User:Sol Pacificus/Notes – Italian republics - Revision history

imported>Sol Pacificus at 23:35, 28 May 2023

2023-05-28T23:35:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:35, 29 May 2023
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	===First republic system (1328–1494)===		===First republic system (1328–1494)===
	====~~Procedure~~====		====Electoral system====
	:1. ''Nominatori'' (preselection committee) nominates candidates for magistracies from among all Florentine citizens (i.e. tax-paying adult men)		:1. ''Nominatori'' (preselection committee) nominates candidates for magistracies from among all Florentine citizens (i.e. tax-paying adult men)
	:*The Florentine aristocracy controlled who got to be members of the ''nominatori''.		:*The Florentine aristocracy controlled who got to be members of the ''nominatori''.
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	*[[Girolamo Savonarola]] favoured elections and changed the membership of the ''Signoria'' to be elected rather than chosen by lot.		*[[Girolamo Savonarola]] favoured elections and changed the membership of the ''Signoria'' to be elected rather than chosen by lot.

	====~~Procedure~~====		====Electoral system====
	:1. ''Nominatori'' nominates candidates for magistracies from among all Florentine citizens.		:1. ''Nominatori'' nominates candidates for magistracies from among all Florentine citizens.
	:*The ''nominatori'' are chosen by lot from among the members of the Great Council.		:*The ''nominatori'' are chosen by lot from among the members of the Great Council.
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	==Republic of Venice==		==Republic of Venice==
	===~~Procedure~~===		The '''Doge''' was the head of state.

			The '''Great Council''' was the general assembly and a successor of the earlier popular assembly, the ''{{wiki\|Concio}}''.
			*Originally its membership was more open to free citizens, but local elite anxieties over the inclusion of the ''nouveau riche'', foreign immigrants, and returning Venetian expats led to the ''{{wiki\|Serrata}}'', or "closing" of the Great Council, in 1297. The Great Council was then expanded to include some local established Venetian families of more common origins and returning Venetians—doubling in size—before its membership became permanently hereditary. Henceforth, the members of the Great Council became the Venetian nobility.
			*An unusual social stratification of this nobility developed over time, with some becoming poor (called the {{wiki\|Barnabotti}}) and never getting the real chance to become magistrates, all while legally retaining their hereditary status on the Great Council. Instead, a narrower elite group of Great Councilors continuously circulated the magistracies among themselves.
			*Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that Venice never had a true aristocracy because the nobility themselves were of the people, i.e. the "nobility" of Venice were somewhat synonymous with its citizenry.

			===Electoral system===
			====Magistrates====
	:1. The ''nominatori'' nominates candidates for most offices.*		:1. The ''nominatori'' nominates candidates for most offices.*
	:*The ''nominatori'' are chosen by lot from among Venetian citizens.		:*The ''nominatori'' are chosen by lot from among Venetian citizens.
	:2. The Great Council elects by secret ballot magistrates from among these candidates ''immediately'' after the candidates are announced, to allow no time for either campaigning or political maneuvers.		:2. The Great Council elects by secret ballot magistrates from among these candidates ''immediately'' after the candidates are announced, to allow no time for either campaigning or political maneuvers.
	*Membership in the Great Council is itself hereditary, based on the descendants of members elected at the time of the ''Serrata'', the "closing' of the Council, in 1297. Nobility = member of the Great Council.
	*Only members of the Great Council were citizens to begin with? [Needs to be fact-checked] But Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that Venice was not a true aristocracy because the nobles themselves were synonymous with the people because even many of these nobles of the Great Council had empty power. Most of them never were able to attain office because even a narrower elite circulated magistracies among each other—all without a tampering of the electoral process.
	*Venice had a reputation in its heyday as the paradigm of elective government, in contrast to Florence who used lot in the final selection of leaders, but its elections only ever produced the same elites in power.		*Venice had a reputation in its heyday as the paradigm of elective government, in contrast to Florence who used lot in the final selection of leaders, but its elections only ever produced the same elites in power.

	==Sources==		==Sources==
	*''The Principles of Representative Government'' (1997) by Bernard Manin		*''The Principles of Representative Government'' (1997) by Bernard Manin

imported>Sol Pacificus at 19:25, 28 May 2023

2023-05-28T19:25:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:25, 28 May 2023
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	*Only members of the Great Council were citizens to begin with? [Needs to be fact-checked] But Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that Venice was not a true aristocracy because the nobles themselves were synonymous with the people because even many of these nobles of the Great Council had empty power. Most of them never were able to attain office because even a narrower elite circulated magistracies among each other—all without a tampering of the electoral process.		*Only members of the Great Council were citizens to begin with? [Needs to be fact-checked] But Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that Venice was not a true aristocracy because the nobles themselves were synonymous with the people because even many of these nobles of the Great Council had empty power. Most of them never were able to attain office because even a narrower elite circulated magistracies among each other—all without a tampering of the electoral process.
	*Venice had a reputation in its heyday as the paradigm of elective government, in contrast to Florence who used lot in the final selection of leaders, but its elections only ever produced the same elites in power.		*Venice had a reputation in its heyday as the paradigm of elective government, in contrast to Florence who used lot in the final selection of leaders, but its elections only ever produced the same elites in power.

			==Sources==
			*''The Principles of Representative Government'' (1997) by Bernard Manin

imported>Sol Pacificus: /* Republic of Florence */

2023-05-28T18:57:34Z

Republic of Florence

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:57, 28 May 2023
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	The ''Ottimati'' Guiciardini argued that a ''republic'' is defined by:		The ''Ottimati'' Guiciardini argued that a ''republic'' is defined by:
	:(a) Equality before the law ~~of all citizens~~.<br>		:(a) Equality before the law.<br>
	:(b) Equal access to public office.<br>		:(b) Equal access to public office.<br>
	But he ranked (a) above (b). He favoured election over lot because "they select the best while still leaving up to the people to discern who are the best". He argued:		But he ranked (a) above (b). He favoured election over lot because "they select the best while still leaving up to the people to discern who are the best". He argued:
	*Governance should not be left at random to individuals who might be only adequate at the job.		*Governance should not be left at random to individuals who might be only adequate at the job.
	*That elections apparently tended to preserve public office for the elite was not a problem; this only meant the people judged these elite to be meritorious.		*That elections apparently tended to preserve public office for the elite was not a problem; this only meant the people judged these elite to be meritorious.
	*It is not for individuals to decide for themselves if they think they Re deserving of office. The people have the best judgement.		*It is not for individuals to decide for themselves if they think they are deserving of office. The people have the best judgement.
	*Was he only able to use this line of argument because it happened to favour elite interests?		*Was he only able to use this line of argument because it happened to favour elite interests?

imported>Sol Pacificus: /* Republic of Venice */

2023-05-28T18:54:04Z

Republic of Venice

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:54, 28 May 2023
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	===Procedure===		===Procedure===
	:1. The ''nominatori'' nominates candidates for most offices.*		:1. The ''nominatori'' nominates candidates for most offices.*
	:*The ''nominatori'' are chosen by lot.		:*The ''nominatori'' are chosen by lot from among Venetian citizens.
	:2. The Great Council elects by secret ballot magistrates from among these candidates ''immediately'' after the candidates are announced, to allow no time for either campaigning or political maneuvers.		:2. The Great Council elects by secret ballot magistrates from among these candidates ''immediately'' after the candidates are announced, to allow no time for either campaigning or political maneuvers.
	*Membership in the Great Council is itself hereditary, based on the descendants of members elected at the time of the ''Serrata'', the "closing' of the Council, in 1297. Nobility = member of the Great Council.		*Membership in the Great Council is itself hereditary, based on the descendants of members elected at the time of the ''Serrata'', the "closing' of the Council, in 1297. Nobility = member of the Great Council.
	*Only members of the Great Council were citizens to begin with? But Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that Venice was not a true aristocracy because ~~The~~ the nobles themselves were synonymous with the people because even many of these nobles of the Great Council had empty power. Most of them never were able to attain office because even a narrower elite circulated magistracies among each other—all without a tampering of the electoral process.		*Only members of the Great Council were citizens to begin with? [Needs to be fact-checked] But Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that Venice was not a true aristocracy because the nobles themselves were synonymous with the people because even many of these nobles of the Great Council had empty power. Most of them never were able to attain office because even a narrower elite circulated magistracies among each other—all without a tampering of the electoral process.
	*Venice had a reputation in its heyday as the paradigm of elective government, in contrast to Florence who used lot in the final selection of leaders, but its elections only ever produced the same elites in power.		*Venice had a reputation in its heyday as the paradigm of elective government, in contrast to Florence who used lot in the final selection of leaders, but its elections only ever produced the same elites in power.

imported>Sol Pacificus at 18:50, 28 May 2023

2023-05-28T18:50:25Z

imported>Sol Pacificus: Created page with ";Vocabulary '''Magistrate''': any of the highest offices of government, ''not'' as in a judicial officer as some modern governments like to use it '''{wiki|sortition|Lot}}''': drawing a name at random out of a bag. ==Republic of Florence== Two factions: '''''Ottimati''''': the aristocrats '''''Popolani''''': the lower-class, including merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers The ''Ottimati'' Guiciardini argued that a ''republic'' is defined by: (a) Equality before the la..."

2023-05-28T18:46:55Z

Created page with ";Vocabulary '''Magistrate''': any of the highest offices of government, ''not'' as in a judicial officer as some modern governments like to use it '''{wiki|sortition|Lot}}''': drawing a name at random out of a bag. ==Republic of Florence== Two factions: *'''''Ottimati''''': the aristocrats *'''''Popolani''''': the lower-class, including merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers The ''Ottimati'' Guiciardini argued that a ''republic'' is defined by: (a) Equality before the la..."

Páàjì titun

;Vocabulary
'''Magistrate''': any of the highest offices of government, ''not'' as in a judicial officer as some modern governments like to use it
'''{wiki|sortition|Lot}}''': drawing a name at random out of a bag.

==Republic of Florence==
Two factions:
*'''''Ottimati''''': the aristocrats
*'''''Popolani''''': the lower-class, including merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers

The ''Ottimati'' Guiciardini argued that a ''republic'' is defined by:
(a) Equality before the law of all citizens.
(b) Equal access to public office.
But he ranked (a) above (b). He favoured election over lot because "they select the best while still leaving up to the people to discern who are the best". He argued:
*Governance should not be left at random to individuals who might be only adequate at the job.
*That elections apparently tended to preserve public office for the elite was not a problem; this only meant the people judged these elite to be meritorious.
*It is not for individuals to decide for themselves if they think they Re deserving of office. The people have the best judgement.
*Was he only able to use this line of argument because it happened to favour elite interests?

===First republic system (1328–1494)===
====Procedure====
#''Nominatori'' (preselection committee) nominates candidates for magistracies from among all Florentine citizens (i.e. tax-paying adult men)
:*The Florentine aristocracy controlled who got to be members of the ''nominatori''.
#Candidates are "scrutinized" (''squittino''), i.e. approved or rejected by a second committee, the ''arrotti''.
:*The ''arrotti'' are elected by a group of Florentine citizens. This group of Florentine citizens are themselves chosen by lot.
#Magistrates are selected by lot from among the candidates who passed the scrutiny.

===Second republic system (1494–1512, 1537–1530)===
A '''Great Council''' was established. It was composed of:
*Citizens who had either had passed the scrutiny the three most prestigious magistracies. (i.e. the ''Signoria'', the 12 ''Buoni Huomini'', the 16 ''Gonfalonieri'')
*Citizens whose fathers or grandfathers had passed the scrutiny for any of these three offices.
*Citizens elected by the Great Council every 3 years. Candidates had to be taxpaying men who held some office in the past.
*c. 1500, the Great Council had 3000 members out of a population of 70,000 (including women and children).

Both the ''Ottimati'' and the ''popolani'' wanted to reform the system to favour themselves, but ironically, neither could figure out what combination of lot and election would help them.
*The ''Ottimati'' first favoured lot because they thought elections would favour the Medici, then changed their position to elections.
*The ''Popolani'' initially favoured elections, then changed their position to lots.
*[[Girolamo Savonarola]] favoured elections and changed the membership of the ''Signoria'' to be elected rather than chosen by lot.

====Procedure====
#''Nominatori'' nominates candidates for magistracies from among all Florentine citizens.
:*The ''nominatori'' are chosen by lot from among the members of the Great Council.
#Candidates are "scrutinized" (''squittino''), i.e. approved or rejected by a second committee, the ''arrotti''.
:*The ''arrotti'' are elected by a group of Florentine citizens. This group of Florentine citizens are themselves chosen by lot.
#Magistrates are selected by lot from among the candidates who passed the scrutiny.

==Republic of Venice==
===Procedure===
#The ''nominatori'' nominates candidates for most offices.*
:*The ''nominatori'' are chosen by lot.
#The Great Council elects by secret ballot magistrates from among these candidates ''immediately'' after the candidates are announced, to allow no time for either campaigning or political maneuvers.
*Membership in the Great Council is itself hereditary, based on the descendants of members elected at the time of the ''Serrata'', the "closing' of the Council, in 1297. Nobility = member of the Great Council.
*Only members of the Great Council were citizens to begin with? But Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that Venice was not a true aristocracy because The the nobles themselves were synonymous with the people because even many of these nobles of the Great Council had empty power. Most of them never were able to attain office because even a narrower elite circulated magistracies among each other—all without a tampering of the electoral process.
*Venice had a reputation in its heyday as the paradigm of elective government, in contrast to Florence who used lot in the final selection of leaders, but its elections only ever produced the same elites in power.

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:50, 28 May 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~;Vocabulary~~		'''Magistrate''': any of the highest offices of government, ''not'' as in a judicial officer as some modern governments like to use it<br>
	'''Magistrate''': any of the highest offices of government, ''not'' as in a judicial officer as some modern governments like to use it		'''{{wiki\|sortition\|Lot}}''': drawing a name at random out of a bag.
	'''{wiki\|sortition\|Lot}}''': drawing a name at random out of a bag.

	==Republic of Florence==		==Republic of Florence==
Line 9:		Line 8:

	The ''Ottimati'' Guiciardini argued that a ''republic'' is defined by:		The ''Ottimati'' Guiciardini argued that a ''republic'' is defined by:
	(a) Equality before the law of all citizens.		:(a) Equality before the law of all citizens.<br>
	(b) Equal access to public office.		:(b) Equal access to public office.<br>
	But he ranked (a) above (b). He favoured election over lot because "they select the best while still leaving up to the people to discern who are the best". He argued:		But he ranked (a) above (b). He favoured election over lot because "they select the best while still leaving up to the people to discern who are the best". He argued:
	*Governance should not be left at random to individuals who might be only adequate at the job.		*Governance should not be left at random to individuals who might be only adequate at the job.
Line 19:		Line 18:
	===First republic system (1328–1494)===		===First republic system (1328–1494)===
	====Procedure====		====Procedure====
	#''Nominatori'' (preselection committee) nominates candidates for magistracies from among all Florentine citizens (i.e. tax-paying adult men)		:1. ''Nominatori'' (preselection committee) nominates candidates for magistracies from among all Florentine citizens (i.e. tax-paying adult men)
	:*The Florentine aristocracy controlled who got to be members of the ''nominatori''.		:*The Florentine aristocracy controlled who got to be members of the ''nominatori''.
	#Candidates are "scrutinized" (''squittino''), i.e. approved or rejected by a second committee, the ''arrotti''.		:2. Candidates are "scrutinized" (''squittino''), i.e. approved or rejected by a second committee, the ''arrotti''.
	:*The ''arrotti'' are elected by a group of Florentine citizens. This group of Florentine citizens are themselves chosen by lot.		:*The ''arrotti'' are elected by a group of Florentine citizens. This group of Florentine citizens are themselves chosen by lot.
	#Magistrates are selected by lot from among the candidates who passed the scrutiny.		:3. Magistrates are selected by lot from among the candidates who passed the scrutiny.

	===Second republic system (1494–1512, 1537–1530)===		===Second republic system (1494–1512, 1537–1530)===
Line 38:		Line 37:

	====Procedure====		====Procedure====
	#''Nominatori'' nominates candidates for magistracies from among all Florentine citizens.		:1. ''Nominatori'' nominates candidates for magistracies from among all Florentine citizens.
	:*The ''nominatori'' are chosen by lot from among the members of the Great Council.		:*The ''nominatori'' are chosen by lot from among the members of the Great Council.
	#Candidates are "scrutinized" (''squittino''), i.e. approved or rejected by a second committee, the ''arrotti''.		:2. Candidates are "scrutinized" (''squittino''), i.e. approved or rejected by a second committee, the ''arrotti''.
	:*The ''arrotti'' are elected by a group of Florentine citizens. This group of Florentine citizens are themselves chosen by lot.		:*The ''arrotti'' are elected by a group of Florentine citizens. This group of Florentine citizens are themselves chosen by lot.
	#Magistrates are selected by lot from among the candidates who passed the scrutiny.		:3. Magistrates are selected by lot from among the candidates who passed the scrutiny.

	==Republic of Venice==		==Republic of Venice==
	===Procedure===		===Procedure===
	#The ''nominatori'' nominates candidates for most offices.*		:1. The ''nominatori'' nominates candidates for most offices.*
	:*The ''nominatori'' are chosen by lot.		:*The ''nominatori'' are chosen by lot.
	#The Great Council elects by secret ballot magistrates from among these candidates ''immediately'' after the candidates are announced, to allow no time for either campaigning or political maneuvers.		:2. The Great Council elects by secret ballot magistrates from among these candidates ''immediately'' after the candidates are announced, to allow no time for either campaigning or political maneuvers.
	*Membership in the Great Council is itself hereditary, based on the descendants of members elected at the time of the ''Serrata'', the "closing' of the Council, in 1297. Nobility = member of the Great Council.		*Membership in the Great Council is itself hereditary, based on the descendants of members elected at the time of the ''Serrata'', the "closing' of the Council, in 1297. Nobility = member of the Great Council.
	*Only members of the Great Council were citizens to begin with? But Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that Venice was not a true aristocracy because The the nobles themselves were synonymous with the people because even many of these nobles of the Great Council had empty power. Most of them never were able to attain office because even a narrower elite circulated magistracies among each other—all without a tampering of the electoral process.		*Only members of the Great Council were citizens to begin with? But Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that Venice was not a true aristocracy because The the nobles themselves were synonymous with the people because even many of these nobles of the Great Council had empty power. Most of them never were able to attain office because even a narrower elite circulated magistracies among each other—all without a tampering of the electoral process.
	*Venice had a reputation in its heyday as the paradigm of elective government, in contrast to Florence who used lot in the final selection of leaders, but its elections only ever produced the same elites in power.		*Venice had a reputation in its heyday as the paradigm of elective government, in contrast to Florence who used lot in the final selection of leaders, but its elections only ever produced the same elites in power.