Caliph - Revision history

Soranin at 01:33, 4 May 2026

2026-05-04T01:33:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:33, 4 May 2026
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	{{Era\|Organizations}}{{WP-REAL\|Caliphate}}		{{Era\|Organizations}}{{WP-REAL\|Caliphate}}
	~~{{Expand}}~~
	Within a {{Wiki\|caliphate}} or ''khilāfa'', '''caliph''' was the title given to individuals who, in the role of steward, are considered a political and religious successor to [[Muhammad]], a prophet and the founder of [[Islam]]. In this capacity, caliphs function as a head-of-state, ruling polities which later evolved into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.<ref>{{WP\|Caliph}}</ref>		Within a {{Wiki\|caliphate}} or ''khilāfa'', '''caliph''' was the title given to individuals who, in the role of steward, are considered a political and religious successor to [[Muhammad]], a prophet and the founder of [[Islam]]. In this capacity, caliphs function as a head-of-state, ruling polities which later evolved into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.<ref>{{WP\|Caliph}}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
	===Abbasid Caliphate===		===Abbasid Caliphate===
	In 750, [[al-Saffah]] founded the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] after [[Abbasid Revolution\|deposing]] the [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad dynasty]], becoming the empire's first caliph.<ref ~~name="Wikipedia"~~>{{WP\|As-Saffah}}</ref> As steward, al-Saffah conducted {{Wiki\|Early Muslim conquests\|campaigns eastwards}} to the [[Western Regions]], entering into {{Wiki\|Muslim conquest of Transoxiana\|conflict}} against the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Dynasty 9">''[[Assassin's Creed: Dynasty]]'' – [[Beacon Fire (Part 2)]]</ref>		In 750, [[al-Saffah]] founded the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] after [[Abbasid Revolution\|deposing]] the [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad dynasty]], becoming the empire's first caliph.<ref>{{WP\|al-Saffah}}</ref> As steward, al-Saffah conducted {{Wiki\|Early Muslim conquests\|campaigns eastwards}} to the [[Western Regions]], entering into {{Wiki\|Muslim conquest of Transoxiana\|conflict}} against the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Dynasty 9">''[[Assassin's Creed: Dynasty]]'' – [[Beacon Fire (Part 2)]]</ref>

	Al-Saffah died in 754 after ruling for a few years and was succeeded by his brother [[al-Mansur]]. In 762, al-Mansur conducted a reconnaissance of a region in what is now central [[Iraq]] and chose a fertile plain by the [[Tigris\|Tigris river]], founding a new city called [[Baghdad]], expanding the nearby the village, and making it the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. al-Mansur named the city core as al-Mansur after himself, while the city also came to be known as ''Madinat al-Salam'' (English: "the city of peace"), or the [[Round City]].<ref name="~~ACMirage~~">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: ~~Founding~~ of Baghdad]]</ref>		Al-Saffah died in 754 after ruling for a few years and was succeeded by his brother [[al-Mansur]]. In 762, al-Mansur conducted a reconnaissance of a region in what is now central [[Iraq]] and chose a fertile plain by the [[Tigris\|Tigris river]], founding a new city called [[Baghdad]], expanding the nearby the village, and making it the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Al-Mansur named the city core as al-Mansur after himself, while the city also came to be known as ''Madinat al-Salam'' (English: "the city of peace"), or the [[Round City]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Founding of Baghdad]]</ref>

			The third Abbasid caliph was al-Mansur's son [[al-Mahdi]], who reigned for a decade from 775 to 785.<ref>{{WP\|al-Mahdi}}</ref> Upon his death, he was succeeded by his son, [[al-Hadi]], who was assassinated by his own mother, [[al-Khayzuran]], after attempting to curtail her power over the Abbasid court. Al-Khayzuran then placed al-Hadi's younger brother, [[Harun al-Rashid]], on the throne.<ref>''[[Echoes of History]] – Baghdad Soundwalks'' – Episode 3: The Harem</ref> During his reign, Harun married [[Zubaydah bint Ja'far]], the granddaughter of al-Mansur,<ref name="Zubaydah DB">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Zubaydah bint Ja'far]]</ref> and sent several diplomatic envoys to [[Carolingian Empire\|Emperor]] [[Charlemagne]]'s court in [[Francia]], who brought with them gifts, including an elaborate water clock and the [[elephant]] {{Wiki\|Abul-Abbas}}.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Greeks Bearing Gifts]]</ref>

			Harun's death in 809 led to a [[Fourth Fitna\|civil war]] between two of his sons, [[al-Amin]] and [[al-Ma'mun]], which the latter won, executing his brother and taking the caliphate's throne. After his victory, al-Ma'mun had al-Amin's head publicly displayed at the [[Iron Gate]] in Baghdad,<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Gates of Baghdad]]</ref> exiled his mother,<ref name="Zubaydah DB"/> and created the ''{{Wiki\|ghilman}}'', a military force loyal only to the caliph which was made up of [[Slavery\|enslaved]] boys and men from Turkic-speaking tribes in Central Asia.<ref name="Ghilman DB">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Ghilman (Servant Soldiers)]]</ref> In 832, al-Ma'mun led his army into [[Egypt]] to put down the last great {{Wiki\|Bashmurian revolts\|Bashmurian revolt}},<ref>{{WP\|al-Ma'mun}}</ref> and pillaged the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]], hoping to find knowledge and treasure.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – [[Tours: The Secrets of the Great Pyramid]]: "Robber's Entrance"</ref> Al-Ma'mun's successor, [[al-Mu'tasim]], continued his strategy of strengthening the Caliphate's military and the ''ghilman'',<ref name="Ghilman DB"/> and moved the imperial court to the newly-built city of [[Samarra]], located 130 kilometers north of Baghdad.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Other Palaces]]</ref>

			The tenth Abbasid caliph, [[al-Mutawakkil]], was responsible for expanding the empire to its maximum extent, and ordered the construction of several monuments, such as the famous {{Wiki\|Great Mosque of Samarra}}.<ref>{{WP\|al-Mutawakkil}}</ref> However, he fell under the sway of the [[Order of the Ancients]], who sought to control the Caliphate and exploit its resources to search for ancient [[Isu]] technology in and around Baghdad. Al-Mutawakkil's sudden death in 861 at the hands of a young [[thief]], [[Basim ibn Ishaq]],<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[The Master Thief of Anbar]]</ref> led to a succession crisis that destabilized the Caliphate, beginning the decade-long [[Anarchy at Samarra]].<ref>{{WP\|Anarchy at Samarra}}</ref>

			Although al-Mutawakkil was initially succeeded by his eldest son [[al-Muntasir]], the latter died without an heir just six months into his reign.<ref>{{WP\|al-Muntasir}}</ref> The [[Turkic Army\|Turkic military]] leaders soon appointed his cousin, [[al-Musta'in]], as caliph instead of al-Mutawakkil's other son, [[Al-Mu'tazz\|Abu 'Abdallah]]. Abu 'Abdallah, having already chosen his own regnal name in anticipation of being crowned, decried this as usurpation,<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Notes from Basim's travels]]: "Trouble at the Court"</ref> leading to al-Musta'in placing him under house arrest to prevent him from gaining [[civilian]] support. However, this had the inverse effect, and eventually {{Wiki\|Abbasid civil war (865–866)\|another civil war}} for the throne began, echoing the Fourth Fitna from a generation earlier between al-Amin and al-Ma'mun.<ref>''[[Echoes of History]] – Figures of Baghdad'' – Episode 6: Who was al-Mu'tazz?</ref> By 866, al-Musta'in was deposed and exiled from Baghdad, and Abu 'Abdallah became the thirteenth caliph, reigning under the name al-Mu'tazz.<ref>{{WP\|al-Mu'tazz}}</ref>

			The reign of the Abbasid caliphs continued for another four centuries, until the [[Mongol Empire]] invaded the Caliphate and [[Sack of Baghdad\|sacked Baghdad]] in 1258. The Caliphate survived for a time in Egypt under the protection of the [[Mamluk Sultanate]], although with little-to-none of their former spiritual authority and largely relegated to crowning the new Sultan. When the Mamluk Sultanate fell to the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517, the age of the Caliphate also came to an end.<ref>{{WP\|Abbasid Caliphate}}</ref>

	==Appearances==		==Appearances==

imported>Darman36: /* Abbasid Caliphate */

2025-03-02T17:28:51Z

Abbasid Caliphate

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:28, 2 March 2025
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	{{Era\|Organizations}}{{WP-REAL\|Caliphate}}		{{Era\|Organizations}}{{WP-REAL\|Caliphate}}
	{{Expand}}		{{Expand}}
	Within a {{Wiki\|caliphate}} or ~~khilāfah~~, '''caliph''' was the title given to ~~an individual~~ who, in the role of steward, are considered a political and religious successor to [[Muhammad]], a prophet and the founder of [[Islam]]. In this capacity, caliphs function as a head-of-state, ruling polities which later evolved into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.<ref>{{WP\|Caliph}}</ref>		Within a {{Wiki\|caliphate}} or ''khilāfa'', '''caliph''' was the title given to individuals who, in the role of steward, are considered a political and religious successor to [[Muhammad]], a prophet and the founder of [[Islam]]. In this capacity, caliphs function as a head-of-state, ruling polities which later evolved into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.<ref>{{WP\|Caliph}}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
	===Abbasid Caliphate===		===Abbasid Caliphate===
	In 750, [[~~Abul Abbas As~~-Saffah]] founded the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] after [[Abbasid Revolution\|deposing]] the [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad dynasty]], becoming the empire's first caliph.<ref name="Wikipedia">{{WP\|As-Saffah}}</ref> As steward, As-~~Saffaḥ~~ conducted {{Wiki\|Early Muslim conquests\|campaigns eastwards}} to the [[Western Regions]], entering into {{Wiki\|Muslim conquest of Transoxiana\|conflict}} against the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Dynasty 9">''[[Assassin's Creed: Dynasty]]'' – [[Beacon Fire (Part 2)]]</ref>		In 750, [[al-Saffah]] founded the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] after [[Abbasid Revolution\|deposing]] the [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad dynasty]], becoming the empire's first caliph.<ref name="Wikipedia">{{WP\|As-Saffah}}</ref> As steward, al-Saffah conducted {{Wiki\|Early Muslim conquests\|campaigns eastwards}} to the [[Western Regions]], entering into {{Wiki\|Muslim conquest of Transoxiana\|conflict}} against the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Dynasty 9">''[[Assassin's Creed: Dynasty]]'' – [[Beacon Fire (Part 2)]]</ref>

	As-Saffah died in 754 after ruling for a few years and was succeeded by his brother [[al-Mansur]]. In 762, al-Mansur conducted a reconnaissance of a region in what is now central [[Iraq]] and chose a fertile plain by the [[Tigris\|Tigris river]], founding a new city called [[Baghdad]], expanding the nearby the village, and making it the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. al-Mansur named the city core as al-Mansur after himself, while the city also came to be known as ''Madinat al-Salam'' (English: "the city of peace"), or the [[Round City]].<ref name="ACMirage">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Founding of Baghdad]]</ref>		Al-Saffah died in 754 after ruling for a few years and was succeeded by his brother [[al-Mansur]]. In 762, al-Mansur conducted a reconnaissance of a region in what is now central [[Iraq]] and chose a fertile plain by the [[Tigris\|Tigris river]], founding a new city called [[Baghdad]], expanding the nearby the village, and making it the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. al-Mansur named the city core as al-Mansur after himself, while the city also came to be known as ''Madinat al-Salam'' (English: "the city of peace"), or the [[Round City]].<ref name="ACMirage">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Founding of Baghdad]]</ref>

	==Appearances==		==Appearances==

imported>Darman36: These are not images of any caliph, nor is this site for French page headings, nor were these files properly named or sourced. Pls visit the French wiki instead

2025-01-09T04:17:59Z

These are not images of any caliph, nor is this site for French page headings, nor were these files properly named or sourced. Pls visit the French wiki instead

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:17, 9 January 2025
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	*''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' {{1st}}		*''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' {{1st}}

	~~== Gallerie ==~~		==References==
	~~[[File:1944893753f18-screenshotUrl.jpg\|160x160px\|left]]~~
	~~[[File:194489345a489-screenshotUrl.jpg\|left\|158x158px]]~~
	~~[[File:19448932c0b5-screenshotUrl.jpg\|160x160px]] [[File:194489355ac52-screenshotUrl.jpg\|161x161px]]~~

	~~[[File:194489365c533-screenshotUrl.jpg\|142x142px]]~~

	== References ==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
	[[Category:Islam]]		[[Category:Islam]]
	[[Category:State leaders]]		[[Category:State leaders]]

imported>Mollemane: /* Gallerie */

2025-01-09T02:25:04Z

Gallerie

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:25, 9 January 2025
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	[[File:1944893753f18-screenshotUrl.jpg\|160x160px\|left]]		[[File:1944893753f18-screenshotUrl.jpg\|160x160px\|left]]
	[[File:194489345a489-screenshotUrl.jpg\|left\|158x158px]]		[[File:194489345a489-screenshotUrl.jpg\|left\|158x158px]]
	[[File:19448932c0b5-screenshotUrl.jpg\|160x160px]]		[[File:19448932c0b5-screenshotUrl.jpg\|160x160px]] [[File:194489355ac52-screenshotUrl.jpg\|161x161px]]

	[[File:194489365c533-screenshotUrl.jpg\|~~178x178px~~]]		[[File:194489365c533-screenshotUrl.jpg\|142x142px]]

	== References ==		== References ==

imported>Mollemane: /* Gallerie */

2025-01-09T02:22:33Z

Gallerie

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:22, 9 January 2025
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	[[File:1944893753f18-screenshotUrl.jpg\|160x160px\|left]]		[[File:1944893753f18-screenshotUrl.jpg\|160x160px\|left]]
	[[File:194489345a489-screenshotUrl.jpg\|left\|158x158px]]		[[File:194489345a489-screenshotUrl.jpg\|left\|158x158px]]
	[[File:19448932c0b5-screenshotUrl.jpg\|~~189x189px~~]]		[[File:19448932c0b5-screenshotUrl.jpg\|160x160px]]

			[[File:194489365c533-screenshotUrl.jpg\|178x178px]]

			== References ==


	==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
	[[Category:Islam]]		[[Category:Islam]]
	[[Category:State leaders]]		[[Category:State leaders]]

imported>Mollemane at 02:18, 9 January 2025

2025-01-09T02:18:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:18, 9 January 2025
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	== Gallerie ==		== Gallerie ==
	[[File:1944893753f18-screenshotUrl.jpg\|~~thumb~~\|~~160x160px~~]]		[[File:1944893753f18-screenshotUrl.jpg\|160x160px\|left]]
			[[File:194489345a489-screenshotUrl.jpg\|left\|158x158px]]
			[[File:19448932c0b5-screenshotUrl.jpg\|189x189px]]

imported>Mollemane at 02:11, 9 January 2025

2025-01-09T02:11:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:11, 9 January 2025
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	*''[[Echoes of History]]'' {{Mo}}		*''[[Echoes of History]]'' {{Mo}}
	*''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' {{1st}}		*''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' {{1st}}

			== Gallerie ==
			[[File:1944893753f18-screenshotUrl.jpg\|thumb\|160x160px]]




	==References==		==References==

imported>Soranin at 01:16, 5 January 2024

2024-01-05T01:16:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:16, 5 January 2024
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	{{Era\|Organizations}}{{WP-REAL\|Caliphate}}		{{Era\|Organizations}}{{WP-REAL\|Caliphate}}
	~~{{Spoilerhd\|05 January 2024\|[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]}}~~
	{{Expand}}		{{Expand}}
	Within a {{Wiki\|caliphate}} or khilāfah, '''caliph''' was the title given to an individual who, in the role of steward, are considered a political and religious successor to [[Muhammad]], a prophet and the founder of [[Islam]]. In this capacity, caliphs function as a head-of-state, ruling polities which later evolved into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.<ref>{{WP\|Caliph}}</ref>		Within a {{Wiki\|caliphate}} or khilāfah, '''caliph''' was the title given to an individual who, in the role of steward, are considered a political and religious successor to [[Muhammad]], a prophet and the founder of [[Islam]]. In this capacity, caliphs function as a head-of-state, ruling polities which later evolved into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.<ref>{{WP\|Caliph}}</ref>

imported>Darman36: /* Appearances */

2023-11-29T20:27:16Z

Appearances

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:27, 29 November 2023
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	In 750, [[Abul Abbas As-Saffah]] founded the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] after [[Abbasid Revolution\|deposing]] the [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad dynasty]], becoming the empire's first caliph.<ref name="Wikipedia">{{WP\|As-Saffah}}</ref> As steward, As-Saffaḥ conducted {{Wiki\|Early Muslim conquests\|campaigns eastwards}} to the [[Western Regions]], entering into {{Wiki\|Muslim conquest of Transoxiana\|conflict}} against the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Dynasty 9">''[[Assassin's Creed: Dynasty]]'' – [[Beacon Fire (Part 2)]]</ref>		In 750, [[Abul Abbas As-Saffah]] founded the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] after [[Abbasid Revolution\|deposing]] the [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad dynasty]], becoming the empire's first caliph.<ref name="Wikipedia">{{WP\|As-Saffah}}</ref> As steward, As-Saffaḥ conducted {{Wiki\|Early Muslim conquests\|campaigns eastwards}} to the [[Western Regions]], entering into {{Wiki\|Muslim conquest of Transoxiana\|conflict}} against the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Dynasty 9">''[[Assassin's Creed: Dynasty]]'' – [[Beacon Fire (Part 2)]]</ref>

	As-Saffah died in 754 after ruling for a few years and was succeeded by his brother [[al-Mansur]]. In 762, al-Mansur conducted a reconnaissance of a region in what is now central [[Iraq]] and chose a fertile plain by the [[Tigris\|Tigris river]], founding a new city called [[Baghdad]], expanding the nearby the village and making it the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. al-Mansur named the city core as al-Mansur after himself, while the city also came to be known as Madinat al-Salam (the city of ~~Peace~~), or [[Round City]].<ref name="ACMirage">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Founding of Baghdad]]</ref>		As-Saffah died in 754 after ruling for a few years and was succeeded by his brother [[al-Mansur]]. In 762, al-Mansur conducted a reconnaissance of a region in what is now central [[Iraq]] and chose a fertile plain by the [[Tigris\|Tigris river]], founding a new city called [[Baghdad]], expanding the nearby the village, and making it the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. al-Mansur named the city core as al-Mansur after himself, while the city also came to be known as ''Madinat al-Salam'' (English: "the city of peace"), or the [[Round City]].<ref name="ACMirage">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Founding of Baghdad]]</ref>

	==Appearances==		==Appearances==
	*''[[Echoes of History]]'' {{~~1stm~~}}		*''[[Assassin's Creed: Valhalla]]'' {{1stm}} {{Mdat}}
			*''[[Echoes of History]]'' {{Mo}}
	*''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' {{1st}}		*''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' {{1st}}

imported>Soranin at 14:28, 8 November 2023

2023-11-08T14:28:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:28, 8 November 2023
Line 8:		Line 8:
	In 750, [[Abul Abbas As-Saffah]] founded the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] after [[Abbasid Revolution\|deposing]] the [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad dynasty]], becoming the empire's first caliph.<ref name="Wikipedia">{{WP\|As-Saffah}}</ref> As steward, As-Saffaḥ conducted {{Wiki\|Early Muslim conquests\|campaigns eastwards}} to the [[Western Regions]], entering into {{Wiki\|Muslim conquest of Transoxiana\|conflict}} against the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Dynasty 9">''[[Assassin's Creed: Dynasty]]'' – [[Beacon Fire (Part 2)]]</ref>		In 750, [[Abul Abbas As-Saffah]] founded the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] after [[Abbasid Revolution\|deposing]] the [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad dynasty]], becoming the empire's first caliph.<ref name="Wikipedia">{{WP\|As-Saffah}}</ref> As steward, As-Saffaḥ conducted {{Wiki\|Early Muslim conquests\|campaigns eastwards}} to the [[Western Regions]], entering into {{Wiki\|Muslim conquest of Transoxiana\|conflict}} against the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Dynasty 9">''[[Assassin's Creed: Dynasty]]'' – [[Beacon Fire (Part 2)]]</ref>

	As-Saffah died in 754 after ruling for a few years and was succeeded by his brother [[al-Mansur]]. In 762, al-Mansur conducted a reconnaissance of a region in what is now central ~~{{Wiki\|~~Iraq}} and chose a fertile plain by the [[Tigris\|Tigris river]], founding a new city called [[Baghdad]], expanding the nearby the village and making it the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. al-Mansur named the city core as al-Mansur after himself, while the city also came to be known as Madinat al-Salam (the city of Peace), or [[Round City]].<ref name="ACMirage">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Founding of Baghdad]]</ref>		As-Saffah died in 754 after ruling for a few years and was succeeded by his brother [[al-Mansur]]. In 762, al-Mansur conducted a reconnaissance of a region in what is now central [[Iraq]] and chose a fertile plain by the [[Tigris\|Tigris river]], founding a new city called [[Baghdad]], expanding the nearby the village and making it the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. al-Mansur named the city core as al-Mansur after himself, while the city also came to be known as Madinat al-Salam (the city of Peace), or [[Round City]].<ref name="ACMirage">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Founding of Baghdad]]</ref>

	==Appearances==		==Appearances==

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:33, 4 May 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Era\|Organizations}}{{WP-REAL\|Caliphate}}		{{Era\|Organizations}}{{WP-REAL\|Caliphate}}
	~~{{Expand}}~~
	Within a {{Wiki\|caliphate}} or ''khilāfa'', '''caliph''' was the title given to individuals who, in the role of steward, are considered a political and religious successor to [[Muhammad]], a prophet and the founder of [[Islam]]. In this capacity, caliphs function as a head-of-state, ruling polities which later evolved into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.<ref>{{WP\|Caliph}}</ref>		Within a {{Wiki\|caliphate}} or ''khilāfa'', '''caliph''' was the title given to individuals who, in the role of steward, are considered a political and religious successor to [[Muhammad]], a prophet and the founder of [[Islam]]. In this capacity, caliphs function as a head-of-state, ruling polities which later evolved into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.<ref>{{WP\|Caliph}}</ref>

	==History==		==History==
	===Abbasid Caliphate===		===Abbasid Caliphate===
	In 750, [[al-Saffah]] founded the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] after [[Abbasid Revolution\|deposing]] the [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad dynasty]], becoming the empire's first caliph.<ref ~~name="Wikipedia"~~>{{WP\|As-Saffah}}</ref> As steward, al-Saffah conducted {{Wiki\|Early Muslim conquests\|campaigns eastwards}} to the [[Western Regions]], entering into {{Wiki\|Muslim conquest of Transoxiana\|conflict}} against the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Dynasty 9">''[[Assassin's Creed: Dynasty]]'' – [[Beacon Fire (Part 2)]]</ref>		In 750, [[al-Saffah]] founded the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] after [[Abbasid Revolution\|deposing]] the [[Umayyad Caliphate\|Umayyad dynasty]], becoming the empire's first caliph.<ref>{{WP\|al-Saffah}}</ref> As steward, al-Saffah conducted {{Wiki\|Early Muslim conquests\|campaigns eastwards}} to the [[Western Regions]], entering into {{Wiki\|Muslim conquest of Transoxiana\|conflict}} against the [[Tang dynasty]].<ref name="Dynasty 9">''[[Assassin's Creed: Dynasty]]'' – [[Beacon Fire (Part 2)]]</ref>

	Al-Saffah died in 754 after ruling for a few years and was succeeded by his brother [[al-Mansur]]. In 762, al-Mansur conducted a reconnaissance of a region in what is now central [[Iraq]] and chose a fertile plain by the [[Tigris\|Tigris river]], founding a new city called [[Baghdad]], expanding the nearby the village, and making it the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. al-Mansur named the city core as al-Mansur after himself, while the city also came to be known as ''Madinat al-Salam'' (English: "the city of peace"), or the [[Round City]].<ref name="~~ACMirage~~">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: ~~Founding~~ of Baghdad]]</ref>		Al-Saffah died in 754 after ruling for a few years and was succeeded by his brother [[al-Mansur]]. In 762, al-Mansur conducted a reconnaissance of a region in what is now central [[Iraq]] and chose a fertile plain by the [[Tigris\|Tigris river]], founding a new city called [[Baghdad]], expanding the nearby the village, and making it the new capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Al-Mansur named the city core as al-Mansur after himself, while the city also came to be known as ''Madinat al-Salam'' (English: "the city of peace"), or the [[Round City]].<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Founding of Baghdad]]</ref>

			The third Abbasid caliph was al-Mansur's son [[al-Mahdi]], who reigned for a decade from 775 to 785.<ref>{{WP\|al-Mahdi}}</ref> Upon his death, he was succeeded by his son, [[al-Hadi]], who was assassinated by his own mother, [[al-Khayzuran]], after attempting to curtail her power over the Abbasid court. Al-Khayzuran then placed al-Hadi's younger brother, [[Harun al-Rashid]], on the throne.<ref>''[[Echoes of History]] – Baghdad Soundwalks'' – Episode 3: The Harem</ref> During his reign, Harun married [[Zubaydah bint Ja'far]], the granddaughter of al-Mansur,<ref name="Zubaydah DB">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Zubaydah bint Ja'far]]</ref> and sent several diplomatic envoys to [[Carolingian Empire\|Emperor]] [[Charlemagne]]'s court in [[Francia]], who brought with them gifts, including an elaborate water clock and the [[elephant]] {{Wiki\|Abul-Abbas}}.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Greeks Bearing Gifts]]</ref>

			Harun's death in 809 led to a [[Fourth Fitna\|civil war]] between two of his sons, [[al-Amin]] and [[al-Ma'mun]], which the latter won, executing his brother and taking the caliphate's throne. After his victory, al-Ma'mun had al-Amin's head publicly displayed at the [[Iron Gate]] in Baghdad,<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Gates of Baghdad]]</ref> exiled his mother,<ref name="Zubaydah DB"/> and created the ''{{Wiki\|ghilman}}'', a military force loyal only to the caliph which was made up of [[Slavery\|enslaved]] boys and men from Turkic-speaking tribes in Central Asia.<ref name="Ghilman DB">''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Ghilman (Servant Soldiers)]]</ref> In 832, al-Ma'mun led his army into [[Egypt]] to put down the last great {{Wiki\|Bashmurian revolts\|Bashmurian revolt}},<ref>{{WP\|al-Ma'mun}}</ref> and pillaged the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]], hoping to find knowledge and treasure.<ref>''[[Discovery Tour: Ancient Egypt]]'' – [[Tours: The Secrets of the Great Pyramid]]: "Robber's Entrance"</ref> Al-Ma'mun's successor, [[al-Mu'tasim]], continued his strategy of strengthening the Caliphate's military and the ''ghilman'',<ref name="Ghilman DB"/> and moved the imperial court to the newly-built city of [[Samarra]], located 130 kilometers north of Baghdad.<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Database: Other Palaces]]</ref>

			The tenth Abbasid caliph, [[al-Mutawakkil]], was responsible for expanding the empire to its maximum extent, and ordered the construction of several monuments, such as the famous {{Wiki\|Great Mosque of Samarra}}.<ref>{{WP\|al-Mutawakkil}}</ref> However, he fell under the sway of the [[Order of the Ancients]], who sought to control the Caliphate and exploit its resources to search for ancient [[Isu]] technology in and around Baghdad. Al-Mutawakkil's sudden death in 861 at the hands of a young [[thief]], [[Basim ibn Ishaq]],<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[The Master Thief of Anbar]]</ref> led to a succession crisis that destabilized the Caliphate, beginning the decade-long [[Anarchy at Samarra]].<ref>{{WP\|Anarchy at Samarra}}</ref>

			Although al-Mutawakkil was initially succeeded by his eldest son [[al-Muntasir]], the latter died without an heir just six months into his reign.<ref>{{WP\|al-Muntasir}}</ref> The [[Turkic Army\|Turkic military]] leaders soon appointed his cousin, [[al-Musta'in]], as caliph instead of al-Mutawakkil's other son, [[Al-Mu'tazz\|Abu 'Abdallah]]. Abu 'Abdallah, having already chosen his own regnal name in anticipation of being crowned, decried this as usurpation,<ref>''[[Assassin's Creed: Mirage]]'' – [[Notes from Basim's travels]]: "Trouble at the Court"</ref> leading to al-Musta'in placing him under house arrest to prevent him from gaining [[civilian]] support. However, this had the inverse effect, and eventually {{Wiki\|Abbasid civil war (865–866)\|another civil war}} for the throne began, echoing the Fourth Fitna from a generation earlier between al-Amin and al-Ma'mun.<ref>''[[Echoes of History]] – Figures of Baghdad'' – Episode 6: Who was al-Mu'tazz?</ref> By 866, al-Musta'in was deposed and exiled from Baghdad, and Abu 'Abdallah became the thirteenth caliph, reigning under the name al-Mu'tazz.<ref>{{WP\|al-Mu'tazz}}</ref>

			The reign of the Abbasid caliphs continued for another four centuries, until the [[Mongol Empire]] invaded the Caliphate and [[Sack of Baghdad\|sacked Baghdad]] in 1258. The Caliphate survived for a time in Egypt under the protection of the [[Mamluk Sultanate]], although with little-to-none of their former spiritual authority and largely relegated to crowning the new Sultan. When the Mamluk Sultanate fell to the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517, the age of the Caliphate also came to an end.<ref>{{WP\|Abbasid Caliphate}}</ref>

	==Appearances==		==Appearances==

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	== References ==		== References ==