Historic Personage Sheets - Revision history

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	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
	[[zh:历史人物信息编制表]]		<!--[zh:历史人物信息编制表]-->
	[[Category:Documents]]		[[Category:Documents]]

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	To most, the "storming of the Bastille" represents the toppling of a vile institution due to the righteous outrage of the people, thus liberating dozens (perhaps hundreds) of innocent commoners unjustly imprisoned. The reality is much more banal.		To most, the "storming of the Bastille" represents the toppling of a vile institution due to the righteous outrage of the people, thus liberating dozens (perhaps hundreds) of innocent commoners unjustly imprisoned. The reality is much more banal.

	The Bastille was a medieval fortress, built to defend the eastern approach of Paris from the English. As such, it saw its share of battles. Construction began in 1357 and continued from 1370 on. Though created to protect against the English, it was utilized in French internal conflicts as well. Declared a state prison in 1414, it continued to function as such under English occupation and then later under {{Wiki~~\|Louis XI of France~~\|Louis XI}} in the 1460s.		The Bastille was a medieval fortress, built to defend the eastern approach of Paris from the English. As such, it saw its share of battles. Construction began in 1357 and continued from 1370 on. Though created to protect against the English, it was utilized in French internal conflicts as well. Declared a state prison in 1414, it continued to function as such under English occupation and then later under {{Wiki\|Louis XI}} in the 1460s.

	The "Sun King", as [[Louis XIV of France\|Louis XIV]] was known, used the Bastille to imprison undesirable and inconvenient aristocrats. Under Louis XV and Louis XVI, the prison became more egalitarian in its housing of unwilling guests. Conditions were reasonably good, especially when compared to other prisons of the time. Meals were wholesome, and the Bastille provided good medical care for the inmates, including the mentally ill.		The "Sun King", as [[Louis XIV of France\|Louis XIV]] was known, used the Bastille to imprison undesirable and inconvenient aristocrats. Under Louis XV and Louis XVI, the prison became more egalitarian in its housing of unwilling guests. Conditions were reasonably good, especially when compared to other prisons of the time. Meals were wholesome, and the Bastille provided good medical care for the inmates, including the mentally ill.

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Historic Personage Sheets

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	Upon learning about the origins and upbringing of Louis XVI, one cannot help but wonder if his unfortunate destiny was inevitable. He seemed to have been both born and raised to be remarkably mediocre.		Upon learning about the origins and upbringing of Louis XVI, one cannot help but wonder if his unfortunate destiny was inevitable. He seemed to have been both born and raised to be remarkably mediocre.

	His name at birth was Louis August de France. He was never expected to become king, as he was the third son of {{Wiki\|Louis, Dauphin of France (~~1729–1765~~)\|Louis, Dauphin of France}}, and grandson of [[Louis XV of France\|Louis XV]]. Most of his parents' attention went to his oldest brother and heir to the throne, {{Wiki\|Louis, Duke of Burgundy (~~1751–1761~~)\|Louis duc de Bourgogne}}. Unfortunately, the young heir died of tuberculosis at age 9 in 1761. Four years later, his father also died from the same disease, and young Louis Auguste became Dauphin at age 11. His {{Wiki\|Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France\|mother}} never recovered from the shock of losing both her eldest son and then her husband, and tuberculosis claimed her as well in 1767.		His name at birth was Louis August de France. He was never expected to become king, as he was the third son of {{Wiki\|Louis, Dauphin of France (born 1729)\|Louis, Dauphin of France}}, and grandson of [[Louis XV of France\|Louis XV]]. Most of his parents' attention went to his oldest brother and heir to the throne, {{Wiki\|Louis, Duke of Burgundy (born 1751)\|Louis duc de Bourgogne}}. Unfortunately, the young heir died of tuberculosis at age 9 in 1761. Four years later, his father also died from the same disease, and young Louis Auguste became Dauphin at age 11. His {{Wiki\|Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France\|mother}} never recovered from the shock of losing both her eldest son and then her husband, and tuberculosis claimed her as well in 1767.

	Largely ignored as a child, Louis' tutors did him no service by encouraging a natural shyness. They taught him that "austerity" and aloofness were desirable traits in a king and denoted strong character instead of encouraging him to be personable and decisive.		Largely ignored as a child, Louis' tutors did him no service by encouraging a natural shyness. They taught him that "austerity" and aloofness were desirable traits in a king and denoted strong character instead of encouraging him to be personable and decisive.

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	"Is this a revolt?" he was said to have asked.		"Is this a revolt?" he was said to have asked.

	"No, sir," the {{Wiki\|François ~~Alexandre Frédéric~~, ~~duc de la~~ Rochefoucauld~~-Liancourt~~\|Duke of Rochefoucauld-Liancourt}} replied. "It's a revolution".		"No, sir," the {{Wiki\|François de La Rochefoucauld, 7th Duke of La Rochefoucauld\|Duke of Rochefoucauld-Liancourt}} replied. "It's a revolution".

	The royal family was forcibly transferred from [[Versailles]] to [[Paris]] on October 7, 1789. Ignoring advice from his advisors, Louis first refused to abdicate, then agreed to an [[Flight to Varennes\|escape attempt]]. The family was again brought back to Paris. Suspicions of treason led to the capture of the royal palace. The [[First French Republic]] was proclaimed on September 21, 1792, and that November, evidence was discovered that proved suspicions of treason on Louis' part to be correct.		The royal family was forcibly transferred from [[Versailles]] to [[Paris]] on October 7, 1789. Ignoring advice from his advisors, Louis first refused to abdicate, then agreed to an [[Flight to Varennes\|escape attempt]]. The family was again brought back to Paris. Suspicions of treason led to the capture of the royal palace. The [[First French Republic]] was proclaimed on September 21, 1792, and that November, evidence was discovered that proved suspicions of treason on Louis' part to be correct.

imported>Soranin: /* Historic Personage Sheets */

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Historic Personage Sheets

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	One of the world's greatest military leaders and the emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769, on [[Corsica]], an island in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. At the time of Napoleon's birth, Corsica was occupied by the French, and there was a strong resistance movement. {{Wiki\|Carlo Buonaparte}}, Napoleon's father, had at first supported the nationalist leader, {{Wiki\|Pasquale Paoli}}. Bonaparte eventually switched his allegiance after Paoli was forced to flee Corsica.		One of the world's greatest military leaders and the emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769, on [[Corsica]], an island in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. At the time of Napoleon's birth, Corsica was occupied by the French, and there was a strong resistance movement. {{Wiki\|Carlo Buonaparte}}, Napoleon's father, had at first supported the nationalist leader, {{Wiki\|Pasquale Paoli}}. Bonaparte eventually switched his allegiance after Paoli was forced to flee Corsica.

	It was a wise decision, as Bonaparte was rewarded with a coveted position that enabled him to enroll his two sons, [[Joseph Bonaparte\|Joseph]] and Napoleon, in France's {{Wiki\|~~Collége~~ d'Autun}}. Napoleon ended up at the military college of {{Wiki\|Brienne-le-Château\|Brienne}}, studying there for five years before attending the [[École Militaire\|military academy]] in Paris. Upon his father's death, Napoleon graduated early from the military academy and returned to Corsica as second lieutenant of artillery.		It was a wise decision, as Bonaparte was rewarded with a coveted position that enabled him to enroll his two sons, [[Joseph Bonaparte\|Joseph]] and Napoleon, in France's {{Wiki\|Collège d'Autun}}. Napoleon ended up at the military college of {{Wiki\|Brienne-le-Château\|Brienne}}, studying there for five years before attending the [[École Militaire\|military academy]] in Paris. Upon his father's death, Napoleon graduated early from the military academy and returned to Corsica as second lieutenant of artillery.

	As his father had done, Napoleon became involved with the Corsican resistance, even siding with Pasquale Paoli. The alliance did not last. Civil war began in Corsica in April 1793, and—now Paoli's enemy—Napoleon adopted the French version of his name, "Bonaparte", and relocated to France.		As his father had done, Napoleon became involved with the Corsican resistance, even siding with Pasquale Paoli. The alliance did not last. Civil war began in Corsica in April 1793, and—now Paoli's enemy—Napoleon adopted the French version of his name, "Bonaparte", and relocated to France.

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imported>Soranin at 02:29, 15 June 2025

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	One of the world's greatest military leaders and the emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769, on [[Corsica]], an island in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. At the time of Napoleon's birth, Corsica was occupied by the French, and there was a strong resistance movement. {{Wiki\|Carlo Buonaparte}}, Napoleon's father, had at first supported the nationalist leader, {{Wiki\|Pasquale Paoli}}. Bonaparte eventually switched his allegiance after Paoli was forced to flee Corsica.<br>		One of the world's greatest military leaders and the emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769, on [[Corsica]], an island in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. At the time of Napoleon's birth, Corsica was occupied by the French, and there was a strong resistance movement. {{Wiki\|Carlo Buonaparte}}, Napoleon's father, had at first supported the nationalist leader, {{Wiki\|Pasquale Paoli}}. Bonaparte eventually switched his allegiance after Paoli was forced to flee Corsica.<br>
	It was a wise decision, as Bonaparte was rewarded with a coveted position that enabled him to enroll his two sons, [[Joseph Bonaparte\|Joseph]] and Napoleon, in France's {{Wiki\|Collége d'Autun}}. Napoleon ended up at the military college of {{Wiki\|Brienne-le-Château\|Brienne}}, studying there for five years before attending the [[École Militaire\|military academy]] in Paris. Upon his father's death, Napoleon graduated early from the military academy and returned to Corsica as second lieutenant of artillery.<br>		It was a wise decision, as Bonaparte was rewarded with a coveted position that enabled him to enroll his two sons, [[Joseph Bonaparte\|Joseph]] and Napoleon, in France's {{Wiki\|Collége d'Autun}}. Napoleon ended up at the military college of {{Wiki\|Brienne-le-Château\|Brienne}}, studying there for five years before attending the [[École Militaire\|military academy]] in Paris. Upon his father's death, Napoleon graduated early from the military academy and returned to Corsica as second lieutenant of artillery.<br>
	As his father had done, Napoleon became involved with the Corsican resistance, even siding with Pasquale Paoli. The alliance did not last. Civil war began in Corsica in April 1793, and - ~~know~~ Paoli's enemy - Napoleon adopted the French version of his name, "Bonaparte", and relocated to France.<br>		As his father had done, Napoleon became involved with the Corsican resistance, even siding with Pasquale Paoli. The alliance did not last. Civil war began in Corsica in April 1793, and - now Paoli's enemy - Napoleon adopted the French version of his name, "Bonaparte", and relocated to France.<br>
	He rejoined his regiment at {{Wiki\|Nice}} in June 1793, and gave his support to the radical Jacobin Club. By this time, France had been declared a republic, and King Louis XVI would have seven months to live. Napoleon and Robespierre had a falling out, but unlike many who did so, Napoleon managed to keep his head, in both senses of the word. The National Convention was dissolved, to be replaced by the [[Directory]], a body of five directors who held executive power. After [[13 Vendémiaire\|saving]] the government from counterrevolutionary forces in 1795, Napoleon was very popular with the Directory, and was named commander of the {{Wiki\|Army of the Interior}}. He also advised the Directory on military issues.<br>		He rejoined his regiment at {{Wiki\|Nice}} in June 1793, and gave his support to the radical Jacobin Club. By this time, France had been declared a republic, and King Louis XVI would have seven months to live. Napoleon and Robespierre had a falling out, but unlike many who did so, Napoleon managed to keep his head, in both senses of the word. The National Convention was dissolved, to be replaced by the [[Directory]], a body of five directors who held executive power. After [[13 Vendémiaire\|saving]] the government from counterrevolutionary forces in 1795, Napoleon was very popular with the Directory, and was named commander of the {{Wiki\|Army of the Interior}}. He also advised the Directory on military issues.<br>
	In 1796, Napoleon was placed at the head of the {{Wiki\|Army of Italy (France)\|Army of Italy}}. Under his firm hand, a group of a mere 30,000 men won several key victories against the Austrians, helping to expand the French empire and elevate Napoleon's reputation. That year, he also married [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]], the widow of General {{Wiki\|Alexandre de Beauharnais}}, who was executed during the Reign of Terror. Their relationship was passionate, but tempestuous.<br>		In 1796, Napoleon was placed at the head of the {{Wiki\|Army of Italy (France)\|Army of Italy}}. Under his firm hand, a group of a mere 30,000 men won several key victories against the Austrians, helping to expand the French empire and elevate Napoleon's reputation. That year, he also married [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]], the widow of General {{Wiki\|Alexandre de Beauharnais}}, who was executed during the Reign of Terror. Their relationship was passionate, but tempestuous.<br>

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Historic Personage Sheets

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	History has recorded that Jacques de Molay, 1244–1314, was the 23rd and final Grand Master of the Order of the Knights Templar. What is true is that he was the last to publicly be recognized as such.<br>		History has recorded that Jacques de Molay, 1244–1314, was the 23rd and final Grand Master of the Order of the Knights Templar. What is true is that he was the last to publicly be recognized as such.<br>
	Born in 1244, he lead the Order from April 1292 until its dissolution by [[Clement V\|Pope Clement V]]'s {{Wiki\|Pastoralis ~~Praeeminentiae~~\|order}} in 1307. Both de Molay's death as a heretic and the apparent destruction of the Order were the result of conspiracy and treachery.<br>		Born in 1244, he lead the Order from April 1292 until its dissolution by [[Clement V\|Pope Clement V]]'s {{Wiki\|Pastoralis praeeminentiae\|order}} in 1307. Both de Molay's death as a heretic and the apparent destruction of the Order were the result of conspiracy and treachery.<br>
	In 1305, Pope Clement V asked the leaders of the various military orders for their opinions on a new crusade and the merging of the orders. De Molay was against a merger. [[Philip IV of France\|Philip]], severely in debt to the Templars, was in favor of one—specifically, merging forces under his own command.<br>		In 1305, Pope Clement V asked the leaders of the various military orders for their opinions on a new crusade and the merging of the orders. De Molay was against a merger. [[Philip IV of France\|Philip]], severely in debt to the Templars, was in favor of one—specifically, merging forces under his own command.<br>
	Philip's ultimate goal was to disband the Templar, and and claim their wealth as his own. The Templar Order was already weakened by the Assassin Brotherhood and their allies. Philip was unwittingly serving the Assassin cause when he trumped up charges of heresy against the Templar in 1307. With suspicion being levied against the Order and an inquiry pending, in September Philip sent out a secret order to implement a mass arrest. As dawn on October 13 sixty Templars, including de Molay, were arrested.<br>		Philip's ultimate goal was to disband the Templar, and and claim their wealth as his own. The Templar Order was already weakened by the Assassin Brotherhood and their allies. Philip was unwittingly serving the Assassin cause when he trumped up charges of heresy against the Templar in 1307. With suspicion being levied against the Order and an inquiry pending, in September Philip sent out a secret order to implement a mass arrest. As dawn on October 13 sixty Templars, including de Molay, were arrested.<br>

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	History already regards Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de Mirabeau as a complex and difficult man to fathom. Surely if they had known about his role as the Mentor of the Assassin Order during the early stages of the French Revolution, historians would be even more at odds as to whether the man was a great leader who might have prevented the [[Reign of Terror]], a demagogue, or a traitor.<br>		History already regards Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de Mirabeau as a complex and difficult man to fathom. Surely if they had known about his role as the Mentor of the Assassin Order during the early stages of the French Revolution, historians would be even more at odds as to whether the man was a great leader who might have prevented the [[Reign of Terror]], a demagogue, or a traitor.<br>
	Mirabeau suffered from smallpox at the age of three, which left his face disfigured. Despite this seeming disadvantage, he had a deserved reputation as ladies' man and was involved in numerous ''affaires de coeur'', some of which were quite scandalous and landed him in prison.<br>		Mirabeau suffered from smallpox at the age of three, which left his face disfigured. Despite this seeming disadvantage, he had a deserved reputation as ladies' man and was involved in numerous ''affaires de coeur'', some of which were quite scandalous and landed him in prison.<br>
	During his time in prison, his writing - both erotic and political - came to the fore. He made the acquaintances of the [[Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade\|Marquis de Sade]] while both were confined in the [[Château de Vincennes\|castle of Vincennes]], although they later grew to heartily despise one another. Here, too, Mirabeau began to perfect his political voice, eventually turning the tables on those who had stood against him. He wrote ''Des Letters de Cachet et des prisons d'état'', an indictment of the practice by which one could be imprisoned without benefit of trial merely by producing a {{Wiki\|~~Lettre~~ de cachet\|letter}} signed by the king.<br>		During his time in prison, his writing - both erotic and political - came to the fore. He made the acquaintances of the [[Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de Sade\|Marquis de Sade]] while both were confined in the [[Château de Vincennes\|castle of Vincennes]], although they later grew to heartily despise one another. Here, too, Mirabeau began to perfect his political voice, eventually turning the tables on those who had stood against him. He wrote ''Des Letters de Cachet et des prisons d'état'', an indictment of the practice by which one could be imprisoned without benefit of trial merely by producing a {{Wiki\|Lettres de cachet\|letter}} signed by the king.<br>
	Burdened, supposedly, by prison time, scandals, and a famously poor relationship with his father (who often imprisoned him), Mirabeau's reputation was less than stellar in some circles, but the public grew to admire him. His kindnesses and consideration for the lower classes appear to have been genuine, not an act. The pay his servants received was more than generous, and he apparently looked after the medical needs of his staff's children as if they were his own.<br>		Burdened, supposedly, by prison time, scandals, and a famously poor relationship with his father (who often imprisoned him), Mirabeau's reputation was less than stellar in some circles, but the public grew to admire him. His kindnesses and consideration for the lower classes appear to have been genuine, not an act. The pay his servants received was more than generous, and he apparently looked after the medical needs of his staff's children as if they were his own.<br>
	He became something of an Anglophile, visiting [[United Kingdom\|England]] after his paper on the ''lettres de cachet'' proved to be popular there, and was acquainted with [[United States\|Americans]] Benjamin Franklin and [[Thomas Jefferson]]. Later, he would propose a constitutional monarchy for France similar to the English model.		He became something of an Anglophile, visiting [[United Kingdom\|England]] after his paper on the ''lettres de cachet'' proved to be popular there, and was acquainted with [[United States\|Americans]] Benjamin Franklin and [[Thomas Jefferson]]. Later, he would propose a constitutional monarchy for France similar to the English model.

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	For an indeterminate period of time, he assumed the position of the Roi de Thunes - the King of Beggars - in the unsavory Cour des Miracles. Such a place doubtless provided de Sade with many "subjects" all too willing to satisfy his debauchery in order to ensure their survival and well-being. Even so, there little doubt that as cruel as he was, de Sade was likely a better "king" than the original Roi de Thunes.<br>		For an indeterminate period of time, he assumed the position of the Roi de Thunes - the King of Beggars - in the unsavory Cour des Miracles. Such a place doubtless provided de Sade with many "subjects" all too willing to satisfy his debauchery in order to ensure their survival and well-being. Even so, there little doubt that as cruel as he was, de Sade was likely a better "king" than the original Roi de Thunes.<br>
	He found the Reign of Terror appalling, and became openly critical of Maximilien de Robespierre. In a twist that is almost humorous, the man who gave his name to the word "sadism" was accused of "moderatism", arrested on December 5, 1793, and imprisoned for nearly a year.<br>		He found the Reign of Terror appalling, and became openly critical of Maximilien de Robespierre. In a twist that is almost humorous, the man who gave his name to the word "sadism" was accused of "moderatism", arrested on December 5, 1793, and imprisoned for nearly a year.<br>
	Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the arrest of the anonymous author of the violent erotic works ''{{Wiki\|Justine (Sade novel)\|Justine}}'' and ''{{Wiki\|Juliette (novel)\|Juliette}}''. De Sade was arrested at his publisher's office and imprisoned without trial. He was declared insane in 1803 and transferred, again, to the asylum at Charenton. He died there in 1814, having somehow managed to conduct a four-year affair with Madeleine LeClerc, the fourteen-year-old daughter of a Charenton employee.<br>		Napoleon Bonaparte ordered the arrest of the anonymous author of the violent erotic works ''{{Wiki\|Justine (de Sade novel)\|Justine}}'' and ''{{Wiki\|Juliette (novel)\|Juliette}}''. De Sade was arrested at his publisher's office and imprisoned without trial. He was declared insane in 1803 and transferred, again, to the asylum at Charenton. He died there in 1814, having somehow managed to conduct a four-year affair with Madeleine LeClerc, the fourteen-year-old daughter of a Charenton employee.<br>
	There is no question that even by today's jaded standards, the writings and behavior of de Sade are disturbing and extreme.		There is no question that even by today's jaded standards, the writings and behavior of de Sade are disturbing and extreme.
	\|-\|François-Thomas Germain=		\|-\|François-Thomas Germain=

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	One of the world's greatest military leaders and the emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769, on [[Corsica]], an island in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. At the time of Napoleon's birth, Corsica was occupied by the French, and there was a strong resistance movement. {{Wiki\|Carlo Buonaparte}}, Napoleon's father, had at first supported the nationalist leader, {{Wiki\|Pasquale Paoli}}. Bonaparte eventually switched his allegiance after Paoli was forced to flee Corsica.<br>		One of the world's greatest military leaders and the emperor of France, Napoleon Bonaparte was born August 15, 1769, on [[Corsica]], an island in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. At the time of Napoleon's birth, Corsica was occupied by the French, and there was a strong resistance movement. {{Wiki\|Carlo Buonaparte}}, Napoleon's father, had at first supported the nationalist leader, {{Wiki\|Pasquale Paoli}}. Bonaparte eventually switched his allegiance after Paoli was forced to flee Corsica.<br>
	It was a wise decision, as Bonaparte was rewarded with a coveted position that enabled him to enroll his two sons, [[Joseph Bonaparte\|Joseph]] and Napoleon, in France's {{Wiki\|Collége d'Autun}}. Napoleon ended up at the military college of {{Wiki\|Brienne-le-Château\|Brienne}}, studying there for five years before attending the [[École Militaire\|military academy]] in Paris. Upon his father's death, Napoleon graduated early from the military academy and returned to Corsica as second lieutenant of artillery.<br>		It was a wise decision, as Bonaparte was rewarded with a coveted position that enabled him to enroll his two sons, [[Joseph Bonaparte\|Joseph]] and Napoleon, in France's {{Wiki\|Collége d'Autun}}. Napoleon ended up at the military college of {{Wiki\|Brienne-le-Château\|Brienne}}, studying there for five years before attending the [[École Militaire\|military academy]] in Paris. Upon his father's death, Napoleon graduated early from the military academy and returned to Corsica as second lieutenant of artillery.<br>
	As his father had done, Napoleon became involved with the Corsican resistance, even siding with Pasquale Paoli. The alliance did not last. Civil war began in Corsica in April 1793, and - ~~know~~ Paoli's enemy - Napoleon adopted the French version of his name, "Bonaparte", and relocated to France.<br>		As his father had done, Napoleon became involved with the Corsican resistance, even siding with Pasquale Paoli. The alliance did not last. Civil war began in Corsica in April 1793, and - now Paoli's enemy - Napoleon adopted the French version of his name, "Bonaparte", and relocated to France.<br>
	He rejoined his regiment at {{Wiki\|Nice}} in June 1793, and gave his support to the radical Jacobin Club. By this time, France had been declared a republic, and King Louis XVI would have seven months to live. Napoleon and Robespierre had a falling out, but unlike many who did so, Napoleon managed to keep his head, in both senses of the word. The National Convention was dissolved, to be replaced by the [[Directory]], a body of five directors who held executive power. After [[13 Vendémiaire\|saving]] the government from counterrevolutionary forces in 1795, Napoleon was very popular with the Directory, and was named commander of the {{Wiki\|Army of the Interior}}. He also advised the Directory on military issues.<br>		He rejoined his regiment at {{Wiki\|Nice}} in June 1793, and gave his support to the radical Jacobin Club. By this time, France had been declared a republic, and King Louis XVI would have seven months to live. Napoleon and Robespierre had a falling out, but unlike many who did so, Napoleon managed to keep his head, in both senses of the word. The National Convention was dissolved, to be replaced by the [[Directory]], a body of five directors who held executive power. After [[13 Vendémiaire\|saving]] the government from counterrevolutionary forces in 1795, Napoleon was very popular with the Directory, and was named commander of the {{Wiki\|Army of the Interior}}. He also advised the Directory on military issues.<br>
	In 1796, Napoleon was placed at the head of the {{Wiki\|Army of Italy (France)\|Army of Italy}}. Under his firm hand, a group of a mere 30,000 men won several key victories against the Austrians, helping to expand the French empire and elevate Napoleon's reputation. That year, he also married [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]], the widow of General {{Wiki\|Alexandre de Beauharnais}}, who was executed during the Reign of Terror. Their relationship was passionate, but tempestuous.<br>		In 1796, Napoleon was placed at the head of the {{Wiki\|Army of Italy (France)\|Army of Italy}}. Under his firm hand, a group of a mere 30,000 men won several key victories against the Austrians, helping to expand the French empire and elevate Napoleon's reputation. That year, he also married [[Joséphine de Beauharnais]], the widow of General {{Wiki\|Alexandre de Beauharnais}}, who was executed during the Reign of Terror. Their relationship was passionate, but tempestuous.<br>