Three years later, Octavian was renamed Augustus by the Senate and given unprecedented powers concentrated to the office he held of ''{{Wiki\|Princeps}}'', starting a tradition that would evolve into the future ruling of Rome and its lands through Emperors.<ref name="Wiki"/>

	==Appearances==		==Appearances==

imported>Gener4l Cl4ank4 at 20:30, 6 October 2025

2025-10-06T20:30:25Z

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	{{Era\|Timeline}}{{WP-REAL}}		{{Era\|Timeline}}{{WP-REAL}}
	{{Quote\|But anyone can see what's happening here. Alexandria is burning to the ground. Egyptians are dying, fighting for a war they cannot win. A war '''you''' cannot win.\|Amunet to Cleopatra on the war, 30 BCE.\|Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic) \|Assassin's Creed: Origins 4}}		{{Quote\|But anyone can see what's happening here. Alexandria is burning to the ground. Egyptians are dying, fighting for a war they cannot win. A war '''you''' cannot win.\|Amunet to Cleopatra, regarding the war, 30 BCE.\|Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic)\|Assassin's Creed: Origins 4}}
	{{Battle Infobox		{{Battle Infobox
	\|prev=[[Liberators' civil war]]		\|prev=[[Liberators' civil war]]
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	Utilizing Rome's vast resources, Octavian mounted a propaganda campaign to turn public sentient against the couple.<ref name="War With Rome">''Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt'' – Tours: Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: "War With Rome"</ref> This process was hastened on hearing that Antonius had not only divorced Octavian's sister [[Octavia]] to marry Cleopatra after fathering the children {{Wiki\|Alexander Helios}}, {{Wiki\|Cleopatra Selene II}}, and {{Wiki\|Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)\|Ptolemy Philadelphus}}, but had also {{Wiki\|Donations of Alexandria\|gifted}} large swathes of Roman territory to Cleopatra and her family.<ref name="Wiki"/>		Utilizing Rome's vast resources, Octavian mounted a propaganda campaign to turn public sentient against the couple.<ref name="War With Rome">''Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt'' – Tours: Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: "War With Rome"</ref> This process was hastened on hearing that Antonius had not only divorced Octavian's sister [[Octavia]] to marry Cleopatra after fathering the children {{Wiki\|Alexander Helios}}, {{Wiki\|Cleopatra Selene II}}, and {{Wiki\|Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)\|Ptolemy Philadelphus}}, but had also {{Wiki\|Donations of Alexandria\|gifted}} large swathes of Roman territory to Cleopatra and her family.<ref name="Wiki"/>

			[[File:ACOc - Alexandria under siege.png\|thumb\|220px\|left\|Cleopatra witnessing Octavian's army besieging Alexandria]]
	To avoid the outcry that would come from attacking a Roman, Octavian convinced the Roman Senate to declare war against Egypt, on the grounds that Cleopatra was corrupting Antonius into losing the Roman ways. In response, Antonius and Cleopatra assembled a fleet with their combined forces, only to be defeated at Actium in 31 BCE, after which Antonius committed suicide. Octavian sailed to Egypt and arrived in 30 BCE to confront Cleopatra.<ref name="War With Rome" />		To avoid the outcry that would come from attacking a Roman, Octavian convinced the Roman Senate to declare war against Egypt, on the grounds that Cleopatra was corrupting Antonius into losing the Roman ways. In response, Antonius and Cleopatra assembled a fleet with their combined forces, only to be defeated at Actium in 31 BCE, after which Antonius committed suicide. Octavian sailed to Egypt and arrived in 30 BCE to confront Cleopatra.<ref name="War With Rome" />

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	[[Category:Timeline]]		[[Category:Timeline]]
			[[Category:Wars]]
	[[Category:Civil wars]]		[[Category:Civil wars]]

imported>Gener4l Cl4ank4 at 15:09, 4 October 2025

2025-10-04T15:09:48Z

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	\|commanders2 = Marcus Antonius †<br>[[Cleopatra]] †		\|commanders2 = Marcus Antonius †<br>[[Cleopatra]] †
	}}		}}
	The '''War of Actium''' (32 – 30 BCE) was a civil war which pitted [[Marcus Antonius]] against [[Octavian]], whose victory secured his transformation of the [[Roman Republic]] into an [[Roman Empire\|empire]]. The two rivals had previously been allies as part of the {{Wiki\|Second Triumvirate}}, by which they made common cause to avenge the [[Assassination of Julius Caesar\|assassination]] of the ''{{Wiki\|dictator perpetuo}}'' [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]. Their success against Caesar's assassins in the [[Liberators' civil war]] did not bring lasting peace to the republic, as the pair's political ambitions clashed with one another once their common enemies had been eliminated.<ref name="Wiki">{{WP\|War of Actium}}</ref>		The '''War of Actium''' (32 – 30 BCE) was a civil war which pitted [[Marcus Antonius]] against [[Octavian]], whose victory secured his transformation of the [[Roman Republic]] into an [[Roman Empire\|empire]].

			The two rivals had previously been allies as part of the {{Wiki\|Second Triumvirate}}, by which they made common cause to avenge the [[Assassination of Julius Caesar\|assassination]] of the ''{{Wiki\|dictator perpetuo}}'' [[Gaius Julius Caesar]]. Their success against Caesar's assassins in the [[Liberators' civil war]] did not bring lasting peace to the republic, as the pair's political ambitions clashed with one another once their common enemies had been eliminated.<ref name="Wiki">{{WP\|War of Actium}}</ref>

	In 32 BCE, a love affair between Antonius and the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]'s last [[pharaoh]] [[Cleopatra]] gave Octavian the ammunition needed to persuade a majority of the {{Wiki\|Roman Senate}} to side with him against his rival. The Senate declared war on Cleopatra, an act which Octavian correctly predicted would draw Antonius to her defense and give him the pretext for the civil war. At the naval [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BCE, Octavian's fleet inflicted a decisive defeat on Cleopatra and Antonius' combined forces, forcing the two to retreat to the [[Egypt]]ian capital of [[Alexandria]], where they committed suicide the following year. The war eliminated the last obstacles to Octavian's monopolization of power, allowing him to become the first Roman Emperor in 27 BCE.		In 32 BCE, a love affair between Antonius and the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]'s last [[pharaoh]] [[Cleopatra]] gave Octavian the ammunition needed to persuade a majority of the {{Wiki\|Roman Senate}} to side with him against his rival. The Senate declared war on Cleopatra, an act which Octavian correctly predicted would draw Antonius to her defense and give him the pretext for the civil war. At the naval [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BCE, Octavian's fleet inflicted a decisive defeat on Cleopatra and Antonius' combined forces, forcing the two to retreat to the [[Egypt]]ian capital of [[Alexandria]], where they committed suicide the following year. The war eliminated the last obstacles to Octavian's monopolization of power, allowing him to become the first Roman Emperor in 27 BCE.