Europe - Revision history

Soranin: Text replacement - "Database: Firenze" to "Database: Firenze"

2026-08-11T23:16:52Z

Text replacement - "Database: Firenze" to "Database: Firenze"

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	{{Main\|Renaissance}}		{{Main\|Renaissance}}
	[[File:Firenzelineage.png\|250px\|thumb\|Florence, the heart of the Italian Renaissance]]		[[File:Firenzelineage.png\|250px\|thumb\|Florence, the heart of the Italian Renaissance]]
	By the 14th century, the Italian city-states became the cradle of the [[Renaissance]]. This intellectual and artistic cultural movement emulated the revival of classical Greco-Roman studies and the new philosophy of humanism.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Renaissance]]''</ref> The creation of the printing press by [[Johannes Gutenberg]] in 1439 in Strasbourg permitted the mass production of books and the spreading of Renaissance ideas across Europe.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: The Printing Press]]</ref> The Republic of Venice became one of the wealthiest cities in the world thanks to its fleet, even defeating the Republic of Genoa on the sea.<ref name="DB: Venezia"/> In the [[Republic of Florence]], its leading statesman [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] sponsored many artists such as [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Michelangelo]], and the city became the center of the Renaissance.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[~~Database: Firenze (Assassin's Creed II)\|~~Database: Firenze]]</ref> In 1460, the Hermeticist teaching was rediscovered through the work of [[Marsilio Ficino]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]] – [[The Da Vinci Disappearance]]'' – [[Database: Hermeticists]]</ref>		By the 14th century, the Italian city-states became the cradle of the [[Renaissance]]. This intellectual and artistic cultural movement emulated the revival of classical Greco-Roman studies and the new philosophy of humanism.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Renaissance]]''</ref> The creation of the printing press by [[Johannes Gutenberg]] in 1439 in Strasbourg permitted the mass production of books and the spreading of Renaissance ideas across Europe.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: The Printing Press]]</ref> The Republic of Venice became one of the wealthiest cities in the world thanks to its fleet, even defeating the Republic of Genoa on the sea.<ref name="DB: Venezia"/> In the [[Republic of Florence]], its leading statesman [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] sponsored many artists such as [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Michelangelo]], and the city became the center of the Renaissance.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Database: Firenze]]</ref> In 1460, the Hermeticist teaching was rediscovered through the work of [[Marsilio Ficino]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]] – [[The Da Vinci Disappearance]]'' – [[Database: Hermeticists]]</ref>

	During this period, the [[Roman Rite of the Templar Order\|Italian Templars]] led by Grand Master [[Rodrigo Borgia]] planned to unify Italy under their banner. As they supported the [[House of Pazzi]]'s [[Pazzi conspiracy\|plot]] to control Florence and the [[House of Barbarigo]]'s [[Venetian conspiracy\|scheme]] to claim [[Venice]], the Italian Assassins led by the House of Auditore thwarted their plans. The two factions also searched for Altaïr's Codex pages to find an [[Vatican Vault\|Isu vault]] in Italy. In 1488, the Templars brought Mehmet II's Apple of Eden from [[Cyprus]] to Venice but the Assassins seized it.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Play Along]]</ref> While escorting it to [[Forlì]], the Templars led an [[Battle of Forli\|attack]] on the city. The two groups lost the artifact as the monk [[Girolamo Savonarola]] took the Apple.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]] – [[Battle of Forlì (DLC)\|Battle of Forlì]]'' – [[Checcomate]]</ref>		During this period, the [[Roman Rite of the Templar Order\|Italian Templars]] led by Grand Master [[Rodrigo Borgia]] planned to unify Italy under their banner. As they supported the [[House of Pazzi]]'s [[Pazzi conspiracy\|plot]] to control Florence and the [[House of Barbarigo]]'s [[Venetian conspiracy\|scheme]] to claim [[Venice]], the Italian Assassins led by the House of Auditore thwarted their plans. The two factions also searched for Altaïr's Codex pages to find an [[Vatican Vault\|Isu vault]] in Italy. In 1488, the Templars brought Mehmet II's Apple of Eden from [[Cyprus]] to Venice but the Assassins seized it.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Play Along]]</ref> While escorting it to [[Forlì]], the Templars led an [[Battle of Forli\|attack]] on the city. The two groups lost the artifact as the monk [[Girolamo Savonarola]] took the Apple.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]] – [[Battle of Forlì (DLC)\|Battle of Forlì]]'' – [[Checcomate]]</ref>

Soranin: Text replacement - " " to " "

2026-07-09T22:41:25Z

Text replacement - " " to " "

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Soranin: Text replacement - "
2026-05-28T15:05:29Z

Text replacement - " <ref" to "<ref"

← Older revision Revision as of 17:05, 28 May 2026
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[[File:ACV BB - Ragnar Lothbrok.jpg|thumb|250px|Ragnar Lothbrok during the Siege of Paris in 845]]
[[File:ACV BB - Ragnar Lothbrok.jpg|thumb|250px|Ragnar Lothbrok during the Siege of Paris in 845]]

One of the most famous Vikings was [[Ragnar Lothbrok]], who [[Siege of Paris (845)|besieged Paris in 845]] and invaded the kingdom of Northumbria ruled by King [[Ælla of Northumbria|Ælla]], a member of the Order of the Ancients. After Ælla executed Lothbrok, the [[Sons of Ragnar]] invaded England with the [[Great Heathen Army]] to conquer it. When they killed Ælla in 867, Northumbria became a vassal of the Ragnarssons. East Anglia knew the same fate after the murder of the King [[Edmund the Martyr]]. As the [[Great Summer Army]] led by [[Guthrum]] expanded their control over the Kingdom of Mercia, Wessex, ruled by the [[Grand Maegester of the Order of the Ancients|Grand Maegester of the Ancients]] [[Æthelwulf, King of Wessex|Æthelwulf]] and later his sons [[Æthelred I, King of Wessex|Æthelred]] and [[Alfred the Great]], fought the Viking expansion. <ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla – Blood Brothers]]''</ref>
One of the most famous Vikings was [[Ragnar Lothbrok]], who [[Siege of Paris (845)|besieged Paris in 845]] and invaded the kingdom of Northumbria ruled by King [[Ælla of Northumbria|Ælla]], a member of the Order of the Ancients. After Ælla executed Lothbrok, the [[Sons of Ragnar]] invaded England with the [[Great Heathen Army]] to conquer it. When they killed Ælla in 867, Northumbria became a vassal of the Ragnarssons. East Anglia knew the same fate after the murder of the King [[Edmund the Martyr]]. As the [[Great Summer Army]] led by [[Guthrum]] expanded their control over the Kingdom of Mercia, Wessex, ruled by the [[Grand Maegester of the Order of the Ancients|Grand Maegester of the Ancients]] [[Æthelwulf, King of Wessex|Æthelwulf]] and later his sons [[Æthelred I, King of Wessex|Æthelred]] and [[Alfred the Great]], fought the Viking expansion.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla – Blood Brothers]]''</ref>

The Norse also explored other regions. In the 850s, the Norwegian [[Ímar]] established the kingdom of [[Dublin]] in Ireland, which became an important trading hub under the rule of his son [[Bárid mac Ímair]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Wrath of the Druids]]'' – [[Database: Bárid mac Ímair]]</ref> In 852, the [[Varangians|Varangian]] [[Rurik]] built the city of [[Novgorod]] in modern-day [[Russia]]. Sailing through the Danube, Varangians besieged Constantinople in 860. To stop them, the imperial family recruited them as personal guards, the [[Eagle Clan]] among them.<ref name="The Golden City">''[[Assassin's Creed: The Golden City]]''</ref> During their expansion, the Norse entered into war with the Picts and the Britons.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[War Weary]]</ref>
The Norse also explored other regions. In the 850s, the Norwegian [[Ímar]] established the kingdom of [[Dublin]] in Ireland, which became an important trading hub under the rule of his son [[Bárid mac Ímair]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Wrath of the Druids]]'' – [[Database: Bárid mac Ímair]]</ref> In 852, the [[Varangians|Varangian]] [[Rurik]] built the city of [[Novgorod]] in modern-day [[Russia]]. Sailing through the Danube, Varangians besieged Constantinople in 860. To stop them, the imperial family recruited them as personal guards, the [[Eagle Clan]] among them.<ref name="The Golden City">''[[Assassin's Creed: The Golden City]]''</ref> During their expansion, the Norse entered into war with the Picts and the Britons.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[War Weary]]</ref>

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====High Middle Age====
====High Middle Age====

By the 11th century, European Christendom was divided between the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Churches in the East. In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Pope [[Urban II]] initiated the [[First Crusade]] to recover the Holy Land from Muslim rule. <ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: A Walk Through History (1189-1868)]]'' – Chapter 1: The Third Crusade – Historical Overview: The Rise of Saladin</ref> Peasants, and later lords and knights, participated to the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|siege]] of [[Jerusalem]] in 1099, establishing the Crusader states for two centuries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – Timeline</ref>
By the 11th century, European Christendom was divided between the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Churches in the East. In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Pope [[Urban II]] initiated the [[First Crusade]] to recover the Holy Land from Muslim rule.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: A Walk Through History (1189-1868)]]'' – Chapter 1: The Third Crusade – Historical Overview: The Rise of Saladin</ref> Peasants, and later lords and knights, participated to the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|siege]] of [[Jerusalem]] in 1099, establishing the Crusader states for two centuries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – Timeline</ref>

[[File:Hugh de Payns.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Hughes de Payens, Grand Master of the Templar Order]]
[[File:Hugh de Payns.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Hughes de Payens, Grand Master of the Templar Order]]

Soranin: Text replacement - "Basim Ibn Ishaq" to "Basim ibn Ishaq"

2026-05-24T23:11:01Z

Text replacement - "Basim Ibn Ishaq" to "Basim ibn Ishaq"

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:11, 25 May 2026
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	The Norse also explored other regions. In the 850s, the Norwegian [[Ímar]] established the kingdom of [[Dublin]] in Ireland, which became an important trading hub under the rule of his son [[Bárid mac Ímair]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Wrath of the Druids]]'' – [[Database: Bárid mac Ímair]]</ref> In 852, the [[Varangians\|Varangian]] [[Rurik]] built the city of [[Novgorod]] in modern-day [[Russia]]. Sailing through the Danube, Varangians besieged Constantinople in 860. To stop them, the imperial family recruited them as personal guards, the [[Eagle Clan]] among them.<ref name="The Golden City">''[[Assassin's Creed: The Golden City]]''</ref> During their expansion, the Norse entered into war with the Picts and the Britons.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[War Weary]]</ref>		The Norse also explored other regions. In the 850s, the Norwegian [[Ímar]] established the kingdom of [[Dublin]] in Ireland, which became an important trading hub under the rule of his son [[Bárid mac Ímair]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Wrath of the Druids]]'' – [[Database: Bárid mac Ímair]]</ref> In 852, the [[Varangians\|Varangian]] [[Rurik]] built the city of [[Novgorod]] in modern-day [[Russia]]. Sailing through the Danube, Varangians besieged Constantinople in 860. To stop them, the imperial family recruited them as personal guards, the [[Eagle Clan]] among them.<ref name="The Golden City">''[[Assassin's Creed: The Golden City]]''</ref> During their expansion, the Norse entered into war with the Picts and the Britons.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[War Weary]]</ref>

	By the late 9th century, Europe was the last stronghold of the Order of the Ancients. In 867, the Ancients helped the Chambellan [[Basil I\|Basil]] to assassinate the Byzantine Emperor [[Michael III]]. As Basil became the new emperor, the Order influenced him to kill his son [[Leo VI the Wise\|Leo]] but their plan was foiled by two Hidden Ones from [[Alamut]], [[Basim ~~Ibn~~ Ishaq]] and his apprentice [[Hytham]]. They protected Leo from the Ancients' repeated attacks and eventually killed the Order's leader [[Isaac]], leading Basil to cut ties with the Order.<ref name="The Golden City"/>		By the late 9th century, Europe was the last stronghold of the Order of the Ancients. In 867, the Ancients helped the Chambellan [[Basil I\|Basil]] to assassinate the Byzantine Emperor [[Michael III]]. As Basil became the new emperor, the Order influenced him to kill his son [[Leo VI the Wise\|Leo]] but their plan was foiled by two Hidden Ones from [[Alamut]], [[Basim ibn Ishaq]] and his apprentice [[Hytham]]. They protected Leo from the Ancients' repeated attacks and eventually killed the Order's leader [[Isaac]], leading Basil to cut ties with the Order.<ref name="The Golden City"/>

	[[File:ACV The Prodigal Prince 3.png\|thumb\|250px\|left\|The Hidden Ones meeting the Raven Clan]]		[[File:ACV The Prodigal Prince 3.png\|thumb\|250px\|left\|The Hidden Ones meeting the Raven Clan]]
	In 872, Basim and Hytham traveled to [[Norway]] and allied with the [[Raven Clan]] to fight the Ancients. After helping [[Harald Fairhair]] unify Norway, the Raven Clan and the Hidden Ones migrated to England, establishing the settlement of [[Ravensthorpe]] in Mercia and a bureau for the [[British Brotherhood of Assassins\|British Hidden Ones]].<ref name="Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[The Last Chapter]]'' – [[Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair]]</ref><ref name="To Serve the Light...">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[To Serve the Light...]]</ref> Hytham enlisted the help of the shieldmaiden [[Eivor Varinsdottir]] to track the Ancients, and also received clues from an anonymous informant known as the "Poor Fellow-Soldier of Christ". This was none other than King Alfred of Wessex, who sought to reform the Order, deeming its Isu worship as heretical. By 878, with all the members dead, Alfred reformed the Ancients as the [[Templars\|Templar Order]].<ref name="The Poor Fellow-Soldier">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[The Poor Fellow-Soldier]]</ref>		In 872, Basim and Hytham traveled to [[Norway]] and allied with the [[Raven Clan]] to fight the Ancients. After helping [[Harald Fairhair]] unify Norway, the Raven Clan and the Hidden Ones migrated to England, establishing the settlement of [[Ravensthorpe]] in Mercia and a bureau for the [[British Brotherhood of Assassins\|British Hidden Ones]].<ref name="Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[The Last Chapter]]'' – [[Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair]]</ref><ref name="To Serve the Light...">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[To Serve the Light...]]</ref> Hytham enlisted the help of the shieldmaiden [[Eivor Varinsdottir]] to track the Ancients, and also received clues from an anonymous informant known as the "Poor Fellow-Soldier of Christ". This was none other than King Alfred of Wessex, who sought to reform the Order, deeming its Isu worship as heretical. By 878, with all the members dead, Alfred reformed the Ancients as the [[Templars\|Templar Order]].<ref name="The Poor Fellow-Soldier">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[The Poor Fellow-Soldier]]</ref>

	During this period, the Æsir's [[Isu incarnation\|human incarnations]] appeared, such as Thor's incarnation [[Halfdan Ragnarsson]] and Freyr's as Harald Fairhair.<ref name="Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair"/> Tyr's and Odin's incarnations were [[Sigurd Styrbjornsson]] and Eivor Varinsdottir from the Raven Clan. Basim ~~Ibn~~ Ishaq was Loki's incarnation and tried to take his revenge on Odin, but it failed when he was trapped in Yggdrasil's simulations for centuries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[A Brother's Keeper]]</ref>		During this period, the Æsir's [[Isu incarnation\|human incarnations]] appeared, such as Thor's incarnation [[Halfdan Ragnarsson]] and Freyr's as Harald Fairhair.<ref name="Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair"/> Tyr's and Odin's incarnations were [[Sigurd Styrbjornsson]] and Eivor Varinsdottir from the Raven Clan. Basim ibn Ishaq was Loki's incarnation and tried to take his revenge on Odin, but it failed when he was trapped in Yggdrasil's simulations for centuries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[A Brother's Keeper]]</ref>

	[[File:ACV Holy Day 21.png\|thumb\|250px\|The Battle of Chippenham]]		[[File:ACV Holy Day 21.png\|thumb\|250px\|The Battle of Chippenham]]

Soranin: /* References */

2026-05-11T01:22:19Z

References

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	==References==		==References==
	{{Scroll box\|content={{Reflist\|2}}}}		{{Scroll box\|content={{Reflist\|2}}}}
	~~<!--~~<!--[de:Europa]~~-->~~		<!--[de:Europa]
	[[es:Europa]]		[es:Europa]
	[[fr:Europe]]		[fr:Europe]
	[[it:Europa]]		[it:Europa]
	[[pt-br:Europa]]		[pt-br:Europa]
	[[zh:欧洲]]-->		[zh:欧洲]-->
	[[Category:Continents]]		[[Category:Continents]]

Soranin: Text replacement - "\[\[de:(.+)\]\]" to ""

2026-05-11T00:57:54Z

Text replacement - "\[\[de:(.+)\]\]" to ""

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	==References==		==References==
	{{Scroll box\|content={{Reflist\|2}}}}		{{Scroll box\|content={{Reflist\|2}}}}
	<!--[[de:Europa]]		<!--<!--[de:Europa]-->
	[[es:Europa]]		[[es:Europa]]
	[[fr:Europe]]		[[fr:Europe]]

Soranin at 14:53, 3 May 2026

2026-05-03T14:53:01Z

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imported>Soranin: /* Reformation and persecutions */

2025-12-22T17:19:38Z

Reformation and persecutions

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:19, 22 December 2025
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	During the 17th century, the [[Freemasons]] society was created, assembling men of different religions. They were persecuted in some countries like Spain.<ref name="AC DNA 1570"/> Spreading to the New World, they brought an [[Apple of Eden 3\|Apple of Eden]] to the [[Americas]].<ref name="Descendants">''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Glyphs]]: Descendants</ref>		During the 17th century, the [[Freemasons]] society was created, assembling men of different religions. They were persecuted in some countries like Spain.<ref name="AC DNA 1570"/> Spreading to the New World, they brought an [[Apple of Eden 3\|Apple of Eden]] to the [[Americas]].<ref name="Descendants">''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Glyphs]]: Descendants</ref>

	The religious division challenged the divine right of the monarchs. In 1605, [[Guy Fawkes]] and other Catholic conspirators planned to blow up the [[Palace of Westminster]] to kill the king and members of Parliament but they were arrested by Sir [[Thomas Knyvet, 1st Baron Knyvet\|Thomas Knyvet]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Syndicate]]'' – [[Database: 10 Downing Street]]</ref> In 1610, the religious fanatic {{Wiki\|~~Francois de~~ Ravaillac}} assassinated King Henry IV of France.<ref name="Statue of Henry IV"/>		The religious division challenged the divine right of the monarchs. In 1605, [[Guy Fawkes]] and other Catholic conspirators planned to blow up the [[Palace of Westminster]] to kill the king and members of Parliament but they were arrested by Sir [[Thomas Knyvet, 1st Baron Knyvet\|Thomas Knyvet]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Syndicate]]'' – [[Database: 10 Downing Street]]</ref> In 1610, the religious fanatic {{Wiki\|François Ravaillac}} assassinated King Henry IV of France.<ref name="Statue of Henry IV"/>

	====Discovery and Imperial Ages====		====Discovery and Imperial Ages====

imported>Gener4l Cl4ank4 at 13:11, 26 September 2025

2025-09-26T13:11:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:11, 26 September 2025
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	{{Era\|Locations}}{{WP-REAL}}		{{Era\|Locations}}{{WP-REAL}}
	{{Revamp}}		{{Revamp}}
	[[File:~~PL Memory FullMap~~.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|~~250px~~\|A map of Europe]]		[[File:ACB Map Europe.png\|thumb\|240px\|A map of Europe]]
	'''Europe''' is a continent or subcontinent comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]] to the north, the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west, the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the south, and [[Asia]] to the east along with the rest of Eurasia.		'''Europe''' is a continent or subcontinent comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, bordering the [[Arctic Ocean]] to the north, the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west, the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the south, and [[Asia]] to the east along with the rest of Eurasia.

imported>Darman36: /Roman era/

2025-09-26T03:46:49Z

Roman era

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:46, 26 September 2025
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	In the Near East, the city of [[Seleucia-on-the-Tigris]] was also a center of Greek culture, known for its Stoic philosophers and its Olympic athletes.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Seleucia-on-the-Tigris]]</ref> In the late 2nd century BCE, the collapse of the Seleucid Empire created a power vacuum that turned the region of western Cilicia into a [[Piracy\|pirate]] stronghold. The inhabitants were already known for their outlaw activities and military prowess, and the Cilicians established themselves as the most successful group of pirates in the ancient Mediterranean region.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: Pirates of the Mediterranean]]</ref>		In the Near East, the city of [[Seleucia-on-the-Tigris]] was also a center of Greek culture, known for its Stoic philosophers and its Olympic athletes.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Seleucia-on-the-Tigris]]</ref> In the late 2nd century BCE, the collapse of the Seleucid Empire created a power vacuum that turned the region of western Cilicia into a [[Piracy\|pirate]] stronghold. The inhabitants were already known for their outlaw activities and military prowess, and the Cilicians established themselves as the most successful group of pirates in the ancient Mediterranean region.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: Pirates of the Mediterranean]]</ref>

	====Roman ~~Era~~====		====Roman era====
	According to legend, Rome was founded by King [[Romulus]] in 753 BCE and became the center of a Republic in 510 BCE.<ref name="DB: Roma"/> By the 3rd century BCE, theRomans expanded across the Mediterranean Sea, fighting Celts, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Persians. This led to the Romanization of most parts of Europe, with the construction of aqueducts, forts, and cities but also the enslavement of the defeated populations. The Romans used enemy technologies to add to their own formidable arsenal like the Catarginean ships or the Greek siege engines.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – [[Tours: Roman Military Equipment]]: "Adopting the Enemy's Technology"</ref> ''[[De Architectura]]''{{'}}s author [[Vitruvius]] exemplified these two sides of the Roman conquest, as a military engineer and architect who developed Cyrenaica.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]'' – [[The Good Roman]]</ref>		According to legend, Rome was founded by King [[Romulus]] in 753 BCE and became the center of a Republic in 510 BCE.<ref name="DB: Roma"/> By the 3rd century BCE, theRomans expanded across the Mediterranean Sea, fighting Celts, Greeks, Carthaginians, and Persians. This led to the Romanization of most parts of Europe, with the construction of aqueducts, forts, and cities but also the enslavement of the defeated populations. The Romans used enemy technologies to add to their own formidable arsenal like the Catarginean ships or the Greek siege engines.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – [[Tours: Roman Military Equipment]]: "Adopting the Enemy's Technology"</ref> ''[[De Architectura]]''{{'}}s author [[Vitruvius]] exemplified these two sides of the Roman conquest, as a military engineer and architect who developed Cyrenaica.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]'' – [[The Good Roman]]</ref>

	[[File:ACO Fall of an Empire, Rise of Another 28.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Caesar's assassination by the Hidden Ones]]		[[File:ACO Fall of an Empire, Rise of Another 28.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Caesar's assassination by the Hidden Ones]]
	In 49 BCE, as a [[Caesar's ~~Civil War~~\|civil war]] erupted between the consuls [[Pompey]] and [[Gaius Julius Caesar]], the Order of the Ancients killed the former and inducted the latter into their ranks.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]'' – [[Aya: Blade of the Goddess]]</ref> While Caesar rose to become the Order's leader, [[Marcus Junius Brutus]], [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]], and other senators allied with [[Amunet]], a descendant of Darius and Kassandra. They founded the [[Roman Hidden Ones\|Roman branch]] of the [[Assassins\|Hidden Ones]], a group dedicated to fighting the Order and protecting humanity's freedom.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]'' – [[Last of the Medjay]]</ref> In 44 BCE, the Hidden Ones [[Assassination of Julius Caesar\|assassinated Caesar]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]'' – [[Fall of an Empire, Rise of Another]]</ref>		In 49 BCE, as a [[Caesar's civil war\|civil war]] erupted between the consuls [[Pompey]] and [[Gaius Julius Caesar]], the Order of the Ancients killed the former and inducted the latter into their ranks.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]'' – [[Aya: Blade of the Goddess]]</ref> While Caesar rose to become the Order's leader, [[Marcus Junius Brutus]], [[Gaius Cassius Longinus]], and other senators allied with [[Amunet]], a descendant of Darius and Kassandra. They founded the [[Roman Hidden Ones\|Roman branch]] of the [[Assassins\|Hidden Ones]], a group dedicated to fighting the Order and protecting humanity's freedom.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]'' – [[Last of the Medjay]]</ref> In 44 BCE, the Hidden Ones [[Assassination of Julius Caesar\|assassinated Caesar]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins]]'' – [[Fall of an Empire, Rise of Another]]</ref>

	After the dictator's death, general [[Marcus Antonius]] allied with Caesar's nephew and adopted son [[Augustus\|Octavian]]. In 42 BCE, they defeated Brutus and Longinus at the [[battle of Philippi]], the two Hidden Ones committing suicide afterward. Octavian took the leadership of the Ancients, and after defeating Antonius in 30 BCE, established the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic)]]''</ref> His successor expanded the empire using the Prongs of Faith and Devotion.<ref name="Last Descendants">''[[Assassin's Creed: Last Descendants]]''</ref> The expansion wasn't without resistance, like the Iceni revolt led by Queen [[Boudicca]] in 60 CE.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Database: Boudicca]]</ref>		After the dictator's death, general [[Marcus Antonius]] allied with Caesar's nephew and adopted son [[Augustus\|Octavian]]. In 42 BCE, they defeated Brutus and Longinus at the [[battle of Philippi]], the two Hidden Ones committing suicide afterward. Octavian took the leadership of the Ancients, and after defeating Antonius in 30 BCE, established the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Origins (comic)]]''</ref> His successor expanded the empire using the Prongs of Faith and Devotion.<ref name="Last Descendants">''[[Assassin's Creed: Last Descendants]]''</ref> The expansion wasn't without resistance, like the Iceni revolt led by Queen [[Boudicca]] in 60 CE.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[Database: Boudicca]]</ref>

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	{{Main\|Renaissance}}		{{Main\|Renaissance}}
	[[File:Firenzelineage.png\|250px\|thumb\|Florence, the heart of the Italian Renaissance]]		[[File:Firenzelineage.png\|250px\|thumb\|Florence, the heart of the Italian Renaissance]]
	By the 14th century, the Italian city-states became the cradle of the [[Renaissance]]. This intellectual and artistic cultural movement emulated the revival of classical Greco-Roman studies and the new philosophy of humanism.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Renaissance]]''</ref> The creation of the printing press by [[Johannes Gutenberg]] in 1439 in Strasbourg permitted the mass production of books and the spreading of Renaissance ideas across Europe.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: The Printing Press]]</ref> The Republic of Venice became one of the wealthiest cities in the world thanks to its fleet, even defeating the Republic of Genoa on the sea.<ref name="DB: Venezia"/> In the [[Republic of Florence]], its leading statesman [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] sponsored many artists such as [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Michelangelo]], and the city became the center of the Renaissance.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[~~Database: Firenze (Assassin's Creed II)\|~~Database: Firenze]]</ref> In 1460, the Hermeticist teaching was rediscovered through the work of [[Marsilio Ficino]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]] – [[The Da Vinci Disappearance]]'' – [[Database: Hermeticists]]</ref>		By the 14th century, the Italian city-states became the cradle of the [[Renaissance]]. This intellectual and artistic cultural movement emulated the revival of classical Greco-Roman studies and the new philosophy of humanism.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Renaissance]]''</ref> The creation of the printing press by [[Johannes Gutenberg]] in 1439 in Strasbourg permitted the mass production of books and the spreading of Renaissance ideas across Europe.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – [[Database: The Printing Press]]</ref> The Republic of Venice became one of the wealthiest cities in the world thanks to its fleet, even defeating the Republic of Genoa on the sea.<ref name="DB: Venezia"/> In the [[Republic of Florence]], its leading statesman [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] sponsored many artists such as [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Michelangelo]], and the city became the center of the Renaissance.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Database: Firenze]]</ref> In 1460, the Hermeticist teaching was rediscovered through the work of [[Marsilio Ficino]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood]] – [[The Da Vinci Disappearance]]'' – [[Database: Hermeticists]]</ref>

	During this period, the [[Roman Rite of the Templar Order\|Italian Templars]] led by Grand Master [[Rodrigo Borgia]] planned to unify Italy under their banner. As they supported the [[House of Pazzi]]'s [[Pazzi conspiracy\|plot]] to control Florence and the [[House of Barbarigo]]'s [[Venetian conspiracy\|scheme]] to claim [[Venice]], the Italian Assassins led by the House of Auditore thwarted their plans. The two factions also searched for Altaïr's Codex pages to find an [[Vatican Vault\|Isu vault]] in Italy. In 1488, the Templars brought Mehmet II's Apple of Eden from [[Cyprus]] to Venice but the Assassins seized it.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Play Along]]</ref> While escorting it to [[Forlì]], the Templars led an [[Battle of Forli\|attack]] on the city. The two groups lost the artifact as the monk [[Girolamo Savonarola]] took the Apple.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]] – [[Battle of Forlì (DLC)\|Battle of Forlì]]'' – [[Checcomate]]</ref>		During this period, the [[Roman Rite of the Templar Order\|Italian Templars]] led by Grand Master [[Rodrigo Borgia]] planned to unify Italy under their banner. As they supported the [[House of Pazzi]]'s [[Pazzi conspiracy\|plot]] to control Florence and the [[House of Barbarigo]]'s [[Venetian conspiracy\|scheme]] to claim [[Venice]], the Italian Assassins led by the House of Auditore thwarted their plans. The two factions also searched for Altaïr's Codex pages to find an [[Vatican Vault\|Isu vault]] in Italy. In 1488, the Templars brought Mehmet II's Apple of Eden from [[Cyprus]] to Venice but the Assassins seized it.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]]'' – [[Play Along]]</ref> While escorting it to [[Forlì]], the Templars led an [[Battle of Forli\|attack]] on the city. The two groups lost the artifact as the monk [[Girolamo Savonarola]] took the Apple.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed II]] – [[Battle of Forlì (DLC)\|Battle of Forlì]]'' – [[Checcomate]]</ref>

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	The Norse also explored other regions. In the 850s, the Norwegian [[Ímar]] established the kingdom of [[Dublin]] in Ireland, which became an important trading hub under the rule of his son [[Bárid mac Ímair]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Wrath of the Druids]]'' – [[Database: Bárid mac Ímair]]</ref> In 852, the [[Varangians\|Varangian]] [[Rurik]] built the city of [[Novgorod]] in modern-day [[Russia]]. Sailing through the Danube, Varangians besieged Constantinople in 860. To stop them, the imperial family recruited them as personal guards, the [[Eagle Clan]] among them.<ref name="The Golden City">''[[Assassin's Creed: The Golden City]]''</ref> During their expansion, the Norse entered into war with the Picts and the Britons.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[War Weary]]</ref>		The Norse also explored other regions. In the 850s, the Norwegian [[Ímar]] established the kingdom of [[Dublin]] in Ireland, which became an important trading hub under the rule of his son [[Bárid mac Ímair]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Wrath of the Druids]]'' – [[Database: Bárid mac Ímair]]</ref> In 852, the [[Varangians\|Varangian]] [[Rurik]] built the city of [[Novgorod]] in modern-day [[Russia]]. Sailing through the Danube, Varangians besieged Constantinople in 860. To stop them, the imperial family recruited them as personal guards, the [[Eagle Clan]] among them.<ref name="The Golden City">''[[Assassin's Creed: The Golden City]]''</ref> During their expansion, the Norse entered into war with the Picts and the Britons.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[War Weary]]</ref>

	By the late 9th century, Europe was the last stronghold of the Order of the Ancients. In 867, the Ancients helped the Chambellan [[Basil I\|Basil]] to assassinate the Byzantine Emperor [[Michael III]]. As Basil became the new emperor, the Order influenced him to kill his son [[Leo VI the Wise\|Leo]] but their plan was foiled by two Hidden Ones from [[Alamut]], [[Basim ~~Ibn~~ Ishaq]] and his apprentice [[Hytham]]. They protected Leo from the Ancients' repeated attacks and eventually killed the Order's leader [[Isaac]], leading Basil to cut ties with the Order.<ref name="The Golden City"/>		By the late 9th century, Europe was the last stronghold of the Order of the Ancients. In 867, the Ancients helped the Chambellan [[Basil I\|Basil]] to assassinate the Byzantine Emperor [[Michael III]]. As Basil became the new emperor, the Order influenced him to kill his son [[Leo VI the Wise\|Leo]] but their plan was foiled by two Hidden Ones from [[Alamut]], [[Basim ibn Ishaq]] and his apprentice [[Hytham]]. They protected Leo from the Ancients' repeated attacks and eventually killed the Order's leader [[Isaac]], leading Basil to cut ties with the Order.<ref name="The Golden City"/>

	[[File:ACV The Prodigal Prince 3.png\|thumb\|250px\|left\|The Hidden Ones meeting the Raven Clan]]		[[File:ACV The Prodigal Prince 3.png\|thumb\|250px\|left\|The Hidden Ones meeting the Raven Clan]]
	In 872, Basim and Hytham traveled to [[Norway]] and allied with the [[Raven Clan]] to fight the Ancients. After helping [[Harald Fairhair]] unify Norway, the Raven Clan and the Hidden Ones migrated to England, establishing the settlement of [[Ravensthorpe]] in Mercia and a bureau for the [[British Brotherhood of Assassins\|British Hidden Ones]].<ref name="Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[The Last Chapter]]'' – [[Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair]]</ref><ref name="To Serve the Light...">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[To Serve the Light...]]</ref> Hytham enlisted the help of the shieldmaiden [[Eivor Varinsdottir]] to track the Ancients, and also received clues from an anonymous informant known as the "Poor Fellow-Soldier of Christ". This was none other than King Alfred of Wessex, who sought to reform the Order, deeming its Isu worship as heretical. By 878, with all the members dead, Alfred reformed the Ancients as the [[Templars\|Templar Order]].<ref name="The Poor Fellow-Soldier">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[The Poor Fellow-Soldier]]</ref>		In 872, Basim and Hytham traveled to [[Norway]] and allied with the [[Raven Clan]] to fight the Ancients. After helping [[Harald Fairhair]] unify Norway, the Raven Clan and the Hidden Ones migrated to England, establishing the settlement of [[Ravensthorpe]] in Mercia and a bureau for the [[British Brotherhood of Assassins\|British Hidden Ones]].<ref name="Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[The Last Chapter]]'' – [[Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair]]</ref><ref name="To Serve the Light...">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[To Serve the Light...]]</ref> Hytham enlisted the help of the shieldmaiden [[Eivor Varinsdottir]] to track the Ancients, and also received clues from an anonymous informant known as the "Poor Fellow-Soldier of Christ". This was none other than King Alfred of Wessex, who sought to reform the Order, deeming its Isu worship as heretical. By 878, with all the members dead, Alfred reformed the Ancients as the [[Templars\|Templar Order]].<ref name="The Poor Fellow-Soldier">''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[The Poor Fellow-Soldier]]</ref>

	During this period, the Æsir's [[Isu incarnation\|human incarnations]] appeared, such as Thor's incarnation [[Halfdan Ragnarsson]] and Freyr's as Harald Fairhair.<ref name="Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair"/> Tyr's and Odin's incarnations were [[Sigurd Styrbjornsson]] and Eivor Varinsdottir from the Raven Clan. Basim ~~Ibn~~ Ishaq was Loki's incarnation and tried to take his revenge on Odin, but it failed when he was trapped in Yggdrasil's simulations for centuries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[A Brother's Keeper]]</ref>		During this period, the Æsir's [[Isu incarnation\|human incarnations]] appeared, such as Thor's incarnation [[Halfdan Ragnarsson]] and Freyr's as Harald Fairhair.<ref name="Fare Thee Well, King Fair-Hair"/> Tyr's and Odin's incarnations were [[Sigurd Styrbjornsson]] and Eivor Varinsdottir from the Raven Clan. Basim ibn Ishaq was Loki's incarnation and tried to take his revenge on Odin, but it failed when he was trapped in Yggdrasil's simulations for centuries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[A Brother's Keeper]]</ref>

	[[File:ACV Holy Day 21.png\|thumb\|250px\|The Battle of Chippenham]]		[[File:ACV Holy Day 21.png\|thumb\|250px\|The Battle of Chippenham]]

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	[[File:ACV BB - Ragnar Lothbrok.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Ragnar Lothbrok during the Siege of Paris in 845]]		[[File:ACV BB - Ragnar Lothbrok.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|Ragnar Lothbrok during the Siege of Paris in 845]]
	One of the most famous Vikings was [[Ragnar Lothbrok]], who [[Siege of Paris (845)\|besieged Paris in 845]] and invaded the kingdom of Northumbria ruled by King [[Ælla of Northumbria\|Ælla]], a member of the Order of the Ancients. After Ælla executed Lothbrok, the [[Sons of Ragnar]] invaded England with the [[Great Heathen Army]] to conquer it. When they killed Ælla in 867, Northumbria became a vassal of the Ragnarssons. East Anglia knew the same fate after the murder of the King [[Edmund the Martyr]]. As the [[Great Summer Army]] led by [[Guthrum]] expanded their control over the Kingdom of Mercia, Wessex, ruled by the [[Grand Maegester of the Order of the Ancients\|Grand Maegester of the Ancients]] [[Æthelwulf, King of Wessex\|Æthelwulf]] and later his sons [[Æthelred I, King of Wessex\|Æthelred]] and [[Alfred the Great]], fought the Viking expansion. <ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla – Blood Brothers]]''</ref>		One of the most famous Vikings was [[Ragnar Lothbrok]], who [[Siege of Paris (845)\|besieged Paris in 845]] and invaded the kingdom of Northumbria ruled by King [[Ælla of Northumbria\|Ælla]], a member of the Order of the Ancients. After Ælla executed Lothbrok, the [[Sons of Ragnar]] invaded England with the [[Great Heathen Army]] to conquer it. When they killed Ælla in 867, Northumbria became a vassal of the Ragnarssons. East Anglia knew the same fate after the murder of the King [[Edmund the Martyr]]. As the [[Great Summer Army]] led by [[Guthrum]] expanded their control over the Kingdom of Mercia, Wessex, ruled by the [[Grand Maegester of the Order of the Ancients\|Grand Maegester of the Ancients]] [[Æthelwulf, King of Wessex\|Æthelwulf]] and later his sons [[Æthelred I, King of Wessex\|Æthelred]] and [[Alfred the Great]], fought the Viking expansion.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla – Blood Brothers]]''</ref>

	The Norse also explored other regions. In the 850s, the Norwegian [[Ímar]] established the kingdom of [[Dublin]] in Ireland, which became an important trading hub under the rule of his son [[Bárid mac Ímair]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Wrath of the Druids]]'' – [[Database: Bárid mac Ímair]]</ref> In 852, the [[Varangians\|Varangian]] [[Rurik]] built the city of [[Novgorod]] in modern-day [[Russia]]. Sailing through the Danube, Varangians besieged Constantinople in 860. To stop them, the imperial family recruited them as personal guards, the [[Eagle Clan]] among them.<ref name="The Golden City">''[[Assassin's Creed: The Golden City]]''</ref> During their expansion, the Norse entered into war with the Picts and the Britons.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[War Weary]]</ref>		The Norse also explored other regions. In the 850s, the Norwegian [[Ímar]] established the kingdom of [[Dublin]] in Ireland, which became an important trading hub under the rule of his son [[Bárid mac Ímair]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]] – [[Wrath of the Druids]]'' – [[Database: Bárid mac Ímair]]</ref> In 852, the [[Varangians\|Varangian]] [[Rurik]] built the city of [[Novgorod]] in modern-day [[Russia]]. Sailing through the Danube, Varangians besieged Constantinople in 860. To stop them, the imperial family recruited them as personal guards, the [[Eagle Clan]] among them.<ref name="The Golden City">''[[Assassin's Creed: The Golden City]]''</ref> During their expansion, the Norse entered into war with the Picts and the Britons.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' – [[War Weary]]</ref>
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	====High Middle Age====		====High Middle Age====
	By the 11th century, European Christendom was divided between the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Churches in the East. In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Pope [[Urban II]] initiated the [[First Crusade]] to recover the Holy Land from Muslim rule. <ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: A Walk Through History (1189-1868)]]'' – Chapter 1: The Third Crusade – Historical Overview: The Rise of Saladin</ref> Peasants, and later lords and knights, participated to the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)\|siege]] of [[Jerusalem]] in 1099, establishing the Crusader states for two centuries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – Timeline</ref>		By the 11th century, European Christendom was divided between the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Churches in the East. In 1095, at the Council of Clermont, Pope [[Urban II]] initiated the [[First Crusade]] to recover the Holy Land from Muslim rule.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: A Walk Through History (1189-1868)]]'' – Chapter 1: The Third Crusade – Historical Overview: The Rise of Saladin</ref> Peasants, and later lords and knights, participated to the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)\|siege]] of [[Jerusalem]] in 1099, establishing the Crusader states for two centuries.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Initiates]]'' – Timeline</ref>

	[[File:Hugh de Payns.jpg\|thumb\|180px\|left\|Hughes de Payens, Grand Master of the Templar Order]]		[[File:Hugh de Payns.jpg\|thumb\|180px\|left\|Hughes de Payens, Grand Master of the Templar Order]]